Judges in Pennsylvania, 80, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136. Judges in United States Courts, 312, 314, 315, 317; in Pennsylvania, 314, 315. Judgment: the decision or sentence pronounced by the court upon any matter contained in the record, or in any case tried by the court. In civil cases the decision is called the judg- ment, and in criminal cases the sen- tence. The carrying out of the sen- tence or judgment of the court is known as the execution, 124.
Judicial power in Pennsylvania, wherein vested, 125.
Judicial power of the United States, 310, 311, 312-320.
Judicial proceedings in each State have faith and credit in all, 321. Juries, in Pennsylvania, a justice's jury, 46; a coroner's jury, 78; jury defined, 119; grand jury, 120; a petit jury, 121; drawing of jury panels, 122; se- lecting a jury, 123. Jurisdiction defined, 125; original, 125; appellate, concurrent, 126; of su- preme court of State, 133. Jury: a body of men, usually twelve, qualified and selected as the law pre- scribes, impaneled and sworn to try a matter of fact, and to render their true verdict according to the evidence legally given in the case.
Jury, right of trial by, jealously guarded, 118; crimes must be tried by, in Fed- eral Courts, 318.
Jury commissioners, 80; the sheriff assists in drawing juries, 74. Justice: Justice and equity are the same; but in law the terms are differently applied. Human laws, though de- signed to secure justice, are nec- essarily imperfect; hence an act which is strictly legal may be far from equitable or just. Courts of equity are designed to redress such griev- ances. Justice contemplates right according to the established law; equity contemplates right according to the law of nature, 368, 370. Justice, Department of, 297.
Justice of the peace, 46, 47, 126. Juvenile Court, 127.
Kansas, strife in, 432. Keystone State, the, 23. Kidnapping: the forcible taking and re- moving of a person for evil purposes. King: The titles, king, emperor, czar, etc., are applied to the personal rulers who in monarchies control the government, appoint the principal officers of State, and to whom, in theory at least, these persons are responsible. The amount of power actually exercised, and the responsibility borne by the ruler, vary in different countries, and determine the classification of the governments therein exercised.
Knowledge of government, 11. Knox, Henry, Secretary of War, 441.
Labor, relation to lockouts and black- lists, 417.
Laws, the function of government to make and execute, 11; called Acts of Assembly in Pennsylvania, 85; must conform to the Constitution as the supreme law, 90; ex póst facto, forbidden, 269; how made, 92, 243, 244; common law, 341.
Legal tender: that money or currency which the law authorizes a debtor to offer and requires a creditor to re- ceive, 252.
Legislation in Pennsylvania, 89; how
checked, 89, 90; special legislation forbidden, 90.
Legislative Department, of township, 48, 52; of borough, 56; of city, 60; of State, 85-96; of Nation, 229-273. Legislature of Pennsylvania, 85–96; du- ties of, 85, 89; sessions of, 86; mem- bers must not hold other offices, 86; organization, 87; range of powers, 90. Liberty defined, 18; and law, 359. Librarian, State, 109, 115; of Congress, 256, 306.
Lien: a legal claim; a charge upon real or personal property for the satis- faction of some debt or duty.
Lieutenant General, 296.
Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, presides over the Senate, 87; qualifi- cations and duties, 98; a member of various boards, 113, 114, 115. Life-saving Service, 423. Lincoln, Abraham, 284, 285, 290, 344, 409, 411, 433; issues the Emancipa- tion Proclamation, 344; approves formally the Thirteenth Amendment, 345; coins in honor of, 424.
Lobbying: the urging of the adoption or passage of a bill by soliciting mem- bers of a legislative body; usually a pernicious use of influence.
Local government in Pennsylvania, 40- 81, 363, 364, 365.
Local option: the right of determining
by popular vote within township, borough, city, or county, whether alcoholic beverages shall be sold within the civil division concerned. Location of the National capital, 440. Lockouts and blacklists, 417. Loose constructionists, 263. Louisiana, has code Napoleon, 341; wholesale naturalization in, 251; "grandfather clause" in, 434; other facts, 284, 342, 435. Louisiana Purchase, 252. Lycoming county largest, 71. Lynching, prompt trial prevents, 341.
Madison, James, services in framing the National Constitution, 332, 352, 437; chosen President in 1809, 438. Magistrates in cities in Pennsylvania, 64.
Magna Charta, 221, 337, 350, 382–384. Mahan, Rear Admiral Alfred T., 427. Majority and plurality defined, 153. Mandamus: a writ issued by a Superior Court and directed to an inferior court, or some corporation or per- son exercising authority, command- ing the performance of some specified duty, 134.
Manila, naval victory at, 407. Manufactures, 324.
Marcy, William L., 402.
Marque and reprisal, 261.
Marshal of the United States Court a Federal sheriff, 316.
Marshall, John, Chief Justice, 272, 408, 415. Maryland, boundary line of, 27; adopts the Federal Constitution, 439. Mason and Dixon Line, 27, 432. Massachusetts, 27, 259, 336, 347, 439; has an educational qualification re- quired of voters, 347, 434.
Mayor, chief executive officer in a city, 59, 63, 65.
McKean, Thomas, advocates adoption
of the Constitution, 438.
McKinley, William, President, 286, 404. Mechanics' liens, 75.
Medical council, members of, 114. Memorial Day, 416, 437.
Mercantile appraiser, duties of, 78. Merchant, defined, 400.
Merit system in consular service, 421. Messages, the Governor's sent to the Legislature, 99; of the President to Congress, 289.
Mexico, Chinese from borders of, 401. Michigan, gives divided vote, 280. Military Academy at West Point, 297, 405.
Military board of Pennsylvania, who composed of, 114.
Militia, of whom composed, 108; the National Guard a part of, 109; bill of rights makes possible, 221; sub- ject to the orders of the President, 258.
Mines, chief of department of, 112. Minister: a person sent to the capital of a foreign nation to transact diplo- matic business.
Ministers, foreign, how appointed, 289;
rank of, 302; duties of, 303; chargé d'affaires, 303.
Minor: a person who has not attained the age at which full civil rights are accorded. If an alien dies after de- claring his intention, his minor chil- dren and wife become citizens upon taking the oath required.
Minority: The smaller number, as of a legislative body;-opposed to major- ity. State of being under age.
Minority Presidents, 283, 284.
Minority representation, 80, 373. Mints, where located, 252.
Minutes: the record of the proceedings
Misdemeanor: a lesser kind of crime; an indictable offense not amounting to felony.
Mississippi, the "understanding clause,” 434.
Missouri Compromise, 429, 432. Mixed, or compromise system, 42. Monarchy, defined, 14; not permitted to States, 327.
Money, forms and substitutes, 252; right to coin, 252; punishment for counterfeiting, 254; can be drawn from the Treasury only by means of appropriation laws, 270; amount in the United States, 391. Money orders, 256.
Monometallism, prevails, 392, 393. Monopoly: the exclusive possession of anything, as a commodity or a market; the sole right to buy, sell, or manufacture any article; growth of,
Monroe Doctrine, 402, 404, 413, 427. Monroe, James, details of his celebrated
Montojo, Admiral Patricio, 407. Montour county, smallest, 71. Monument at Cold Harbor, 365.
Moral rights and duties, 18, 326, 359. Morris, Gouverneur, 352.
Mortgage: a written instrument secur- ing the payment of a debt. Should be signed by husband and wife, ac- knowledged before a legal officer, and recorded, 76.
Municipal corporations, 175. Municipalities, vital problems in, 68. Murder: the taking of human life un- lawfully or maliciously with intent to kill, 127.
Name of Pennsylvania, how given, 30. Nation, defined, 13; the seed of a, 36.
National banks, 394; bank notes of, not
legal tender, 253; how notes are is- sued and taxes paid, 394. National Capitol, 440.
National Conventions, delegates and committees, 162, 279. National Guard, the, 108. National Museum, 308. Naturalization, 19, 20, 154; require- ments, 251; of Chinese expressly pro- hibited, 20; controlled by Congress, 251; wholesale, 251; not essential to voting, 252.
Nautical Almanac, 299.
Naval Academy, location and course of study, 300.
Naval Observatory, 299.
Navy, Department of the, 441. Navy of the United States, 257, 261; Congress provides and maintains, 257; officers of, not subject to impeach- ment, 261; other facts concerning, 261, 299, 300, 402.
Negro suffrage, 346, 434. Nevada, admitted with only 60,000 in- habitants, 323.
New England, political units in, 41. New Hampshire, 272, 336, 434; ratifies the Federal Constitution, 439. New Jersey, 13, 314; the Jersey plan,
330; ratifies the Constitution, 438. New States, admission of, 323; Okla- homa, 419.
New York, 25, 37; gives narrow majority for Cleveland, 284; asks for amend- ments, but ratifies the Federal Con- stitution, 284, 439.
Nihilism: the negation of all govern-" ment.
Nobility, titles of, 222, 271.
Nolle prosequi," Will not prosecute": an
entry denoting that the plaintiff dis- continues his suit, or that the prose- cutor will go no further with the case. In a criminal case it discharges the defendant, but does not operate as an acquittal,
Nomination, methods of, 160; State and
National Conventions, 161; nomina- tion papers, 163; of Presidential can- didates, 278; of Presidential Electors, 279; direct, 379. Nonregistered voters, 149. Normal schools, 203.
North Carolina, did not prohibit foreign
slave trade, 267; asks for amend-
ments, being slow to ratify Constitu- tion, 336, 440.
North Dakota, one populist Elector ex- ercises freedom of choice, 280; black- listing in, 417.
Northwest Territory, 326. Notary public, 114, 139.
Nullification, defined, 428; destroyed by President Jackson, 429.
Oath a solemn declaration made with an appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed; a solemn promise to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Oath of office, a constitutional require- ment, 139, 234; of Representatives, 234; of Senators, 238; officers take oath to support the Constitution, 330. Obligation of contracts, 272. Occupation tax, defined, 142. Officers, of election districts, 51; of townships, 50, 52; of county, 71; salaries of State, 115, 116; of the House, 232; of the Senate, 236; of the army, 296; of the navy, 300; how sup- plied, 297, 300.
Oklahoma, proclamation by President Roosevelt on admission of, 419; largest town of, 420. Oligarchy, how developed, 385. Olympia, a famous battleship, 407. Order of succession, of State officers, 100; to the Presidency, 285. Ordinance: a local law enacted by a borough or city council, 56. Also certain laws passed by Congress un- der the Confederation: as the Ordi- nance of 1787 relating to the North- west Territory, 326, 344, 359; one of the agencies in the abolition of slavery, 432.
Oregon, gives one Electoral vote for
Weaver, 280; school fund of, 320; famous battleship, 259.
Organization of Government in 1789, 352.
Original jurisdiction, defined, 125; of the State courts, 132, 133; of the Federal Courts, 311, 314.
Orphans' court: a court which deals with the proving of wills, the settling of
the estates of persons deceased, and the protection of the property of orphans; called also the probate court, 76, 136, 370.
Osgood, Samuel, the first Postmaster- General, 441.
Overseers of the poor, 48.
Oyer and Terminer: a term used to desig- nate certain criminal courts which have jurisdiction in cases of murder, forgery, robbery, burglary and other grave crimes, 126.
Panama, the canal, 427; the independ-
ence of, recognized, 427; the Canal Strip, 428.
Panel: a piece of parchment or a sched- ule containing the names of jurors summoned by the sheriff; hence, more generally, the whole jury, 122. Paper money, right to issue implied, 252; various kinds, 253; National bank notes, 253, 394.
Pardon: an absolute release of a person from the punishment of a crime of which he has been convicted; an official warrant for the remission of a penalty.
Pardoning power, of the Governor, 99; of the President, 289.
Parliament, English, example followed, 229; confidence of, 350.
Party, defined, 158; how formed, 158; organization and campaigns, 159; how nominations are made, 159, 160; conventions of, 162; principles of, 263. Passport: a document issued by the Secretary of State and under his seal, informing the world that the bearer is a citizen of the United States and travels under such protection. It secures to bearer all the rights and privileges granted by treaties with the various countries.
Patents, how obtained, 256. Patriotism, its value, 21, 358. Pearl Harbor, naval base at, 402. Peck, James H., impeachment of, 239. Penn, William, founder of the Common- wealth, 30; receives Pennsylvania from Charles II, 30; enacts the "Great Law" by the aid of the people, 35;
gives a practical constitution, 36; dies in 1718, 37; claims of heirs settled, 38; principles of government, 361. Pennsylvania, importance as a State, 24; boundaries, 25; Mason and Dixon, 27; named in honor of Admiral Penn, 30; treaty with Indians, 31; first General Assembly, 31; early government of, 33-39; system of local government, 42; elemental unit, 45; local govern- ment in, 40-81; legislative depart- ment, 85-96; executive department, 96-117; judicial department, 118-137; voting qualifications in, 141; taxes in, 168; early constitutions of, 214; present constitution, i-xxxii; rat- ifies the Federal Constitution, 438. Pension, facts concerning, 424. Perjury: the crime committed by a per- son who swears willfully, absolutely, and falsely to the truth of a statement which he knows to be false. Petit jury, defined, 121. Petition, right of, 221, 338. Philadelphia, leading officials, 63, 64; public schools of, 65; sessions of su- perior court and supreme court in, 133, 135; Constitutional Convention met in, 349.
Philippines, 256, 296, 324.
Pickering, John, impeachment of, 239. Pinckney, Charles C., 352.
Piracy: robbery on the high seas, 257. Pittsburg, plan of government of, 65; sessions of superior and supreme courts held at, 133, 135.
Plaintiff the party that begins an ac- tion in the courts,-opposed to the defendant, 123.
Platform: a statement of the political principles upon which a party pro- poses to stand, 159.
Plurality, defined, 153; elects, 153. Pocket veto defined, 244.
Police magistrates in cities, 67.
Policemen, constables of the city, 62. Political parties, 158, 159, 160, 162, 228.
Poll tax, 249; defined, 269.
Poor, care of, 48, 80.
Population, 20, 25, 45, 308.
Ports of entry, 270.
"Posse comitatus," defined, 47; by the sheriff, 74.
Postage stamps, 396.
Postal matter, classes of, 255; rates of postage, 255, 256, 298.
Postal Savings Banks, 396.
Postmaster-General, order of succession to the Presidency, 286; duties of, 297, 298. Postmasters, how appointed, 289, 297; classes, 298; how salaries are de- termined, 299; number of, 299.
Post Office Department, 297; universal Postal Union, 299.
Power, a sovereign, 165; vesting the tax- ing, 167; military subordinate to civil, 221; excepted, 222; scope of Federal, 226; Congress in regard to Territories, 324.
Powers denied, to Congress, 267-271; to States, 271; to the Federal Govern-
ment, 426; to both Federal and State
Powers of Congress alone, 268, 290. Powers reserved to the people, 342. Powers, under the Constitution, 426; concurrent, 426; the three prohibi- tions, 427; implied and delegated, 408.
Preamble: the introductory clause of a constitution or statute, which sets forth the reasons and intent in the passage of the law. The preamble of the Constitution is also its enacting clause, since it gives the act all its force and effect, 217, xxxiii. Presentment: a written accusation set forth by the grand jury, upon its own initiative, without waiting for a bill of indictment laid before them by the district attorney, 120.
President, represents the unity and power of the Nation, 227, 275; quali- fications, 275; how chosen, 276-283; party nominations for, 278; meeting of Presidential Electors, 280; when chosen by the Representatives, 282; changes in method of election sug- gested, 284; Electoral Count Act, 285; inauguration of, 286; law of succes- sion, 285; salary of, 287; official resi-
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