Ziegler served throughout the War of Independence as an officer and was repeatedly mentioned for distinguished service. On account of his ability was appointed by General St. Clair, Commissioner-General for the Department of Pennsylvania. Rendered great service in drilling troops and introducing discipline. Major Denny, in his diary, refers to him in these words: "As a disciplinarian, he has no superior in the whole army." After the Revolution he resided at Carlisle, Pa., until the outbreak of the Indian War in the West, when he served as captain in the then existing only regiment of regulars under Col. Harmar. His own company was composed of a majority of Pennsylvania Germans. Manned Fort Harmar (Marietta, O.); built Fort Finney at the mouth of the Big Miami, and subsequently took part in the expedition of General George Roger Clark against the Kickapoos on the Wabash, and in 1790, in the disastrous expedition of Gen. Harmar against the Indians on the upper Miami. In the battle of the Maumee he distinguished himself for personal bravery, and St. Clair dispatched Ziegler with two companies to succor the distressed settlers in and around Marietta following the defeat of Harmar. He soon obtained the upper hand of the hordes of Indians, and in restoring order gained such decisive advantages that he was hailed as the most popular soldier in the Northwest. In the fall of 1791, Ziegler took part in the bloody and disastrous campaign under St. Clair, in which he commanded a battalion of Federal troops. Being prevented from taking part in the actual battle by reason of special service elsewhere, was assigned to cover the headlong retreat of the demoralized troops, and by ceaseless vigilance and strict discipline. succeeded in the face of furious attacks by the Indians, drunk with victory, in leading the scattered American forces back to Fort Washington (Cincinnati). This feat earned for him the unqualified praise of all concerned, and materially increased his popularity. His dash and efficiency in the campaign of the previous year had caused his advancement to the rank of major in the regular army, and new honors awaited him. When General St. Clair, as commander-inchief, was summoned to Philadelphia to defend his conduct before Congress, he invested Ziegler with the "ad interim" authority of commander-in-chief of the whole army, passing over the heads of officers of higher rank, Wilkinson, Butler and Armstrong. Thus a German, for a period of six weeks, acted as commander-in-chief of the American army. This distinction resulted in a cabal of native officers to get rid of a detested "foreigner," and Col. Jacob Wilkinson (afterward general and highest commanding officer), and Col. Armstrong preferred charges of insubordination and drunkenness against the veteran. Ziegler in disgust thereupon resigned his command and retired from the army. But the people insisted on testifying their admiration and loyalty to their hero, and when Cincinnati in 1802 became an incorporated town he was elected its first mayor by a large majority and subsequently re-elected "in recognition," according to Judge Burnett in "Notes on the Settlement of the Northwest Territory," "of his services in protecting the settlements in 1791 and 1792 as well as in reprisal for the unjust treatment accorded him by the government." Ziegler died in Cincinnati, September 24, 1811, universally mourned by his fellow citizens. Zenger, John Peter, and the Freedom of the Press. Noted in American history as the man who fought to a successful issue the problem of the freedom of the press in this country. Came over as a boy in the Palatine migration and was an apprentice to Bradford in Philadelphia. Established the New York "Weekly Journal," November 5, 1733. Was arrested and imprisoned by Governor Cosby for his political criticisms; the paper containing them was publicly burned by the hangman, and the case was then thrown into the courts. Zenger was charged with being an immigrant who dared to attack the royal prerogatives and official representatives. Arrested in 1734, he was at first denied pen, ink and paper, notwithstanding which he continued to edit the "Journal" from his prison. The grand jury refused to find a bill for libel, and proceedings were instituted by the Attorney General by information. Zenger's defense was entrusted to Andrew Hamilton, a Quaker lawyer of marked ability, himself an immigrant from Ireland, who came from Philadelphia especially to undertake the defense. Zenger's case became a turning point on the great question of the truth justifying libel. Hamilton attacked the claim of the Governor, denounced the practice of information for libel, and declared that this was not the cause of a poor printer, but of liberty, which concerned every American. The triumphant result obtained by Hamilton has made his name famous in American jurisprudence. Zenger's trial overthrew the effort of arbitrary power to suppress free speech, to control courts of justice, to rule by royal prerogative. The jury turned the judge out of court and Zenger was sustained in the right of criticising the administration, and his criticisms were declared to be true and just. Zenger therefore gained for the people the freedom of the press, and through it their rights to deliberate and act so as best to secure their rights. Dr. William Elliot Griffis, in "The Romance of American Colonization," comments on the case in the words: "Thus one of the greatest of all victories in behalf of law and freedom ever won on this continent was secured." TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A-Adams, President John Quincy; on First Treaty with Prussia. 229 Alsace-Lorraine No Desire for French Annexation; Linked with the German .51, 111 11 11 12 James A. Garfield; Charles E. Hughes American School Children and Foreign Propaganda Americanization Committee of Massachusetts on; Macauley on George III; King George Not Alone Responsible Armstead, Major George; Defender of Ft. McHenry Atherton, Gertrude; on Experience in Germany Atrocities, Belgian and French 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 20 25 188 28 Melville E. Stone on 29 Rev. J. F. Stillimans on; London "Globe" on 30 London "Universe" on; John T. McCutcheon on; Irvin S. Cobb on; Emily S. Hobhouse on 31 Rev. J. F. Matthews on 32 Horace Green on; Prof. Kellogg on; Ernest P. Bicknell on. 33 34 35 William K. Draper Quoted; Why Created Same Stories Told in Civil War Period; Post Office Depart- B-Bancroft, George; on Germans in American Revolution Becker, Alfred L., Deputy Attorney General of New York, Investigates German Propaganda; Investigated by Senator Reed Becker, Prof. Carl L.; on Composition of American People Berger, Mrs. Frances, Victim of Mob Berliner, Emile, Inventor of the Microphone Page 103 131 67 40 Blaine, James G., Quotes English Sentiment During Civil War.. 112 Blue Laws of Virginia 42 40 Boers, The, English Treatment of "Bombing Maternity Hospitals" 40 44 Brant, Indian Chief, Destroys German Settlements C-Campbell, Douglas, on Composition of American People .... Cavell, Edith, Executed by Germans; Execution Justified by Col. Chamberlain, Senator, Speech on English Threats -135, 175 17 197-8 46 74 187 Christiansen, Hendrik, True Explorer of the Hudson River 48 104 Concord, The, Brought Germantown Settlers 121 Cramb, Prof. J. A., on Germany's Lofty Spirit Custer, General George A., a Hessian Descendant D-Daimler, Gottlieb, Inventor of the Gas Engine 47 51 24 18 44 45 45 138 48 187 11 49 49 49 .60, 85 198 50 50 Election of 1916 and the League of Nations Covenants 51 President Wilson's Colloquy with Senator McCumber 56 Foreign Minister Hanotaux Promised American Aid in 1914 57 Eliot, Prof., Charles W., on German Civilization English Government Offers $8 for American Scalps Tribute to Germany's Lofty Spirit Opinion of Prussians in 1815 136 139 192 51 58 Report of Civil Liberties Bureau; New York "Sun" Quoted 63 F-Fisher, Admiral, Justifies German Submarines Foreign Residents Assured as to their Investments Fourteen Points, The; History of France's Historic Relations with the United States Alarmed by German Immigration Friends of German Democracy Free Masons in New Jersey Against Language Edict Frederick the Great and the American Colonies Offers American Cruisers Refuge at Danzig Prevents Russian Alliance with England Against Colonies; Fresch, Hermann, Sulphur King Fricke, Albert Paul, Tried for Treason and. Acquitted George, Lloyd, Denounces Atrocities Against Boers German American Captains of Industry German Element in American Life Mechanics in Jamestown Settlement Moravians First Settlers in Ohio First Proclamation of Independence In Confederate Army 64 212 230 86 76 80 81 83 64 64 84 85 224 67 90 192 20 21 41 94 102 91 105 107 108 109 |