Disjunctive.

Relative.

Connective or
Copulative.

Of Compound
Syllogifms.

Epichirema, what.

(2.) A Disjunctive Syllogifm is when the Major Propofition is Disjunctive; as,

The Planets are either inhabited or useless. But they (as the noble Works of God) are not ufelefs.

Ergo, The Planets are inhabited.

(3.) A Relative Syllogifm requires the Major Propofition to be relative; as,

Where the Treasure is, there will the Heart be;
But a Mifer's Treasure is in his Bags:
Ergo, His Heart is there too.

Or, A Saint's Treasure is in Heaven;
Ergo, His Heart is in Heaven alfo.

(4.) A Connective or Copulative Syllogifm is that which hath the Parts of the Major conjoin'd with Copulatives; as,

No Man can ferve God and Mammon;
The Covetous Man ferves Mammen;
Ergo, He cannot ferve God.

Or, The true Chriftian ferves God;
Ergo, He cannot ferve Mammon.

THE Force of Argument in this kind of Syllagifms depends on the Truth of the Major Propofition, which therefore you ought to be well affur'd of.

Compound Syllogifms come next in Order to be confidered; thefe are made up of two or more fingle ones, and may be refolved into them. Of this Sort are thefe Four, viz.

(1.) Epichirema; which fhews the Reafon or Proof of the Major or Miner, as it proceeds to the Conclufion; as,

Sickness

Sickness may be good for us; for it fhews us
our Frailty, the Emptiness of worldly Enjoy-
ments, and makes us think of Dying, &c.
But we are uneafy under Sicknefs; which we
manifeft by Impatience, Complaints, Groan-
ings, &c.

Ergo, We are fometimes uneafy under that
which is good for us.

(2.) Dilemma; this is a fort of Argument Dilemma, wherein the whole is divided into all its Parts or what. Members, and then infers fomething concerning

each Part, which is finally inferr'd of the whole Question. Thus,

In Heaven we fhall either have or not have Defires; if we have no Defires, then we have full Satisfaction; if we have Defires, they fhall be fatisfied as faft as they arise : Ergo, In Heaven we shall be compleatly fatiffied or happy.

what.

(3.) A Profyllogifm; this is when two or more Syllogifms are fo connected together, that the Con- Profyllogifm, clufion of the former is the Major or Minor of the following one.

As thus,

The Acts of the Soul in Man are Thought,
Will, Memory, Design, Reason, Understand-
ing, &c.

But all these Actions are difcernible in Brutes.
Therefore the Agent or Soul is of the fame
Nature in Men and Brutes.

But, fince the Soul of Men and Brutes are of
like Nature; and 'tis granted the Soul of
Brutes die with the Body: Therefore allo
does the buman Soul die with the Body.

(4.) Sorites; this is when feveral middle Terms Sorites, what. are chofen to connect one another fucceffively in

feveral Propofitions, till the laft Propofition con

nects

Of Defective
Syllogifms.

An Enthymem, what.

Induction, what.

Example, what.

nects its Predicate with the firft Subject. Thus,
St. Paul faith,

Whom he foreknew thofe he predeftinated;
Whom he predeftinated he also called;
Whom he called he juftified;

Whom he justified he glorified;
Ergo, Whom he foreknew he glorified.

To thefe Compound Syllogifms, which are also Redundant ones, may fucceed the Defective Syllogifms, or fuch wherein the Major or Minor Propofition is wanting or not exprefs'd. Of this Kind are the following.

(1.) An Enthymem, which hath one of the Premifes fupprefs'd or understood. Thus ; Religion is known by good Morals. Ergo, A Knave is not a religious Man. Again, The fixed Stars fhine with their own native Light;

Ergo, The fixed Stars are fo many Suns.

(2.) Induction; this from the Species infers the Genus, or from the Parts concludes of the Whole. As thus,

Socinianifm cannot be proved from the Gospels, nor from the Acts of the Apostles, nor from the Epistles, nor the Book of Revelations Ergo, It cannot be proved out of the New Teftament.

(3.) Example; this is fo ufual a Topic as needs no Definition; as,

Aftronomy hath been studied by Kings;
Ergo, None are too great to study Aftronomy.
Again; Chrift himself was baptized:

Ergo, His Difciples fhould not be ashamed of it.

THESE

what.

THESE are the various Kinds of Arguments Paralogifm made use of in just Reasoning; which if they be and Sophifm, form'd according to the proper Rules of Ratiocination, they are faid to be true Syllogifms; if they difagree therewith, they are called Paralogifms, or wrong Reafoning. But when a false Argument puts on the Face and Appearance of a true one, then it is properly call'd a Sophism or Fallacy, and he who contrives it a Sophift or Sophifter; and Sophift or fuch an Art of circumventing and deceiving by Sophifter, and Sophistry, falfe and deceitful Arguments is call'd Sophistry. So a Sophifter can frame an Argument to prove that Heaven is not worth a Penny; thus,

Nothing is better than Heaven; But a Penny is better than nothing; Ergo, A Penny is better than Heaven.

what.

THIS Sophifm is founded in Equivocation; for A Caution the Word or middle Term, Nothing, is ufed in a concerning pofitive Senfe in the Major, but in the Minor it is Sophifms. ufed in a quite oppofite or negative Senfe. Therefore in all Ratiocination the Words ought to be explain'd very clearly, and the Premises well proved and established, before the Conclufion can be admitted; and the Argument be free from the Imputation of Deficiency or Sophistry; and he who ufes it, from that of a weak Perfon or a Deceiver. Thus much shall here fuffice for Syllogifm and Argumentation: We now proceed to the last great Part of Logic, viz.

DISPOSITION, or the Art of Method. Of the fourth Method, in a dialectical or logical Senfe, is the Dif, and laft Part of Logic, pofition of a variety of Thoughts on any Subject, in call'd Difpofifuch an Order as is beft fuited to a clear and just tion, or Art of Method of Reasoning, and is most proper to convince Method. the Mind of Truth and Error, and thereby to gain Belief and Affent thereto.

IT

It is twofold,
Natural, and
Arbitrary.

Natural Me

IT is diftributed into two general Kinds, viz. (1.) Natural, and (2.) Arbitrary. Arbitrary Method leaves the Order of Nature, and accommodates itself to particular Views and indifferent Purposes; and is moftly used by Hiftorians, Orators and Poets.

Natural Method is that which obferves the thod, what. Order of Nature, and proceeds in fuch a manner as that the Knowledge of the Things which follow depends in a great measure on the Things which go before; and this is twofold, viz. Synthetic and Analytic; and abfolutely, Synthesis and Analyfis.

Synthetic, or

fition.

Geometry.

Synthetic Method is that of Compofition; which that of Compo- begins with the Parts, and proceeds to the Knowledge of the Whole; or with the Individuals or Species, and goes on to the Species or Genus. It first teaches the Nature of the moft fimple Principles, and proceeds on general Truths till it arrive by Degrees to a Notion of that which is drawn from Exemplified in or compounded of them. This Method is generally used in teaching the Arts and Sciences. For Inftance, Geometricians begin with Definitions, Poftulates and Axioms; then proceed to the Contemplation of Points, Lines, and Angles; from hence to the various Properties of fuperficial Figures, as Triangles, Squares, Parallelograms, and Circles, &c. which are compounded of the former: From hence they afcend to the more complex Doctrine of Solids, and fhew their feveral Natures, Affections, Relations and Properties, arifing from their Compofition of the foregoing Superficies. And thus they exhibit a compleat System of that Knowledge which is call'd Geometry; but in a Method Synthetical, and by various Gradations.

Analytic, or Analytic Method is that of Refolution; this conthat of Refo- fiders the whole Compound at firft in a general Manner, and then leads us into a more perfect,

lution.

Knowledge