Run backward to the east; nay, make the old
Deformed chaos rise again t' overwhelm
Them, (us and all the world,) she fills the air,
Upbraids the heavens with their partial dooms,
Defies their tyrannous powers, and demands
What she and those poor innocents have transgress'd,
That they must suffer such a share in vengeance.

Sejanus, Act V. Sc. last.

Lentulus, the man,

If all our fire were out, would fetch down new
Out of the hand of Jove; and rivet him
To Caucasus, should he but frown; and let
His own gaunt eagle fly at him to tire.

Catiline, Act III,

Can these, or such, be any aid to us?
Look as they were built to shake the world,
Or be a moment to our enterprise ?

A thousand such as they are, could not make
One atom of our souls. They should be men
Worth heaven's fear, that looking up, but thus,
Would make Jove stand upon his guard, and draw
Himself within his thunder; which, amaz'd,
He should discharge in vain, and they unhurt.
Or, if they were, like Capaneus at Thebes,
They should hang dead upon the highest spires
And ask the second bolt to be thrown down.
Why Lentulus talk you so long? This time
Had been enough t'have scattered all the stars,

T' have quench'd the sun and moon, and made the world
Despair of day, or any light but ours.

Catiline, Act IV.

This is the language of a madman :

Guildford. Give way, and let the gushing torrent come,

Behold the tears we bring to swell the deluge,

Till the flood rise upon the guilty world

And make the ruin common.

Lady Jane Grey, Act IV. near the end.

I am sorry to observe that the following bombast stuff dropt from the pen of Dryden :

To see this feet upon the ocean move,

Angels drew wide the curtains of the skies; And heaven, as if there wanted lights above,

For tapers made two glaring comets rise.

Another species of false sublime is still more faulty than bombast; and that is, to force elevation by introducing imaginary beings without preserving any propriety in their actions; as if it were lawful to ascribe every extravagance and inconsistence to beings of the poet's creation. No writers are more licentious in that article than Johnson and Dryden :

Death did at length so many slain forget,
And lost the tale, and took 'em by the great.

Conquest of Grenada, Act II, at beginning.

The gods of Rome fight for ye; loud Fame calls ye,
Pitch'd on the topless Apevine, and blows
To all the under world, all nations
The seas, and unfrequented deserts, where the snow dwells,
Wakens the ruin'd monuments, and there,
Where nothing but eternal death and sleep is,
Informs again the dead bones.

Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, Act III. Sc. 3:

An actor on the stage may be guilty of bombast as well as an author in his closet; a certain manner of acting, which is grand when supported by dignity in the sentiment and force in the expression, is ridiculous where the sentiment is mean, and the expression flat.

This chapter shall be closed with some observations. When the sublime is carried to its due height, and circumscribed within proper bounds, it enchants the mind, and raises the most delightful of all emotions: the reader, engrossed by a sublime object, feels himself raised as it were to a higher rank. Considering that effect, it is not wonderful that the history of conquerors, and heroes, should be universally the favourite entertainment. And this fairly accounts for what I once erroneously suspected to be a wrong bias originally in human nature ; which is, that/ the grossest acts oppression and injustice scarce blemish the character of a great conqueror: we, nevertheless, warmly espouse his interest, accompany him in his exploits, and are anxious for his success: the splendour and enthusiasm of the hero, transfused into the readers, elevate their minds far above the rules of justice, and render them in a great measure insensible of the wrongs that are committed:

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For in those days might only shall be admir'd,
And valour an heroic virtue call'd ;

To overcome in battle, and subdue
Nations, and bring home spoils with infinite
Manslaughter, shall be held the highest pitch
Of human glory, and for glory done

Of triumph, to be styl'd great conquerors,
Patrons of mankind, gods, and sons of gods,
Destroyers rightlier call'd, and plagues of men.
Thus fame shall be achieved, renown on earth,
And what most merits fame in silence hid.

Milton, b. xi.

The irregular influence of grandeur reaches also to other matters: however good, honest, or useful, a man may be, he is not so much respected as is one of a more elevated character, though of less integrity; nor do the misfortunes of the former affect us so much as those of the latter. And I add, because it cannot be disguised, that the remorse which attends breach of engagement, is in a great measure proportioned to the figure that the injured person makes: the vows and protestations of lovers are an illustrious example; for these commonly are little regarded when made to women of inferior rank.

CHAPTER V.

Motion and Force.

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THAT motion is agreeable to the eye

without relation to purpose or design, may appear from the amusement it gives to infants: juvenile exercises are relished chiefly on that account.

If a body in motion be agreeable, one will be apt to conclude that at rest it must be disagreeable: but we learn from experience, that this would be a rash conclusion. Rest is one of those circumstances that are neither agreeable nor disagreeable, being viewed with perfect indifferency. And happy is it for mankind to have the matter so ordered ; if rest were agreeable, it would disincline us to motion, by which all things are performed: if it were disagreeable, it would be a source of perpetual uneasiness; for the bulk of the things we see, appear to be at rest. A similar instance of designing wisdom I have had occasion to explain, in opposing grandeur to littleness, and elevation to lowness of place.* Even in the simplest matters, the finger of God is conspicuous: the happy adjustment of the internal nature of man to his external circumstances, displayed in the instances here given, is indeed admirable.

Motion is agreeable in all its varieties of quick-. ness and slowness; but motion long continued admits some exceptions. That degree of continued motion which corresponds to the natural course of