my translation of the first book of that history, the spring brought the month of May. My son entreated his mother to take a ride in a carriage with him, and I joined in the entreaty, as I greatly wished she should enjoy some refreshment of this kind. The carriage was brought to the door, when my faithful wife positively refused to go, unless I would accompany them. This, I both thought and said, was impossible. She, however, persisted in her refusal; and for some time I warmly remonstrated with her, and urged her going. While I was thus engaged, a sudden inquiry offered itself to me: Why I could not go? I could discover no reason; and calling for my hat, I jumped into the carriage, when I directed the driver to take us to Epping Forest, through Wanstead and Woodford, a ride which, in former years, I had often taken with great pleasure. The verdure of

the grass, trees, and country in general, with the fineness of the weather, so affected me, that all my fears, disquietudes, and sorrows vanished as if by a miracle, and I was well, entirely relieved, and filled with a transport of delight, such as I had never before experienced. My hope and confidence in God were restored, and all my dreary expectations of destroying myself or others were entirely forgotten. On my return home from this reviving excursion, every desire to shut myself up and exclude my friends was departed, and I could with difficulty restrain myself from being always abroad.

"This extraordinary change of feeling took place, as I have said, in May; and on the first day of the following August, I set out in company with my son and an active friend, who had before travelled on the continent, for France, Switzerland, and Germany. The delights of that journey were so enhanced by contrast with the events of the five preceding years, that I was in a species of rapture throughout the whole. I felt no

apprehensions of danger in going so far from home; and the glorious scenes I witnessed so enchanted me, that my pleasure overflowed the limits of ordinary enjoyment. One only regret was occasioned by the unavoidable necessity, under which my companions in travel were placed, of returning at the end of the month to business; by which I was hurried from scenes of surpassing grandeur and interest, before I had half gratified myself with gazing upon them. Enchanted and fascinated as I was with this tour, I attribute no part of my recovery to it, as I had been entirely free from my sad condition, both of body and mind, before it took place; if this had not been the case, no wishes of my own, nor any entreaties of my friends, would have had power to persuade me to set out upon it, so deeply was I affected by the remembrance of former disappointments. Immediately after my return, I was seized with a most unexpected and severe diarrhoea, which I thought would terminate my joys and sorrows alike: it yielded, however, to skilful medical treatment, after some days; and one of my medical attendants, who had long been acquainted with my constitution, assured me when the vehemence of the paroxysms was abated, that the effects of it were far more beneficial than any medical treatment could have produced, and he anticipated a perfect freedom from the return of my distressing nervous disease. This anticipation has been verified by several successive years of established health; and though I am now occasionally in some measure disturbed by some of the minor symptoms of my disorder, for short periods, chiefly during the hours of night, my general health is remarkable for my years; and the condition of my feelings tranquil and cheerful, though seldom much elevated."*

* " Autobiography of the Rev. William Walford." Edited by the Rev. John Stoughton (of Kensington), 1854.

CHAPTER VI.

Anomalous and Masked Affections of the Mind.

BEFORE proceeding to the discussion of the various stages of incipient insanity, previously referred to, I propose to consider briefly, certain anomalous, generally unobserved, because masked conditions of brain and mind. I would, however, premise, that in the majority of cases of insanity, it is difficult to trace back to its origin, the first inroads and dawnings of morbid and insane perception, to demonstrate when the boundary-line between healthy and disordered idea has been traversed, at what precise period certain normal states of eccentricity of thought, singularity and oddity of conduct, have passed into actual insanity. Unfortunately, there is no psychical test to which we can with safety and satisfaction, judicially and psychologically appeal when difficult, doubtful, obscure, and subtle conditions of suspected mental disorder are submitted to us for medical, metaphysical, and legal analysis. Each case must be examined by, and in relation to, itself, and not in reference to any preconceived definition, or à priori hypothesis of insanity. The vain attempt to frame a definition of this disease, will, in a measure, account for the great difference

* When speaking of the degrees of departure from presupposed conditions of health, either of body or mind, perhaps the term latitude would be a more philosophically correct expression than the phrase standard, now commonly adopted. How imperceptible and shadowy are the gradual transitions from a state of health to one of disease! Who can accurately define their charac teristics ? We are able, however, to appreciate when there is any positive deviation on either side of the line. In the case of colours, it has been well remarked, "that we know blue and red perfectly well, but they may be

of opinion, as well as unhappy conflict of testimony exhibited in courts of law by medical men supposed to be conversant with the phenomena of disordered mind.

Before enumerating the symptoms characteristic of the commencement of insanity, I would premise that mental disorder often first manifests itself in a marked and significant manner at a very early period of life. Decided paroxysms of insanity have occurred in young children. when at school, and in persons more advanced in age whilst at college, all traces of the transient attack of mental disorder having passed, like a dark cloud, entirely away, there being no recurrence of the disorder for many years. Several remarkable cases of this kind have come under my observation. In one singular instance, a young gentleman whilst studying for university honours had an attack of insanity. He was sitting up late at night, busily occupied in reading, when he was suddenly seized with an impulse to destroy everything within his reach. He first broke the lamp on the table, then a pierglass. He subsequently tore up and destroyed a number of books, and did great injury to several articles of value in the room. He left home about three o'clock in the morning, and came back at eight, covered with filth, apparently in full possession of his senses ! He refused to give any explanation of his conduct, or to say where he had been. When pressed upon the subject, he became irritable, sullen, and morose. This gentleman continued mentally well for twelve years, when insanity again developed itself, and he has remained

blended together, in an infinite variety, in forming a purple colour, and it may be impossible to say where the red and where the blue prevails. Yet this does not deprive us of the power of forming a very distinct conception of both colours, apart from each other." The experienced physician is able to appreciate when the boundary-line between reason and insanity has been traversed, although he is not competent to frame a definition that can be used as an unerring test in all doubtful cases of mental disorder.

from that period in a deranged state of mind. A patient, now insane, manifested, at the age of ten, decided symptoms of mental aberration, and to such an extent, that, occasionally, for days it was deemed necessary to confine mechanically the hands, so mischievous were the child's tendencies. At the age of fifteen, he, appearing like other boys, was sent to a public school, and it was not until he was thirty that his insanity again manifested itself, and then it was considered necessary to place him under restraint.

When referring to this class of case, and of the possibility of insanity commencing at a very early age, then becoming arrested, and even remaining dormant for five, ten, twelve, and twenty years, Esquirol remarks, “I am more than ever convinced that the existing causes of insanity do not act abruptly, except when the patients are strongly predisposed. Almost all the insane exhibit, before their disease, some alterations in their functions, alterations which commenced many years previously, and even in infancy. The greater part had had convulsions, cephalalgia, colics, or cramps, constipation, and menstrual irregularities. Several had been endowed with great activity in the mental faculties, and had been the sport of vehement, impetuous, and angry passions. Others had been fantastical in their ideas, their affections, and passions; some had had an extravagant imagination, and been incapable of continuous study; others, excessively obstinate, could not live, except in a very narrow circle of ideas and affections, whilst many, void of moral energy, had been timid, fearful, irresolute, indifferent to everything. With these dispositions, a mere accidental cause is sufficient to make the insanity break out."*

M. Pinel was acquainted with a case of insanity that had been going on unnoticed for a period of fifteen * "Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales." T. 16, p. 195.

M