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lands in the western ocean, with wine. The quantity of rice which Carolina produces is daily improving, as, indeed, are all the other branches of commerce; fo that it would be in vain to form any conjectures concerning the quantity of fhipping this colony employs. Manual labour in this country is remarkably dear. Some years ago, the paper currency of South Carolina, amounted to two hundred and fifty thoufand pounds fterling, and that of North Carolina'to fifty-two thoufand pounds. The British móney that circulates amongst the Carolinians is very inconfiderable; but they have French and Spanish money, in dollars, and pieces of eight.

Carolina, in general, is a plain country, though it is Defcripevery where interfperfed with gentle rifings; and be- tion of Ca hind it lie the vaft Apalachean mountains. Albemarle rolina. county, towards the north, was first fettled upon what is called Albemarle river; but most of its planters remoyed, for conveniency of trade, to Afhley river. This country is interfected with rivers, the banks of which contain many Indians. South of Albemarle is, Clarendon county; the Indians of which are reckoned the most barbarous of any in the province. Thofe two counties form what is properly called the government of North Carolina; and are in a way at prefent of being greatly improved, and of rivalling, if not exceeding, South Carolina. The tobacco which North Carolina produces is, by the inhabitants, fold to the Virginians, who fend it to England. Craven county is inhabited by a confiderable number of French families. It lies upon the borders of Congaree or Santee river, which divides South from North Carolina. South of this lies Berkeley county, watered by the two fine rivers of Cooper and Afhley. Upon a neck of land, between thofe two rivers, flands Charlestown, the capital of the province. Afhley river is navigable for fhips twenty miles above the town, and for near forty for boats, peruaguas, and large 'canoes. Charlestown is the great niart of the province, but no fhips of above two hundred tons can pafs its bar. Its neighbourhood may vie for beauty with any country in the world, and a little expence would make its fortifications ftrong, ornamental, and ufeful. At prefent it ftands as fair as any city to become the capital of North Ame rica. Some of its houfes are of brick, others of wood, but all of them handsome and elegant; and the church is the moft magnificent of any proteftant fettlement on the continent of America. The French, the Prefbyterians, and the Quakers, have here places of worship. The own

of Charlestown is the refidence of the governor. Here the bufinefs of the province is tranfated, the courts of ju dicature are held, and the affembly fits. Dorchester is another thriving town in this county.

South of Berkeley county lies that of Colliton; the north-eaft parts of which are full of Indians. The two chief rivers of this county are North Ediftow and South Ediftow, the banks of which are full of wealthy plantations, and on thofe of North Ediftow lies Wilton or New London, built under the direction of a Swiss gentleman, called Luberbuller, which is faid at prefent to rival Purrysburg. Granville county is the most fouthern of any in Carolina, and lies along the river Savannah. We have already mentioned the Swifs fettlement at Pur ryfburg, and the Vaudois who are among them, are affiduously applying themselves to the culture of fiik. county, the most promifing of any in South Carolina, has been the latest fettled, which is owing to its neighbourhood to the Spaniards, It is remarkable for Port Royal river and harbour, which is one of the finest in all America' (A).

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As to the natural productions of Carolina, though it is in general allowed to be a rich and a delicious country; yet the defcriptions of them vary according to different parts of the colony, fome being undoubtedly lefs proper for cultivation than others; it is, however, univerfally allowed that the foil produces Indian corn, wheat, oats, and bar ley, potatoes, pumpkins, melons, cucumbers, green pease, and garden beans, with fallading of all kinds, through the whole year. Nectarines, plums, and peaches, grow here in great abundance, and might, by cultivation, be rendered equal, if not fuperior, to any in Europe. The grapes grow wild, and are ripe in June; and English apple and pear trees, and fometimes apricot trees, agree with the foil. The white and black mulberry trees, oranges, and olives thrive, especially in the fouthern parts. Their chief timber trees are oaks, of which they have fix or feven kinds, pines, hickery, cedar, cypreis, walnut, faffafras d British Empire in America, vol. i.

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beech trees, and many others for which the Europeans have no name, befides a great variety of flowering fhrubs.

Carolina produces a variety of game from the beginning of November to March; fuch as a fmall kind of woodcocks and partridges, turkies weighing from twenty to thirty pounds, turtle doves, wild geefe, ducks, teal, and widgeons, with great quantities of wild pigeons, not to mention other birds, little known in Europe. In the fummer-time, the inhabitants kill deer and fummer-ducks. They have likewife the poffum, or, as they call it, the opoffum, which fhuts its young up in a falfe belly; and racoons, that seem to be of the badger fpecies. Tygers are common in this country, as are alfo bears. Their woods abound with wild cattle, and wolves and fnakes; but none of them, except the rattle-fnake, are venomous; and here, as in Louifiana, the natives have a ready and infallible cure for its bite. Their rivers are peftered with fharks and alligators; but, at the fame time, their coafts are stored with trout, mullet, whitings, and a great variety of other fish, which are both cheap and good. They have great quantities of oyfters, which are faid to be not fo good as thofe of England. They have likewife clams, muscles, and very large prawns. To conclude, there is no country in the world that has more natural advantages than Carolina enjoys.

MARYLAN D.

timore

MARYLAND, to the weft, is bounded by high A.D.1631, mountains; by Chefapeak Bay and the Northern Sea to the eaft; by Delaware bay to the north; and by Patow- Lord Balmack river to the fouth; lying between latitude 37 deg. proprietary 50 feconds, and 40 deg. north. It was originally included of Maryin the patent of the South Virginia company, and confi- land. dered as part of Virginia; but in the year 1631, king Charles I. made a grant of it to George Calvert, lord Baltimore, upon the diffolution of that company. When his majefty figned the patent, he gave the new province the name of Maryland, in honour of his queen, Henrietta Maria, daughter to Henry the Great, king of France. The lord Baltimore held it of the crown of England in common foccage, as of the manor of Windsor, paying yearly for ever at the faid honour, a reddendo of two Indian arrows of those parts. As to the grant itself, its proprietary power is as independent as that of any of the Britifh fettlements.

The lord Baltimore, who was of the Roman catholic religion, and had obtained the grant to be an afylum

to

to himself and thofe of his perfuafion from the perfe cutions of the times, appointed his brother, Lionel Calvert, governor of his new colony, and joined in commition with him Jeremy Hawley, and Thomas Cornwallis, efgrs. The firft plantation, confifting of about two hundred colonists, was fent thither in 1633, chiefly, if not wholly, Roman catholics, many of them gentlemen of fortone; and, like the proteitants of New England, their fettlement was founded upon a strong defire for the unmoJested practice of their own religion. George, lord Baltimore, died before his patent could be expedited; but his plan was punctually followed by his eldelt fon, Cecil, lord Baltimore; and the first embarkation of colonifts landed at Point Comfort in Virginia, in the beginning of the year: A.D 1634. 1634. Here, in confequence of recommendatory letters from the king, they met with all poffible affiftance from the governor of Virginia. Proceeding to Patowmack river, which lies at the distance of about twenty-four leagues, they failed fourteen leagues up the ftream, and Mr. Calvert took poffeffion of feveral points and islands in the name of the king his mafter. As he advanced in two barges, he found the inhabitants had abandoned the fouth hore of the river through fear: but rowing nine leagues higher, he arrived at Patowmack, where the werowance, or chief, being an infant, the territory was governed by his uncle, who proved very friendly to the English. He purfued his voyage to Pifcataway, where he found an Englifhman, one captain Henry Fleet, who had lived for feveral years in fuch credit with the inhabitants, that he prevailed on the werowance to go on board the governor's pinnace. This chief being afked, whether he was willing the Englifh fhould fettle in thefe parts, faid they might do as they pleased, as he would neither confent to, nor oppofe their fettlement: and this cautious anfwer, together with the ftuation of the country, determined the governor to feek for a fettlement elsewhere. Taking captain Fleet ures of go along with him, he fell down the river, to within four or five leagues of its mouth, where meeting with another river, which he called St. George, and entering it in his long-boat, he reached the town of Yoamaco, where the fituation was very inviting for a new fettlement, Though the werowance gave him no great encouragement for that purpofe, Mr. Calvert judging, that his backwardnefs was owing to his not having confulted his head men, he made them prefents of English cloth, houghs, knives, axes, and the like; which won them fo much, that they offered to cede one part of their town to the fettlers, and to live in

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the other part till they could get in their harvest; when they would refign the whole to the English. It foon appeared, that the Yoamacoes, for fear of the Safquehanocks, a race of favages between Chefapeak bay and Delaware river, had refolved, for a twelvemonth before, to remove higher up the country, as many of them had actually done, and the rest of them would have followed, though the English had not appeared amongst them. Mr. Calvert, getting thus amicably poffeffion of the whole town, gave it the name of St. Mary's, and applied himself with great affiduity to the cultivation of his new colony. The fhips and pinnaces were ordered to lie off the place, and struck the neighbouring favages with great terror. A guard and a ftorehouse was immediately erected; the fhips were unladen, and their cargoes brought on fhore; the foil was cultivated, and the governor was visited by feveral of the Indian werowances,before whom he made fuch a display of his ftate and power, that they advised the Yoamacoes, whe vifited the new fettlers likewife on this occafion, to be careful of keeping the league they had made with the English, which implied that both people hould live friendly together, and that all injuries fhould be atozed by the offending nation. The governor, on his part, behaved fo well, that the natives fupplied his colony with corn, and all kind of provisions which the country afforded, in exchange for knives, beads, and other fuch trifles.

The fettling upon a fpot where the land had been before cleared by the natives, was a piece of uncommon good fortune for the new colony, and lord Baltimore is faid to have expended forty thousand pounds upon improvements; fo that, in a short time, it began to vie with Virginia itself. This profperity raised a jealousy in fome of the Virginians, who, at firft, perfuaded the neighbouring natives that the new settlers were not Englishmen, but Spaniards, and enemies to the English; a fuggeftion believed by the fimple favages, who all of a fudden withdrew from St. Mary's. The English were alarmed at this alteration of behaviour; and, leaving off building houfes, erected a fort for their fecurity, in the fpace of fix weeks; then they finished the houses they had laid out. In a fhort time the Indians were undeceived, and reforted to the colony as formerly, while every day brought new acceffions of inhabitants from England. The country was now divided into thires or counties, of which five lay on the weft fide of the bay of Chefapeak, and five on the eaft. The former were named St. Mary's, Charles, Calvert, Ann Arundel, and Baltimore, to which was afterwards added prince George county.

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