of a country in a far greater degree, than by its immediate effects on the slaves themselves. In the latter case, it merely makes one class of the community earn something less, in the former, it makes another class, earn nothing. It merely inclines the slave to waste, but it furnishes the master with both the inclination and the means of extravagance. sell for twice or thrice as much as an ordinary labourer. As a further proof that slaves are not unfit for the operations of a manufactory, it may be mentioned that children are more or less employed in all of them, and they cannot be supposed to have more motives to labour than slaves, more care, or foresight, or interest in the success of their labours. But an opinion has generally prevailed, that however the labour of slaves may com- Besides, the expense of superintendence port with agricultural employments, it is unfit must be incurred in manufacturing estabfor manufactures.-Their waste, their neg-lishments, when they are carried on by ligence, their stupidity, when superadded to their aversion to labour, being supposed altogether incompatible with success in the latter employment. Yet in the teeth of this opinion, good mechanics are to be found among the slaves in all the southern states. They are often ingenious and expert as blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers, wheelwrights, coopers, and in short in the exercise of every mechanical art in which they have been instructed. A large proportion of the slaves of this class, are also sober, industrious and respectable.Certainly they would not be unfit for any of the operations of a manufactory. But we actually have experimental proof on this subject. All the stemmeries and other manufactories of tobacco in this state, are carried on by slaves. At several of the iron-works, slaves perform the principal part of the labour. The most successful establishment, perhaps, of this kind in the state, is that of Clover-Dale in Botetourt, having about 200 slaves attached to it, although too, it was until lately under the disadvantage of being 300 miles distant from its proprietor, the late Col. Tayloe, of Washington. In these establishments, by much the most considerable part of the labour consists in making charcoal, digging up the ore, and waggoning both that and the coal to the furnace; in all of which the operations are similar to those of a farm, and are subjected to the same superintendence. But in the forge, the operations have more resemblance to those of an ordinary manutory, and yet the slaves employed in the duties of the forge commonly perform those duties much better than those who are employed about the furnace, and are much more easily managed. The "hammer-man," a principal workman in a forge, is sometimes a slave, and will commonly free labourers. These must be directed in their operations, kept steady to their employments, and prevented from negligence or waste; and the persons who are required to perform these offices with freemen, would be sufficient to perform them with slaves. This circumstance suggests an advantage which the employment of slaves in manufactures has over their employment in agriculture, since in the occupations of husbandry, freemen are commonly exempt from this charge of superintendence, but in manufactures they share it in common with slaves. Slave labour is therefore more capable of entering into competition with free labour in manufacturiug, than in agricultural industry; and it must not be forgotten, that the question which we are discussing, and which most materially concerns the Virginia statesman, is not whether slaves can be made to earn as much as freemen, but whether they cannot earn more in manufactures, than they now earn in agriculture. For these reasons we must conclude that slavery presents no insuparable obstacles to our success in manufactures. K. BOW WINDOWS. 'In which time, retiring myself into a Bay Window.' JONSON'S 'Cynthia's Revels. Bow-windows were, at one time, universally called Bay windows. As these bays were sufficiently large, they were the common retiring places, in which confidential conversations were frequently held. Minsheu has not the word Bow-window- Bay window' he says hath its name because it is builded in manner like a baie or rode for shippes, that is, round.' Both bow and bay are, however, derived from the same word the Anglo-Saxon bygan 'to bend or curve.' Shakespeare speaks of bay-windows transparent as barricadoes.' PHRENOLOGY. We had supposed that every individual possessed some crude ideas regarding the meaning of the science, as it has been termed by its votaries, of Phrenology or Craniology; but on turning to the last edition of Todd's Johnson, in which the words have, for the first time, made their appearance, it is manifest that Mr. Todd had not the slightest idea of the acceptation of them himself. Phrenology and Craniology, which are synonymous or have become so, being defined by him the science of cerebral pathology" or in other words the science of diseased brain! If Mr. Todd, whose occupation it has been "to busy himself in tracing the original and detailing the signification of words" could have such erroneous notions upon the subject, there may be others who have not had the means of becoming acquainted with the principles of the Phrenologist, or who may have been misled by that Lexicographer: we shall, therefore, in an early number of the Museum, offer a few remarks upon the foundation and superstructure of phrenology, remarking merely, at present, that as we see such difference in the moral and intellectual qualities of individuals, and as it is through the brain that the intelligent principle within us acts, Phrenologists have considered that these mental manifestations are, probably, caused by some increase or diminution in particular portions of that organ: accordingly they have, in celebrated poets, mathematicians, &c. endeavoured to discover whether any prominency was perceptible in any portion of the skull, the skull corresponding pretty nearly to the brain-and they have too hastily perhaps concluded, that observations enough have been made to induce them to assign particular parts of the brain as the seat of particular moral or intellectual operations. Dr. Burrows, in a recent work on insanity, has given one or two instances of the mistakes which must be constantly incurred, by believing that such external configuration of the skull must necessarily be attended with certain mental manifestations. "When Dr. Gall" (the founder of the craniological system) "was in England, he went in company with Dr. H. to visit the studio of the eminent sculptor Chantry. Mr. C. being at the moment engaged, they amused themselves in viewing the various efforts of his skill. Dr. Gall was requested to say, from the organs exhibited in a certain bust, what was the predominant propensity or faculty of the individual. He pronounced the original must be a great poet. His attention was directed to a second bust. He de clared the latter to be that of a great mathematician. The first was the bust of Troughton, the eminent mathematician: and the second that of Sir Walter Scott! Talent, the phrenologist asserts, is relating with the ample develss. Mr. Chantry opement of the cerebral mass. exhibited to Dr. Gall drawings of numerous heads. The Cranioscopist selected one whose ample developement gave a sure index of vast talent. It was a fac simile of the head of the Earl of P-if-t. We suspect the Dr. H. alluded to is an old and facetious friend, who is well known wherever the English language is spoken, for his works on Insanity. We have heard Dr. H. speak of a similar mistake in the appreciation of his own instinctive faculties, Dr. Gall having pronounced from attentive examination of his head, that he had the organs of tone and locality strongly developed; in the attributes of both of which the Doctor candidly declared himself to be miserably and strangely deficient. These are the errors into which the phrenologist is likely to fall, and against which he has to guard, if he would avoid causing study, which has really a philosophical basis, from meeting with that oblivion into which so many discoveries have fallen, owing to the misdirected zeal of their promulgators. WY. Museum and manuscripts of Linnæus. It is not generally known that the entire museum, library, and manuscripts of Linnæus, are in England. They were sold by his widow to the late president of the Linnæan Society, Sir J. E. Smith, for £1000. The sale had been made without the knowledge of the court, and the king only heard of it a few hours after a ship had sailed with the treasure for England. Filled with indignation and regret, he immediately dispatched a light armed, swift-sailing vessel in pursuit, but it was too late--Sweden could no longer boast of Linnæus but by name and England possessed the works that were to endear his name to posterity. This invaluable collection has been quadrupled by Dr. Smith during a long series of years, and since his death the whole has been of fered to the Linnæan Society for £4,000. | Modern Languages-(French.) 11 A.M. It is doubtful whether that sum will be raised amongst the Society for the purchase, and if not, it is supposed, the whole may be offered to the present king of Sweden, who would, no doubt, joyfully make the purchase. London paper. Petrarch's Works.-The King of France has purchased the valuable collection of books, consisting of 900 volumes, connected with the life and works of Petrarch, made by M. Marsand, Professor in the University of Padua, editor of the excellent edition of the great poet's works, published a few years ago. The collection is divided into three classes. The first contains all the printed editions of Petrarch's works, published since 1470, the date of the first printed edition. The second, all the translations of his works in the Latin, French, Spanish, German, and English languages, with all commentaries and biographies. The third class consists entirely of manuscripts of Petrarch's works, on vellum and paper. The collection is to be deposited in the Louvre. 12 Saturday 11th. Moral Philosophy-(Political 10 66 12 66 Modern Languages (Modern 7 A.M. 10 6 4 P.M. Medicine Thursday 16th. Law. page 32.) 12 6 74 10 แ 12 4 P.M. Steam Navigation between Great Britain and India.-A project is on foot to establish a communication by steam vessels between Great Britain and the East Indies. The enterprise has been patronised by the merchants and others of Calcutta, Madras, Public Examination.-(Continued from the Mauritius, the Cape of Good Hope, and St. Helena. Mr. Waghern, the projector, who arrived lately in London to procure the co-operation of the British Government, the East India Company, and merchants, is quite confident in the opinion that he can perform the voyage to Calcutta, and home, in six months, including stoppages both ways, to deliver letters, &c. at Madeira, St. Helena, Cape of Good Hope, Isle of France, Trincomalee, and Madras, at all which places depots of coals will be formed. The steam vessels on this service are not to be fitted up for the reception of passengers generally.-Liverpool Paper. UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE. SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS. the Mathematical examination. A general outline is all that can be given of Junior Mathematical Class. This class was examined in the first part of Lacroix's Algebra, the questions consisting, chiefly, of simple and quadratic equations, or problems that could be resolved by them; the expansion of series by the Binomial Theorem, and examples of permutations and combinations. This examination was wholly by written questions. In Geometry, questions both written the first and third section of the second part of and oral were selected from the first part, and Legendre's Geometry. Second Mathematical Class. The examination in Algebra, of the second class, was nearly similar to that of the first, but included the whole of Lacroix's Algebra-with the solution of cubic equations, and the theory of equations of all degrees. In Geometry the examination was similar to that of the Junior Class. In Geometry, written questions were given to the class, requiring the solution of the several cases of plane and spherical triangles. It was required to prove that in spherical trigonometry, the sines of the sides are proportioned to the sines of the opposite angles, and a couple of questions were proposed in nautical astronomy. A few questions were also given to this class, on the application of Algebra to Geometry. Senior Class. Four of the members of this class had previously been candidates for graduation, the remainder were examined in the application of Algebra to Geometry, and the theory of curves, as contained in the IV Chapter of Lacroix's Traite Du Calcul Differentiel et Du Calcul Integral. In the Differential and Integral Calculus they were examined by examples taken from the questions on these subjects published by Peacock and Herschell. The class had studied the differential Calculus chiefly from the Treatise of Boucharlat, and the Integral from Boucharlat, Lacroix, and the examples before mentioned-they had proceeded to the integration of partial differential equations of three or more variables, and the questions proposed were chosen to this extent. 5-Give the nomenclature for different degrees of oxidation in the same substance. 4-Give the nomenclature for salts. 1. when neutral, so as to denote the degree of acidity. 2. when the acid is in excess. 3. when the base is in excess. 4. when the acid is in exceess, and the base a per ox. 3-Enumerate the different simple electro-negative and electro-positive bodies. 2-Enumerate the circumstances best calculated to promote chemical action. 1-What are the instruments in use for measuring temperature and atmospheric pressure? N. B. The answers to be valued according to the numbers. Pharmacy and Materia Medica. 14--Opium. How obtained? Its proximate composition-Medical effects. 18-Cinchona Bark. Officinal species, proximate composition. 17-Aloes. Medical use, different species, form of exhibition. medical character-as an Emetic. 16-Antimony. Preparations most in use, 15-Ipecacuanha. Composition, medical uses, dose as a diaphoretic. 14-Jalap. Medical use, form of exhibition. 13-Mercury. Preparations, medical effects. 12--Oil of Turpentine. Chemical composition, medical uses. 11-Antilithics---what? The difficulties attending their administration. 10---Enumerate the Cathartics most in use, give their doses. 9-What is meant by Tonics, Narcotics, Diuretics, Diaphoretics, Sialogogues, Errhines, Epispastics and Escharotics? 8-Give examples of the best emetics, their doses. 7-Describe the operation for preparing Extracts, Tinctures and Essences. 6-Enumerate the different forms of Pharmaceutical preparations. 5-What are the essential operations of Phar HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY GRATIS 1929 P405.1 VIRGINIA LITERARY MUSEUM AND JOURNAL OF BELLES LETTRES, ARTS, &c. Published every Wednesday.-Terms, five dollars per annum, to be paid in advance. "POSCENTES VARIO MULTUM DIVERSA PALATO"-Hor. Lib. ii. Ep. 2. ΟΝΟΜΑΤΟΡΟΕΙΑ. "Onomatopœia, when we invent, devise, fayne and make a name, intimating the sound that it signifyeth, as harlyburly for an uprore, and tumultuous stirre." [H. PEACHAM's Garden of Eloquence, 1577.1 It is probable that, in the origin of language, words were suggested to mankind, by the sounds which were heard around them by the cries of quadrupeds, the notes of the birds of the forest, the noise emitted by the insect tribe, the audible indications from the elements, &c. These, being various, probably, first of all, suggested discriminative names, deduced from the sounds heard. It is this imitation of the noise made by objects, which constitutes the figure of speech called Onomatopoeia-the "vox repercussa natura," or "echo of nature," as Wachler in his "Glossarium Germanicum," (sec. vii.) has defined it. Daily experience shows us, that this source of words is strictly physiological: children always designate a sonorous object, by an imitation of the sounds given off by it, and the greater part of sonorous bodies have had names, radically similar, given to them, in languages differing most from each other. We say the serpents hiss; the bees hum; the thunders roll; the storm blusters; the wind whistles; the hogs grunt; the hen cackles; the man snores, &c.-all words used originally, not, perhaps, in these very shapes, but varying according to the varying idiom of the language, to imitate the sounds given off by those objects. Such phonetic words are numerous in all known languages; and have been adopted to depict both the sound emitted, and the sonorous body itself; but, in some cases, the JULY 15, 1829. word, imitating the sound, has survived its transmission from language to language, to the most modern times, whilst the name of the object, whence it proceeded, has experienced considerable mutation. The Sanskrit, the antiquity of which cannot be contested, has a number of such words; of these we need only mention the following:-wilala, the cat; kukada, the hen, and waihu, the wind; in the last of which the sound of the w imitates that of the passage of the air; and is found in the word corresponding to wind in many languages. Of this figure, advantage has been taken, by Bürger, in the stanza given hereafter. The Hebrew and the Greek have numerous phonetic words, but no language is richer in this respect, than the Teutonic, in all its ramifications, including our own. The animal kingdom affords us many examples, of which the following are a few. Cuckoo. This is nearly the same in all languages, and is manifestly phonetic. Greek, xoxxuğ; Latin, cucullus, Irish, Cuach; Bask, cucua; Slavonic, kukulka, kukuschka, kukacka kukawa; Hungarian, kukuk; Hebrew, cacatha; Syriac, coco; Arabic, cuchem; Persiac, kuku; Koriak, kaikuk; Kamtschadale, koakutschith; Kurile, kakkok; Tartar, kauk;* German, kuckucks, or guckguck; (whence our word, and the Scottish gouckoo, gowk or golk,) French, cocu, &c. Owl. German, eule; Spanish, buho; Polish, puhacz; Latin, upupa and bubo; the u imitating, to a certain extent, the cry of the bird. In the greater part of languages, words, expressive of the cries of animals, are accurate imitations. The following are a few examples. Adelung's Mithridates, vol. 1. |