judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land: nor shall any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, ever be passed by the legislature of this state.

"The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel punishments inflicted.

"The legislature shall not grant any title of nobility or hereditary distinction, nor create any office, the appointment to which shall be for any longer time than during good behavior.

"The trial by jury, as heretofore used in this state, and the liberty of the press, shall be forever inviolably preserved."

§ 101. The legislative power of Georgia is vested in two separate and distinct branches, a Senate and House of Representatives, and are styled "The General Assembly."

The senate is elected annually, and is composed of one member from each county, elected by ballot. They elect their own officers, and have the sole power to try all impeachments.

The house of representatives is composed of members from all the counties, according to their inhabitants by enumeration.

They choose their own officers, and have the sole power of impeachment.

Each house judges of the elections &c. of its own members, has power to expel or punish them by fine or imprisonment, for misdemeanors. All revenue bills originate in the house, and are passed upon by the senate.

The general assembly has power to make all laws and ordinances, not repugnant to the constitution, for the welfare of the state, to alter boundaries of counties, and lay out new ones.

All bills for raising revenue, must originate in the

house of representatives, with power in the senate to propose or concur in amendments. Each bill is required to be read three times on three separate days, in each branch of the general assembly, before it can pass, unless in cases of actual invasion or insurrection. No law or ordinance can pass containing any matter different from what is expressed in the title thereof; and all must be signed by the president in the senate and speaker in the house of representatives. No bill or ordinance which has been rejected by either house, can be brought in again during the same session under the same, or any other title, without the consent of two-thirds of each branch.

Neither house can adjourn for more than three days, without the consent of the other, nor to any other place than that at which the two branches are sitting; and in case of disagreement of the two houses relative to an adjournment, the governor may adjourn them.

Section 22 of Article I. declares, "The general assembly shall have power to make all laws and ordinances which they shall deem necessary and proper for the good of the state, which shall not be repugnant to this constitution."

By section 24, no vote, resolution, law, or order, shall pass the general assembly, granting a donation or gratuity, in favor of any person whatever, but by concurrence of two-thirds of the general assembly.

The governor has the revision of all bills passed by both houses, before the same can become a law. But two-thirds of both houses may pass a law notwithstanding his dissent, and if any bill is not returned by the governor within five days after it is presented to him, the same becomes a law, unless the legislature, by adjournment, prevent a return; and the same rule obtains in reference to every vote, resolution, or order, in

which the concurrence of both houses shall be necessary, except on a question of adjournment.

Freedom of the press, and trial by jury, as theretofore used, it is declared shall remain inviolate. It is also provided, that no ex post facto law shall be passed: no person who theretofore hath been, or thereafter may be, a collector, or holder of public moneys, shall be eligible to any office in the state, until such person shall have accounted for, and paid into the treasury, all sums for which he may be accountable or liable. The person of a debtor, where there is not a strong presumption of fraud, shall not be detained in prison after delivering up bona fide all his estate, real and personal, for the use of his creditors, in such manner as shall thereafter be regulated by law. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. No person within the state shall, upon any pretence, be deprived of the privilege of worshipping God in a manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment: nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rate, for the building or repairing any place of worship, or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or hath voluntarily engaged to do. No one religious society shall ever be established in this state, in preference to any other; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right, merely on account of his religious principles. There shall be no future importation of slaves into this state, from Africa or any foreign place, after the first day of October next. The legislature shall have no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves, without the consent of each of their respective owners, previous to such emancipation. They shall have no power to prevent emigrants, from either of the United States to this

state, from bringing with them such persons as may be deemed slaves by the laws of any one of the United States.

§ 102. The powers of the legislative department of the state of Kentucky are vested in two branches, a House of Representatives and a Senate, and together are styled "The General Assembly of the commonwealth of Kentucky."

The house of representatives is composed of members chosen annually by electors.

They choose their officers, and originate all bills of

revenue.

The senate is chosen for four years, and elect their own officers-consists of twenty-four members at least; and for every three members, over fifty-eight, added to the house, one member is added to the senate.

Each house judges the elections, &c., of its own members, and punishes them for misdemeanors.

The house of representatives has the sole power of impeachment, but those cases are tried by the senate.

The general assembly has power to regulate by law the duties, offices, and salaries of public officers, and in what manner suits may be brought against the commonwealth they have full power to permit owners of slaves to emancipate them, to prevent the importation of slaves, to oblige owners to treat them with humanity, and provide for them the necessaries of life, and keep them comfortable, and to abstain from injuring them in life or limb.

Not less than a majority of the members of each house constitutes a quorum; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day. Neither house during the session can, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they are sitting. No bill has the force of a law, until on three several days, it be read over in each house; and free discussion allowed thereon; unless, in

cases of urgency, four-fifths of the house, where the bill shall be depending, may deem it expedient to dispense with this rule. All bills for raising revenue must originate in the house of representatives; but the senate may propose amendments as in other hills: Provided, they do not introduce any new matter, under the color of an amendment, which does not relate to raising a revenue.

Every bill which shall have passed both houses, must be presented to the governor, which, if he approves, he must sign it; but if not, he must return it, with his objections, to the house in which it shall have originated, which is required to enter his objections at large upon the journal, and proceed to reconsider it; and if, after such reconsideration, a majority of all the members elected to that house shall agree to pass it, it must be sent, with the objections, to the other house, by which it must be likewise considered; and, if approved by a majority of all the members of that house, it becomes a law. The vote in such cases, must be by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting for or against it, entered on the journal. If the governor does not return the bill in ten days after being presented to him, it becomes a law, unless the general assembly adjourn; and in that event, it becomes a law, unless returned within three days after the next meeting of the general assembly. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of both houses is necessary, except on a question of adjournment, must be also presented to the governor, and before it can take effect, must be approved by him; or, if it is disapproved by him, it must be passed by a majority of all the members elected to both houses, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in cases of bills.

Article X. declares :

"That the general, great, and essential principles of