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similar expressions in the same or different acts, 664 to 666.

statutes in pari materia, 647, 751, 770.

sense when clear, 663.

technical terms, 630, 679.

terms of art, 630.

things favorable, 640.

to produce some effect, 631, 632.

things odious, 640.

when it leads to false consequences, 663.

when the words are plain, 627.

when the words are obscure, 628.

CONTEMPORANEOUS CONSTRUCTION, 659, 739 to 750.

influence of, 739.

nature of, 739.

reason for it, 740.

rule illustrated, 749.

CONTEMPORANEOUS EXPOSITION, 438 to 440.
CONTEMPORANEOUS PRACTICE.

influence on constitutional questions, 743.

how regarded by federal courts, 747.

how regarded in construction of English statute, 749.

how regarded in courts of law and equity, 750.

necessity of it in United States, 746.

nature of, 438, 741.

when judicial and legislative exposition have not the same weight,

744, 745.

when the rule restricted, 744.

CONTRACTS.

obligations of, what, 382, 383.

CONTROLLING FORCE OF STATUTES, 236, 289.

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kingdom hereditary, 13.

laws and customs, 13.

mode of enacting laws, 14.

public affairs, how conducted, 14.
power of the state, 13.

EMINENT DOMAIN, 466 to 500.

compensation must be made, 467.

compensation, how made, 467, 468.

compensation, when made, 473, 478.

can only be exercised for public use, 478 to 486.
constitutionality of its exercise, 466 to 500.

incident to government, 466.

mode of assessment for, 473, 469.

EMINENT DOMAIN-continued.

may be exercised by general acts, 487.
nature of, 479.

necessity for its exercise, 467.

no contract impaired by it, 466.

what property may be taken for public use, 488 to 492.
what is a public use, 492, 499.

without indemnity cannot be exercised, 473.

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EQUITABLE CONSTRUCTION.

cautions to be observed in, 831 to 836.

definition of, 814, 815.

Domat's view of, 824 to 825.

definite terms must be followed, 836.

English rule, 821, 826.

Grotius' view of, 816, 823.

illustrations of rule, 827 to 839.

must be consistent and not repugnant to the words, 830.

modern rule of, 819.

nature of, 816.

plain meaning of words not to be departed from, 836.

rules in law and equity the same, 750, 827.

St. Germain's view of, 824.

the correction of law, 817.

Woodesson's illustration, 818.

EQUITABLE CONSTRUCTION OF PENAL STATUTES, 839.

application of rule generally, 840, 852.

application of rule to acts part penal, 840.

acts which act on the offender, 841.

distinction between part penal and part remedial acts, 850.

divesting an estate, 849.

nature of penal acts, 839.

revenue laws and statutes of fraud, 848.

EXCEPTIONS.

how construed, 712.

INDEX.

EXPRESSUM FACIT CESSARE TACITUM, 655.

EX POST FACTO LAWS, 365 to 375.

EXTENSIVE INTERPRETATION, 603.

EXTENT OF LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY, 236 to 309.
EXTRAVAGANT INTERPRETATION, 603.

EX POST FACTO LAWS, 366 to 374.

adding new punishment or increasing it, 372.

aggravating a crime, 367.

altering rules of evidence, 367.

altering or taking away remedies, 370.

confined exclusively to criminal proceedings, 370.
do not extend to civil cases, 366, 369.

making an innocent act criminal, 367.

what is an ex post facto law, 366.

F.

FALSE DEMONSTRATION.

does not vitiate an act, 651.

FIT PERSON.

how construed, 734.

FORCE OF STATUTES.

not to be destroyed by construction, 671.

FREE INTERPRETATION.

nature of, 603.

G.

GOVERNMENT.

Athens, 9.
Crete, 4.

eastern nations, 3.

Greece, 5.

Rome, 2.

Sparta, 6.

to be kept in distinct departments, 500 to 528.
GRECIAN GOVERNMENT, 5.

GROTIUS.

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HEALTH LAWS.

constitutionality of, 331.

HIGH SEAS.

definition of term, 719.

HISTORY OF LEGISLATION.

resorted to in construction, 740.

HOOKER.

view of law politic, 239.

I.

ILLINOIS.

bill of rights, 209, 213.

legislature of, 213, 215.

IMMEDIATELY.

how construed, 734.

IMPAIRING OBLIGATION OF CONTRACTS.
constitutionality of acts, 382, 415.

acts regulating mode of proceeding, 387.
acts which do not impair obligation, 408.
annulling legislative grants, 405.

contract, definition of, 382.

contract between states and individuals, 384.

contract between a state and a corporation, 385.

changing acts of incorporations, 397.

changing nature of estates, 412.

discharging or abrogating contract, 385.

dissolving marriage contracts, 415.

extent of constitutional restriction, 382.

giving value of improvements to tenants, 394.
includes all contracts at common law, 382.
includes executory and executed contracts, 384.
laws executed equivalent to contract, 385.
laws impairing grants by state, 394.
must be a contract conferring a right, 383.

must relate to an object of value, 383.

mere gift unexecuted not a contract, 384.

must not, under pretence of regulating a remedy, divest a vested

right, 388, 394.

rendering valid acts of officers, 409.

statutes of limitation, 406.

state laws, 389, 394.

suspending proceedings of corporations, 410.

subject matter of contract, 384.

taxing lands exempted from taxation, 404.

taxing private property for public use, 413.

where contract not executed and without consideration, 384, 385.

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