Spagnuolo di Pietro, was a friend and fellow-pupil of Raffaelle in the school of Perugino, and his works follow close in the footsteps of Raffaelle and Pinturicchio. He was made a citizen of Spoleto, where he married and spent the chief part of his life.

The most interesting works of Lo Spagna are in the poor village of S. Giacomo, four miles from Spoleto, on the way to the Temple of the Clitumnus. Here there is a small church dedicated to S. James of Galitzin. The frescoes in his honour for the most part relate to a picturesque legend in the life of the Apostle.

"There was a certain German, who with his wife and son went on a pilgrimage to S. James of Compostella. Having come as far as Torlosa, they lodged at an inn there; and the host had a fair daughter, who, looking on the son of the pilgrim, a handsome and graceful youth, became deeply enamoured, but he, being virtuous, and, moreover, on his way to a holy shrine, refused to listen to her allurements.

'Then she thought how she might be avenged for this slight put upon her charms, and hid in his wallet her father's silver drinking-cup. The next morning, no sooner were they departed, than the host, discovering his loss, pursued them, accused them before the judge, and the cup being found in the young man's wallet, he was condemned to be hung, and all they possessed was confiscated to the host.

'Then the afflicted parents pursued their way lamenting, and made their prayer and their complaint before the altar of the blessed Saint Iago; and thirty-six days afterwards, as they returned by the spot where their son hung on the gibbet, they stood beneath it, weeping and lamenting bitterly. Then the son spoke and said, "O my mother! O my father!" do not lament for me, for I have never been in better cheer the blessed apostle James is at my side, sustaining me and filling me with celestial comfort and joy!" The parents, being astonished, hastened to the judge, who at that moment was seated at table, and the mother called out, "Our son lives!" The judge mocked at them : "What sayest thou, good woman? thou art beside thyself! If thy son lives, so do these fowls in my dish." And lo! scarcely had he uttered the words, when the fowls (being a cock and a hen) rose up fullfeathered in the dish, and the cock began to crow, to the great admiration of the judge and his attendants. Then the judge rose up from

table hastily, and called together the priests and the lawyers, and they went in procession to the gibbet, took down the young man, and restored him to his parents; and the miraculous cock and hen were placed under the protection of the Church, where they

and their posterity long flourished in testimony of this stupendous miracle.

In the vault of the apsis is the Coronation of the Virgin; she kneels, attired in white drapery flowered with gold, and the whole group, though inferior in power, appeared to me in delicacy and taste far superior to the fresco of Fra Filippo Lippi at Spoleto, from which Passavant thinks it is borrowed. Immediately under the Coronation, in the centre, is a figure of S. James as patron saint, standing with his pilgrim's staff in one hand and the Gospel in the other; his dress is a yellow tunic with a blue mantle thrown over it. In the compartment on the left, the youth is seen suspended on the gibbet, while S. James, with his hand under his feet, sustains him; the father and mother look up at him with astonishment. In the compartment to the right, we see the judge seated at dinner, attended by his servants, one of whom is bringing in a dish; the two pilgrims appear to have just told their story, and the cock and hen have risen up in the dish.'-Jameson's 'Sacred Art.'

Three miles beyond S. Giacomo, close to the high road to Foligno, is the Temple of the Clitumnus.

The view on leaving Spoleto by railway is exceedingly fine of the great aqueduct striding across the valley, with the fortress on one side, and on the other Monte Luco, dotted with hermitages peeping out of the rich foliage of evergreen woods. The railway then winds by cuttings and tunnels through the Monte Somma, which in vetturino days was a most picturesque and interesting pass. It is said to derive its name from a temple of Jupiter Summanus on its summit.

Terni (Stat. Inns-Inghilterra, Tre Colonne) is a small prosperous town, with some manufactories. It occupies the site of one of the many cities called Interamna, in this case, on account of its situation near the meeting of the Nar and Velinus, and it is said to have been founded B.C. 672. There is a tradition, without any foundation (though inscribed over the town gate), that Tacitus the historian was born here, but it was certainly the patrimonial residence of his descendants, the Emperors Tacitus and Florianus. Here, in A.D. 253, the Emperors Trebonianus Gallus and

Volusianus his son were put to death by their own soldiers while marching against Aemilianus. Some insignificant remains exist of an amphitheatre (in the bishop's garden) and of temples dedicated to Hercules and the Sun. A number of Roman inscriptions are collected on the walls of the Palazzo Pubblico. Terni is the seat of a very ancient bishopric, but the dull Cathedral of S. Maria Assunta was designed by Bernini. The Church of S. Francesco has a chapel with some interesting frescoes (c. 1475) attributed to Fiorenzo di Lorenzo, an admirable, though little-known master, whose principal works are at Perugia.

It is a drive of about 4 miles from the town to the celebrated Falls of the Velino, La Caduta delle Marmore. A carriage costs from 5 to 10 francs, but a distinct agreement must be made. Plenty of small copper coins should be taken, as various gates have to be opened, and various points of view are exhibited, for which fees of from 2 to 5 soldi are amply sufficient. There are two ways of seeing the Falls: either (1) by ascending the hills to the summit, a long and fatiguing drive, especially on a hot day, and descending near the Fall on foot by a zigzag path amongst the rocks; or (2) driving through the valley to the gate leading to the Villa Graziani, whence a donkey (to I franc) is usually taken to the Foot of the Fall, by those who do not like to walk: it is no great distance.

The first part of the road to the Falls leads through the richly cultivated valley, described by Pliny1 as so fertile that its meadows would produce four crops of hay in the year; the picturesque village crowning the hill in front is Papignia. Long before you reach the Falls the sound of the rushing waters tells of your approach.

The source of the Velinus is close to the ancient Falacrinum, the birthplace of Vespasian, where an old church still bears the name of S. Maria di Fonte Velino. Its waters are so strongly impregnated with carbonate of lime, that they constantly tend to form a deposit of travertine, and so to block up their own channel. The result was, that unless the course of the river was artificially regulated, the valley of the Velinus was frequently inundated, while, if the waters

1 xviii. 28, s. 67.

were allowed to descend with too great vehemence, the fertile lands of Interamna shared the same fate. Marcus Curius Dentatus, the conqueror of the Sabines, in B.C. 271, was the first who attempted to make a permanent channel, which should protect both the lower and upper valleys, and for that purpose carried the river through a cutting in the cliff, and formed the celebrated waterfall. The channel of Dentatus was gradually filled up by time, and other beds formed for the river, but the original course was re-opened by Pope Clement VIII., in 1598. The regulation of the Fall has, from its earliest existence, been a source of dispute between the inhabitants of Reate and those of Interamna or Terni. A statue was erected to Cicero by the people of Reate for his legal services on this question.

The total height of the waterfall is rather under 600 feet. The best view of it is from below; no description is necessary but that of Byron :

The roar of waters !-from the headlong height
Velino cleaves the wave-worn precipice;
The fall of waters! rapid as the light

The flashing mass foams shaking the abyss ;
The hell of waters! where they howl and hiss,
And boil in endless torture; while the sweat
Of their great agony, wrung out from this
Their Phlegethon, curls round the rocks of jet
That gird the gulf around, in pitiless horror set,

• And mounts in spray the skies, and thence again
Returns in an unceasing shower, which round,
With its unemptied cloud of gentle rain,

Is an eternal April to the ground,

Making it all one emerald :—how profound

The gulf! and how the giant element

From rock to rock leaps with delirious bound,

Crushing the cliffs, which downward worn and rent
With his fierce footsteps, yield in chasms a fearful vent

To the broad column which rolls on, and shows
More like the fountain of an infant sea

Torn from the womb of mountains by the throes
Of a new world, than only thus to be

Parent of rivers, which flow gushingly,

With many windings, through the vale :-Look back!
Lo! where it comes like an eternity,

As if to sweep down all things in its track,

Charming the eye with dread,—a matchless cataract,

Horribly beautiful! but on the verge,

From side to side, beneath the glittering morn,

An Iris sits, amidst the infernal surge,

Like Hope upon a death-bed, and, unworn

Its steady dyes, while all around is torn

By the distracted waters, bears serene

Its brilliant hues with all their beams unshorn :
Resembling, 'mid the torture of the scene,
Love watching Madness with unalterable mien.'

'Childe Harold.

The Villa Graziani, the grounds of which contain the best view of the Falls, was once inhabited by Queen Caroline, as Princess of Wales.

Those who have time may visit the lake of Piè di Luco in the valley above the cascade.

'The beautiful expanse of water called Piè di Lugo, about a mile in breadth, fills the defile, and meanders between the mountains for some miles. The way to it from the Fall, is by a path winding along the foot of the mountain, and leading to a cottage, where you may take a boat, and cross to a bold promontory opposite. There, seated in the shade, you may enjoy the view of the waters, of the bordering mountains, of the towns perched on their sides, the village Piè di Lugo, and, rising behind it, the old castle of Labro, whose dismantled towers crown a regular hill, while its shattered walls-run in long lines down the declivity. We were here entertained with an echo the most articulate, the most retentive, and the most musical I ever heard, repeating even a whole verse of a song, in a softer and more plaintive tone indeed, but with surprising precision and distinctness.'—Eustace's • Tour.'1

A railway from Terni to Aquila, passing Piè di Luco and Rhieti, and crossing the Apennines, was opened in October 1883. This line forms a direct communication between the Abruzzi and Adriatic, and Umbria and the Mediterranean,

A project is entertained for entirely draining this beautiful lake.