On the next morning it was discovered that the enemy had withdrawn from Jackson's front, and General Stuart, pushing forward to Fairfax Court-House about noon, reported that they were in full retreat toward Alexandria. The inhabitants of Fairfax welcomed the Confederates with great joy, and the cavalry and Stuart horse artillery continued to follow up the Federal retreat for many miles.

Such had been the unfortunate termination of General Pope's campaign, entered upon with such high hopes. He had professed to have seen hitherto only "the backs of his enemies," but at Cedar Run and Manassas saw them "face to face." The result had been disastrous defeat; and from that time forth the Federal authorities entrusted this officer with no important command. He was another added to the Generals whom Jackson had met and defeated.

CHAPTER XVII.

GENERAL LEE ENTERS MARYLAND.

THUS ended the great summer campaign by which the Federal authorities hoped to break down the military power of the South before the forest leaves were touched by the finger of autumn. The red 'battle-flag of the Confederates floated where the Federal standard had been so lately seen, and new fields were opened to the Southern army. Maryland was now undefended;

to go off on account of the rain, Jackson is said to have sent back the reply that the officer must hold his ground: "If his guns would not go off, neither would the enemy's!" This might form a supplement to Shakespeare's list of retorts, and be styled the "retort military."

"Sept. 3.-General Pope asked to be relieved of his command, and was transferred to the Department of the Northwest. He drew up the report of his campaign in Virginia, and sent it to headquarters without waiting for the reports of his subordinate Generals. In this document he blames several of the officers for causing his defeat.”—National Almanac, 1863.

and the smoke of battle had scarcely lifted from the plains of Manassas, when the victorious columns of Lee were in motion toward the upper Potomac.

Long before, Jackson had written to a friend, "I am cordially with you in favor of carrying the war north of the Potomac," and we have seen that to cross into the enemy's countryto advance upon the North-was his never-ceasing desire. The signal of the long-wished-for advance now came. " On to Maryland!" was the watchword, and the veterans of Jackson moved forward at the signal, joyous, elated, confident of victory, and burning with ardor at the thought that the fair fields of Virginia, the homes of their loved ones, would be relieved of the horrors of war. No time was lost by General Lee in commencing his movement. It was necessary to gain a foothold in Maryland before the disorganized forces of the Federal Government were again put in fighting condition, and the campaign began with energy and rapidity.

Jackson having, after his custom, inquired with great interest what roads led to the Potomac, in the direction of Arlington Heights, and ordered maps to be prepared of the region for his use, put his troops in motion toward Leesburg. Marching from Oxhill, on Sept. 3d, by way of Dranesville, he bivouacked on the 4th at Big Spring, beyond Leesburg, and on the 5th the passage of the Potomac was effected without resistance. The scene is said to have been inspiring.

"When our army reached the middle of the river, which they were wading," says an army correspondent, "General Jackson pulled off his hat, and the splendid band of music struck up the inspiring air of Maryland, my Maryland,' which was responded to and sung with the spirit and with the understanding' by all who could sing; and the name of all who could then and there sing, was legion."

This scene took place at White's ford, not far from Leesburg, and on the night of the 5th Jackson's command bivouacked near the Three Springs, in Maryland. Captain Randolph, of the Black Horse, a company of cavalry attached to the corps head

quarters, scouted through the country on the right to give notice of any movement of the enemy in that direction; and the weary soldiers slept in peace.

Jackson had thus obtained an undisturbed foothold upon the soil of Maryland, and his troops indulged in rosy dreams of the exciting scenes and novel triumphs of a march through the rich and unexplored territory of that enemy who had so long laid waste the fields of Virginia. "Pennsylvania! Pennsylvania!" was the watchword throughout the camps; but even the novel and attractive scenes before them had not been sufficient to enable a large portion of the troops to overcome the exhaustion of the immense march from the Rappahannock, together with the want of rest and food. A large portion of the command of Jackson, and every other general, had broken down in the rapid advance; all along the road from Manassas to Leesburg thousands of stragglers, with weary frames and bleeding feet, were toiling slowly on in the wake of the army, and the southern bank of the Potomac swarmed with thousands of men who had sunk down to obtain that rest which nature demanded, and without which they could advance no further.

Before this great force could rejoin the different corps, General Lee resumed his march; the enemy pressed forward on his rear, the way was barred, and the Army of Northern Virginia continued its march, and fought its enemies with less than twothirds of its numbers.

On the 6th of September Jackson reached the vicinity of Frederick City, and his old division encamped in the suburbs, with the exception of Jones' brigade, commanded by Colonel Bradley T. Johnson, which was posted in the place as a provost guard, with orders to protect all property, and promptly to suppress any attempt to harass the inhabitants. Ewell's and Hill's divisions occupied positions near the railroad bridge over the Monocacy, to repulse any advance of the enemy from the direction of Washington.

The reception of the Confederate forces in Maryland was not encouraging. That ancient commonwealth, illustrated by so

many great names, and strongly Southern throughout the larger portion of its territory in the habits, opinions, and character of its population, was now called upon to decide, by its acts, whether the Southern proclivities claimed for it were only theoretical, or such as to spur its people on to overt acts against the Federal Government. The response seemed to indicate an almost complete indifference, if not open hostility to the Confederate cause; and instead of being received with smiles, the troops were looked upon with ill-concealed dislike. It was not until afterwards that the Confederates came to understand this singular reception. They had entered a portion of the State entirely dissimilar to the lower counties, where the Southern sentiment was powerful. Here the Union feeling was in the ascendant, as in Western Virginia, and little encouragement met the Southern arms. What would have been the result of an advance into the lower counties, where the planters were like those of Eastern Virginia, nearly unanimous in favor of the South, we can only conjecture; but in Frederick City and above that point General Lee was met with little enthusiasm, and received almost no recruits.

There were, however, many exceptions to this want of cordiality in the demeanor of the people. One Marylander fed in a single day six hundred Southern soldiers; officers and men were urged to stop and use the houses and all they contained; many ladies sewed day and night on garments for the ragged troops; and from the houses of a few daring gentlemen waved white handkerchiefs and the Confederate flag. An incident of the time was the presentation of a magnificent riding horse to General Jackson as soon as he crossed the river, which, however, came very near resulting in his death. Frightened by the martial sounds around him, the animal reared violently, and nothing but Jackson's firm seat in the saddle-for with all his want of grace, he was an excellent rider-saved him from a heavy fall.

The following passages from the letter of an army correspondent, written on the 8th of September, presents a picture of Frederick City at the time, and, with some allowance for the

obvious desire of the writer to persuade himself that the reception of the Southern troops was enthusiastic, may be taken as a truthful statement of the condition of things at the moment:

"Frederick to-day presents a busy scene, more like that of a Fourth of July festival than a gathering of armed invaders. A majority of the stores are closed to general admission, because. of the crowds eager to press and buy, but a little diplomacy secures an entrance at the back door, or past the sentinel wisely stationed to protect the proprietor from the rush of anxious customers. Prices are going up rapidly. Every thing is so cheap, that our men frequently lay down a five dollar bill to pay for a three dollar article, and rush out without waiting for the change. The good people here don't understand it. Bitter complaints are uttered against those who refuse Confederate money, and it is understood that the authorities will insist upon its general circulation.

"The people are beginning to recover from their surprise at our sudden appearance, and to realize the magnitude of our preparations to advance through and relieve Maryland from her thraldom. Some are still moody, and evidently hate us heartily, but we are more than compensated by the warm welcome of others, who now begin to greet us from every quarter. Only a few moments ago I met a lady who confessed that although she had Confederate flags ready to expose in her windows as we passed, she was afraid to wave them, lest being discovered by her Union neighbors, she should be reported to the Federals in case of our retreat, and be thereby subjected to insult if not imprisonment at their hands. To assure me how true were her sentiments, she introduced me to a large room in her house, where there were fourteen ladies, young and old, busy as bees, making shirts, drawers, and other clothing for the soldiers.

"She was also distributing money and tobacco to the soldiers. Judging probably from my rags that I too was in a destitute condition, she benevolently desired to take me in hand and replenish my entity throughout; but of course I declined, and though I could not help smilling at the ingenuous oddity of the