surety, therefore, for me to Criton, to the reverse of that, for which he became surety to the judges: for he was my bail that I remain, but be you my bail that I shall not remain when I die, but shall depart hence, that Criton may bear it the more easily, and may not be affected when he sees my body burnt or buried, as if I were suffering some dreadful misfortune; and that he may not say at my interment, that Socrates is laid out, or is carried out, or is buried. For be well assured of this, my friend Criton, that when we speak amiss we are not only blameable as to our expressions, but likewise do some evil to our souls. But it is fit to be of good heart, and to say that my body will be buried, and to bury it in such manner as may be most pleasing to yourselves, and as you may esteem it most agreeable to our laws."

When he had thus spoken, he arose, and went into another room, that he might wash himself, and Criton followed him, but he ordered us to wait for him. We waited, therefore, accordingly, discoursing over, and reviewing among ourselves what had been said; and sometimes speaking about his death, how great a calamity it would be to us; and sincerely lamenting that we, like those who are deprived of their fathers, should pass the rest of our life in the condition of orphans. But when he had washed himself, his sons were brought to him (for he had two little ones, and one older), and the woman belonging to his family likewise came into him: but when he had spoken to them before Criton, and had left them such injunctions as he thought proper, he ordered the boys and women to depart, and he himself returned to us. And it was now near the setting of the sun : for he had been away in the inner room for a long time. But when he

came in from bathing he sat down and did not speak much after wards: for then the servant of the Eleven came in, and standing near him, "I do not perceive that in you, Socrates," said he, "which I have taken notice of in others; I mean that they are angry with me, and curse me, when being compelled by the magistrates, I announce to them that they must drink the poison. But, on the contrary, I have found you up to the present time to be the most generous, mild, and best of all the men that ever came into this place; and therefore I am well convinced that you are not angry with me, but with the authors of your present condition, for you know who they are. Now, therefore, (for you know what I came to tell you) farewell; and endeavor to bear this necessity as easily as possible." And at the same time, bursting into tears, and turning himself away, he departed. But Socrates, looking after him, said, “And thou, too, farewell; and we shall take care to act as you advise." And at the same time, turning to us, "How courteous," he said, "is the behaviour of that man! During the whole time of my abode here, he has visited me, and often conversed with me, and proved himself to be the best of men. And now how generously he weeps on my account! But let us obey him, Criton, and let some one bring the poison, if it is bruised, and if not, let the man whose business it is, bruise it." "But, Socrates," said Criton, "I think that the sun still hangs over the mountains, and is not set yet. And at the same time, I have known others, who have drunk the poison very late, after it was annnounced to them, who have supped and drunk abundantly. Therefore do not be in such haste, for there is yet time enough." Socrates replied, "Such

men, Criton, act fitly in the manner in which you have described, for they think to derive some advantage from so doing; and I also with propriety shall not act in this manner. For I do not think I shall gain anything by drinking it later, except becoming ridiculous to myself through desiring to live, and being sparing of life, when nothing of it any longer remains. Go, therefore," said he, "be persuaded, and comply with my request." Then Criton, hearing this, gave a sign to the boy who stood near him; and the boy departing, and having stayed for some time, came back with the person that was to administer the poison, who brought it pounded in a cup. And Socrates, looking at the man, said, "Well, my friend (for you are knowing in these matters) what is to be done?" "Nothing," he said, "but after you have drunk it to walk about until a heaviness takes place in your legs, and then to lie down. This is the manner in which you have to act." And at the same time he extended the cup to Socrates. And Socrates taking it, -and, indeed, Echecrates-with great cheerfulness, neither trembling nor suffering any change for the worse in color or countenance, but, as he was used to do, looking up sternly at the man, you," he said, as to making a libation from this potion? May I do it or not?" "We can only bruise as much, Socrates," he said,

"What say

as we think sufficient for the purpose." I understand you," he said; "but it is both lawful and proper to pray to the gods that my departure from hence thither may be prosperous, which I entreat them to grant may be the case.' And, so saying, he stopped, and drank the poison very readily and pleasantly. And thus far, indeed, the greater part of us were tolerably well able to refrain from

VOL. XIV.

weeping; but when we saw him drinking, and that he had drunk it, we could no longer restrain our tears. And from me, indeed, in spite of my efforts, they flowed, and not drop by drop; so that, wrapping myself in my mantle, I bewailed myself, not, indeed, for his misfortune, but for my own, considering what a companion I should be deprived of. But Criton. who was not able to restrain his tears, was compelled to rise before me. And Apollodorus, who, during the whole time prior to this, had not ceased from weeping, then wept aloud with great bitterness, so that he infected all who were present except Socrates. But Socrates upon seeing this, exclaimed, "What are you doing, you strange men? In truth, I principally sent away the women lest they should produce a disturbance of this kind; for I have heard that it is proper to die among well-omened sound. Be quiet, therefore, and maintain your fortitude." And, when we heard this, we were ashamed, and restrained our tears.

But he, when he found during his walking about, that his legs became heavy, and had told us so, laid himself down on his back. For the man had told him, to do so. And at the same time, he who gave him the poison, touching him at intervals, examined his feet and legs. And then, pressing very hard on his foot, he asked him if he felt it. But Socrates answered that he did not. And after this he pressed his thighs, and thus, going upwards, he showed us that he was cold and stiff.

And Socrates also touched himself, and said that when the poison touched his heart he should then depart. But now the lower part of his body was almost cold; when uncovering himself (for he was covered) he said (and these were his last words) "Criton, we owe a N 2

cock to Esculapius. Discharge this debt, therefore, for me, and do not neglect it." "It shall be done, said Criton," "but consider whether you have any other commands." To this inquiry of Criton he made no reply; but shortly after he moved himself, and the man uncovered him. And Socrates fixed his eyes; which, when Criton

perceived, he closed his mouth and eyes. This, Echecrates, was the end of our comrade; a man, as it appears to me, the best of those whom we were acquainted with at that time, and, besides this, the most prudent and just.From Taylor's Translation of the "Phædon."

REPLICANT. In answer to QUERIST Nos. 4-9, p. 116. We profess ourselves incompetent to decide on this class of questions which have been sent by C. M. If he will favor us with inquiries the answers to which would tend to clucidate any portion of revealed truth, we will do our best to give him satisfaction.

THE PROMISES TO ISRAEL.

REPLICANT. In answer to QUERIST No. 10, p. 116. The promise of the Messiah is an exception indeed; since it includes all other real blessings, even eternal life itself.

ADOPTION.

REPLICANT. In answer to QUERIST No. 11, p. 116. The word violɛoía, which is used in Rom. viii. 15, 23, ix. 4, Gal. iv. 5, Ephes. i. 5, and is in all those places rendered by adoption, properly means the placing as a son. To adopt is to make one a son otherwise than by birth. In a peculiar sense the Israelites were chosen of old to this blessing. "To

them belonged the adoption."—— Rom. ix. 4. Under the present economy it belongs to the Christian Church. Gal. iv. 5, Ephes. It is not inconsistent with the Fatherhood of God, because it confers on us a higher worship than we had by natural birth. Bengel says, "The dignity of sons which is possest by seniors, with use of the patrimony." By adoption God confers a further privilege on His sons. If we conceive of the new state as entered by regeneration, we can hardly talk of adoption. The terms, both correct and Scriptural, must be used separately, to prevent confusion of idea. It is worthy of re. mark, that the old Greek ecclesiastical writers sometimes use the word violeoia when they mean baptism.

THE PAWNBROKER.

REPLICANT. In answer to QUERIST No. 12, p. 116. There does not appear to be anything in the occupation of a pawnbroker which has the essence of sin. If there were,