through the entire length of those waterways, and thus control them? If she could do this, the Confederacy would be cut in two; the Secessionists west of the Mississippi River could then no longer help their friends on the Atlantic Coast; and in the interior of the continent, where the largest food crops were raised, the Union would be stronger than the Confederacy.

In the East the Confederates had certain advantages. The deep and sheltered mountain valleys of Virginia, which run northeastward, made it easy for Southern troops to approach with comparative safety to the neighborhood of Washington and southern Pennsylvania. On the other hand, Northern troops on their march towards the Confederate capital at Richmond had to cross many broad rivers; these were bordered by thick forests and wide swamps, through which they found it extremely difficult to travel, especially in wet weather.

But the Union had control of Chesapeake Bay, which has several arms reaching up into Virginia. By means of some of these waterways her naval vessels were able to approach quite closely to Richmond, carrying troops and supplies to the Federal army while it was besieging the city.

QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

1. Name at least three occasions previous to 1860 when State sovereignty was threatened. How are we tending to-day, toward a stronger National or a stronger State feeling?

2. Contrast Buchanan's attitude towards nullification with that of Jack

son.

3. Which did Lincoln care for more, the preservation of the Union or the destruction of slavery? Prove your answer.

4. What steps had been taken to settle the slavery question peaceably? Why were they not effective?

5. Lincoln said in 1861, "I cannot but know . . . that . . . there has fallen upon me a task such as did not rest even upon the Father of his Country." Show that he was right.

6. When and where was the first Secession Convention held? At that time some one wrote, "The excitement of the great masses of the people is great under a sense of deep wrongs." Name the wrongs that the South felt she had been made to endure.

7. Locate Charleston, Montgomery, Washington, Richmond. 8. "The news of the capture of Sumter had an instant and tremendous effect. For the moment the North seemed a unit." Compare the feeling throughout the North before and after the fall of Fort Sumter. 9. Learn the five stanzas beginning "Once to every man and nation comes the moment to decide," and the final stanza in Lowell's The Present Crisis.

10. Show how the geographic conditions of what is now West Virginia influenced the people in the stand they took in the beginning of the Civil War.

II. Draw a map of the United States. Indicate by one color the Confederate States, by another color the Union States, and by still another color the Border States.

12. Make an outline of the chapter.

13. Important date: April, 1861 - Beginning of the Civil War.

COMPOSITION SUBJECTS

I. Imagine that you are a member of a Kentucky family. You have noticed that the older members of the family have been serious for several days. One evening your father announces that he will join the Confederate army, your eldest brother that he will join the Union forces. Describe the parting and give the conversation that took place. 2. Write two entries in the diary of an officer in the United States army in 1861. His State has seceded. Shall he serve his State or the Union? Let the second entry show his decision.

3. A young man of eighteen was very anxious to join the Union army in one of the Border States, but was refused admission on account of some physical defect. During the war he did a courageous deed that made him quite a hero. Write an original story from these facts.

THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN

Union and Confederate Veterans' Reunion, July 21, 1911

CHAPTER XXXV

THE BATTLES OF 1861 AND 1862; THE EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION

1

326. Battle of Bull Run. Washington and Richmond, the respective capitals of the Union and of the Confederacy, are less than a hundred miles apart, in a straight line. For a long time the chief desire of the opposing armies was to capture each other's seat of government. The people of the North, who now were eager for the war, kept prodding the President and the army with the cry, "On to Richmond!" The Southern people just as eagerly urged their army to push "On to Washington!"

ENN S

Harrisburg

Chambersburg.

WEST

VIRGINIA

NIA

Gettysburg

Baltimore

Harpers
Ferry

Vine

Washington

Shenandoah

Chancellorsville

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Rappa

At first the Confederate forces held the greater part of the Potomac River and its banks. They were able to advance as far as the Bull Run, a small stream at Manassas Junction, within thirty miles of Washington. Union troops were hurried southward from all the loyal

States, to thrust the enemy back from such close proximity to the capital. One of the Massachusetts regiments was marching through Baltimore when it was attacked by a mob and several soldiers were killed-theirs was the first blood to be shed in the war. On a hot Sunday,

1 In the bombardment of Fort Sumter, no one on either side was killed or seriously wounded.

July 21, 1861, the first real battle of the war was fought, along the banks of the Bull Run. The Northern volunteers were "green," for neither officers nor men had yet learned how to fight; but the Southern troops were under old and experienced army officers, and they drove the Union forces in confusion from the field.1

327. Both sides make their plans for war. This defeat made it plain to the North that there had now begun a serious war, one that was not to be ended by raw volunteers in a few months, as had at first been hoped. However, very little fighting took place in the six months following Bull Run. The inaction of the Union troops now encamped along the Potomac River caused much discontent in the North; and the frequent report of their commander, "All quiet on the Potomac," was greatly ridiculed. But both sides were busy enough in organizing and drilling their armies, collecting arms, ammunition, clothing, wagons, and other war material, and making plans for a long and serious conflict. The North's plans for subduing the rebellion were threefold:

(a) To capture Richmond, and then to drive the Confederate army southward along the Atlantic Coast.

(b) To obtain control of the full length of the Mississippi River and its principal Southern tributaries - chiefly the Cumberland and the Tennessee; then, having expelled the enemy from these waters and thus driven a wedge through the Confederacy from north to south, to send an army eastward from Tennessee to the Atlantic Coast, and split the South in two the other way.

(c) To blockade the Southern coast and as far as possible to prevent the Confederates from doing business with Europe.

1 It was in this battle that General Thomas J. Jackson of Virginia, one of the greatest of the Confederate commanders, won his famous nickname, "Stonewall" Jackson. Once the Southern soldiers were wavering, but they rallied under Jackson's orders, and " gave the bayonet" to the "Unioners." In shouting encouragement to his men, one of the Confederate officers pointed to the General as an example, saying, “Look! There is Jackson standing like a stone wall!"