Judges in Pennsylvania, 80, 129, 130,
132, 133, 135, 136.
Judges in United States Courts, 312,
314, 315, 317; in Pennsylvania, 314,
315.
Judgment: the decision or sentence
pronounced by the court upon any
matter contained in the record, or in
any case tried by the court. In civil
cases the decision is called the judg-
ment, and in criminal cases the sen-
tence. The carrying out of the sen-
tence or judgment of the court is
known as the execution, 124.
Judicial power in Pennsylvania, wherein
vested, 125.
Judicial power of the United States, 310,
311, 312-320.
Judicial proceedings in each State have
faith and credit in all, 321.
Juries, in Pennsylvania, a justice's jury,
46; a coroner's jury, 78; jury defined,
119; grand jury, 120; a petit jury,
121; drawing of jury panels, 122; se-
lecting a jury, 123.
Jurisdiction defined, 125; original, 125;
appellate, concurrent, 126; of su-
preme court of State, 133.
Jury: a body of men, usually twelve,
qualified and selected as the law pre-
scribes, impaneled and sworn to try
a matter of fact, and to render their
true verdict according to the evidence
legally given in the case.
Jury, right of trial by, jealously guarded,
118; crimes must be tried by, in Fed-
eral Courts, 318.
Jury commissioners, 80; the sheriff
assists in drawing juries, 74.
Justice: Justice and equity are the same;
but in law the terms are differently
applied. Human laws, though de-
signed to secure justice, are nec-
essarily imperfect; hence an act which
is strictly legal may be far from
equitable or just. Courts of equity
are designed to redress such griev-
ances. Justice contemplates right
according to the established law;
equity contemplates right according
to the law of nature, 368, 370.
Justice, Department of, 297.
Justice of the peace, 46, 47, 126.
Juvenile Court, 127.
Kansas, strife in, 432.
Keystone State, the, 23.
Kidnapping: the forcible taking and re-
moving of a person for evil purposes.
King: The titles, king, emperor, czar, etc.,
are applied to the personal rulers who
in monarchies control the government,
appoint the principal officers of State,
and to whom, in theory at least, these
persons are responsible. The amount
of power actually exercised, and the
responsibility borne by the ruler, vary
in different countries, and determine
the classification of the governments
therein exercised.
Knowledge of government, 11.
Knox, Henry, Secretary of War, 441.
Labor, relation to lockouts and black-
lists, 417.
Laws, the function of government to
make and execute, 11; called Acts
of Assembly in Pennsylvania, 85;
must conform to the Constitution as
the supreme law, 90; ex póst facto,
forbidden, 269; how made, 92, 243,
244; common law, 341.
Legal tender: that money or currency
which the law authorizes a debtor to
offer and requires a creditor to re-
ceive, 252.
Legislation in Pennsylvania, 89; how
checked, 89, 90; special legislation
forbidden, 90.
Legislative Department, of township,
48, 52; of borough, 56; of city, 60; of
State, 85-96; of Nation, 229-273.
Legislature of Pennsylvania, 85–96; du-
ties of, 85, 89; sessions of, 86; mem-
bers must not hold other offices, 86;
organization, 87; range of powers, 90.
Liberty defined, 18; and law, 359.
Librarian, State, 109, 115; of Congress,
256, 306.
Lien: a legal claim; a charge upon real
or personal property for the satis-
faction of some debt or duty.
Lieutenant General, 296.
Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania,
presides over the Senate, 87; qualifi-
cations and duties, 98; a member of
various boards, 113, 114, 115.
Life-saving Service, 423.
Lincoln, Abraham, 284, 285, 290, 344,
409, 411, 433; issues the Emancipa-
tion Proclamation, 344; approves
formally the Thirteenth Amendment,
345; coins in honor of, 424.
Lobbying: the urging of the adoption or
passage of a bill by soliciting mem-
bers of a legislative body; usually a
pernicious use of influence.
Local government in Pennsylvania, 40-
81, 363, 364, 365.
Local option: the right of determining
by popular vote within township,
borough, city, or county, whether
alcoholic beverages shall be sold
within the civil division concerned.
Location of the National capital, 440.
Lockouts and blacklists, 417.
Loose constructionists, 263.
Louisiana, has code Napoleon, 341;
wholesale naturalization in, 251;
"grandfather clause" in, 434; other
facts, 284, 342, 435.
Louisiana Purchase, 252.
Lycoming county largest, 71.
Lynching, prompt trial prevents, 341.
Madison, James, services in framing the
National Constitution, 332, 352, 437;
chosen President in 1809, 438.
Magistrates in cities in Pennsylvania,
64.
Magna Charta, 221, 337, 350, 382–384.
Mahan, Rear Admiral Alfred T., 427.
Majority and plurality defined, 153.
Mandamus: a writ issued by a Superior
Court and directed to an inferior
court, or some corporation or per-
son exercising authority, command-
ing the performance of some specified
duty, 134.
Manila, naval victory at, 407.
Manufactures, 324.
Marcy, William L., 402.
Marque and reprisal, 261.
Marshal of the United States Court a
Federal sheriff, 316.
Marshall, John, Chief Justice, 272, 408,
415.
Maryland, boundary line of, 27; adopts
the Federal Constitution, 439.
Mason and Dixon Line, 27, 432.
Massachusetts, 27, 259, 336, 347, 439;
has an educational qualification re-
quired of voters, 347, 434.
Mayor, chief executive officer in a city,
59, 63, 65.
McKean, Thomas, advocates adoption
of the Constitution, 438.
McKinley, William, President, 286, 404.
Mechanics' liens, 75.
Medical council, members of, 114.
Memorial Day, 416, 437.
Mercantile appraiser, duties of, 78.
Merchant, defined, 400.
Merit system in consular service, 421.
Messages, the Governor's sent to the
Legislature, 99; of the President to
Congress, 289.
Mexico, Chinese from borders of, 401.
Michigan, gives divided vote, 280.
Military Academy at West Point, 297,
405.
Military board of Pennsylvania, who
composed of, 114.
Militia, of whom composed, 108; the
National Guard a part of, 109; bill
of rights makes possible, 221; sub-
ject to the orders of the President,
258.
Mines, chief of department of, 112.
Minister: a person sent to the capital
of a foreign nation to transact diplo-
matic business.
Ministers, foreign, how appointed, 289;
rank of, 302; duties of, 303; chargé
d'affaires, 303.
Minor: a person who has not attained
the age at which full civil rights are
accorded. If an alien dies after de-
claring his intention, his minor chil-
dren and wife become citizens upon
taking the oath required.
Minority: The smaller number, as of a
legislative body;-opposed to major-
ity. State of being under age.
Minority Presidents, 283, 284.
Minority representation, 80, 373.
Mints, where located, 252.
Minutes: the record of the proceedings
Misdemeanor: a lesser kind of crime; an
indictable offense not amounting to
felony.
Mississippi, the "understanding clause,”
434.
Missouri Compromise, 429, 432.
Mixed, or compromise system, 42.
Monarchy, defined, 14; not permitted
to States, 327.
Money, forms and substitutes, 252;
right to coin, 252; punishment for
counterfeiting, 254; can be drawn
from the Treasury only by means of
appropriation laws, 270; amount in
the United States, 391.
Money orders, 256.
Monometallism, prevails, 392, 393.
Monopoly: the exclusive possession of
anything, as a commodity or a
market; the sole right to buy, sell, or
manufacture any article; growth of,
Monroe Doctrine, 402, 404, 413, 427.
Monroe, James, details of his celebrated
Montojo, Admiral Patricio, 407.
Montour county, smallest, 71.
Monument at Cold Harbor, 365.
Moral rights and duties, 18, 326, 359.
Morris, Gouverneur, 352.
Mortgage: a written instrument secur-
ing the payment of a debt. Should
be signed by husband and wife, ac-
knowledged before a legal officer, and
recorded, 76.
Municipal corporations, 175.
Municipalities, vital problems in, 68.
Murder: the taking of human life un-
lawfully or maliciously with intent
to kill, 127.
Name of Pennsylvania, how given, 30.
Nation, defined, 13; the seed of a,
36.
National banks, 394; bank notes of, not
legal tender, 253; how notes are is-
sued and taxes paid, 394.
National Capitol, 440.
National Conventions, delegates and
committees, 162, 279.
National Guard, the, 108.
National Museum, 308.
Naturalization, 19, 20, 154; require-
ments, 251; of Chinese expressly pro-
hibited, 20; controlled by Congress,
251; wholesale, 251; not essential to
voting, 252.
Nautical Almanac, 299.
Naval Academy, location and course of
study, 300.
Naval Observatory, 299.
Navy, Department of the, 441.
Navy of the United States, 257, 261;
Congress provides and maintains, 257;
officers of, not subject to impeach-
ment, 261; other facts concerning,
261, 299, 300, 402.
Negro suffrage, 346, 434.
Nevada, admitted with only 60,000 in-
habitants, 323.
New England, political units in, 41.
New Hampshire, 272, 336, 434; ratifies
the Federal Constitution, 439.
New Jersey, 13, 314; the Jersey plan,
330; ratifies the Constitution, 438.
New States, admission of, 323; Okla-
homa, 419.
New York, 25, 37; gives narrow majority
for Cleveland, 284; asks for amend-
ments, but ratifies the Federal Con-
stitution, 284, 439.
Nihilism: the negation of all govern-"
ment.
Nobility, titles of, 222, 271.
Nolle prosequi," Will not prosecute": an
entry denoting that the plaintiff dis-
continues his suit, or that the prose-
cutor will go no further with the case.
In a criminal case it discharges the
defendant, but does not operate as an
acquittal,
Nomination, methods of, 160; State and
National Conventions, 161; nomina-
tion papers, 163; of Presidential can-
didates, 278; of Presidential Electors,
279; direct, 379.
Nonregistered voters, 149.
Normal schools, 203.
North Carolina, did not prohibit foreign
slave trade, 267; asks for amend-
ments, being slow to ratify Constitu-
tion, 336, 440.
North Dakota, one populist Elector ex-
ercises freedom of choice, 280; black-
listing in, 417.
Northwest Territory, 326.
Notary public, 114, 139.
Nullification, defined, 428; destroyed by
President Jackson, 429.
Oath a solemn declaration made with
an appeal to God for the truth of
what is affirmed; a solemn promise to
tell the truth, the whole truth, and
nothing but the truth.
Oath of office, a constitutional require-
ment, 139, 234; of Representatives,
234; of Senators, 238; officers take
oath to support the Constitution, 330.
Obligation of contracts, 272.
Occupation tax, defined, 142.
Officers, of election districts, 51; of
townships, 50, 52; of county, 71;
salaries of State, 115, 116; of the
House, 232; of the Senate, 236; of the
army, 296; of the navy, 300; how sup-
plied, 297, 300.
Oklahoma, proclamation by President
Roosevelt on admission of, 419;
largest town of, 420.
Oligarchy, how developed, 385.
Olympia, a famous battleship, 407.
Order of succession, of State officers,
100; to the Presidency, 285.
Ordinance: a local law enacted by a
borough or city council, 56. Also
certain laws passed by Congress un-
der the Confederation: as the Ordi-
nance of 1787 relating to the North-
west Territory, 326, 344, 359; one of
the agencies in the abolition of
slavery, 432.
Oregon, gives one Electoral vote for
Weaver, 280; school fund of, 320;
famous battleship, 259.
Organization of Government in 1789,
352.
Original jurisdiction, defined, 125; of the
State courts, 132, 133; of the Federal
Courts, 311, 314.
Orphans' court: a court which deals with
the proving of wills, the settling of
the estates of persons deceased, and
the protection of the property of
orphans; called also the probate court,
76, 136, 370.
Osgood, Samuel, the first Postmaster-
General, 441.
Overseers of the poor, 48.
Oyer and Terminer: a term used to desig-
nate certain criminal courts which
have jurisdiction in cases of murder,
forgery, robbery, burglary and other
grave crimes, 126.
Panama, the canal, 427; the independ-
ence of, recognized, 427; the Canal
Strip, 428.
Panel: a piece of parchment or a sched-
ule containing the names of jurors
summoned by the sheriff; hence, more
generally, the whole jury, 122.
Paper money, right to issue implied, 252;
various kinds, 253; National bank
notes, 253, 394.
Pardon: an absolute release of a person
from the punishment of a crime of
which he has been convicted; an
official warrant for the remission of
a penalty.
Pardoning power, of the Governor, 99;
of the President, 289.
Parliament, English, example followed,
229; confidence of, 350.
Party, defined, 158; how formed, 158;
organization and campaigns, 159;
how nominations are made, 159, 160;
conventions of, 162; principles of, 263.
Passport: a document issued by the
Secretary of State and under his seal,
informing the world that the bearer
is a citizen of the United States and
travels under such protection. It
secures to bearer all the rights and
privileges granted by treaties with the
various countries.
Patents, how obtained, 256.
Patriotism, its value, 21, 358.
Pearl Harbor, naval base at, 402.
Peck, James H., impeachment of, 239.
Penn, William, founder of the Common-
wealth, 30; receives Pennsylvania
from Charles II, 30; enacts the "Great
Law" by the aid of the people, 35;
gives a practical constitution, 36;
dies in 1718, 37; claims of heirs settled,
38; principles of government, 361.
Pennsylvania, importance as a State, 24;
boundaries, 25; Mason and Dixon, 27;
named in honor of Admiral Penn, 30;
treaty with Indians, 31; first General
Assembly, 31; early government of,
33-39; system of local government,
42; elemental unit, 45; local govern-
ment in, 40-81; legislative depart-
ment, 85-96; executive department,
96-117; judicial department, 118-137;
voting qualifications in, 141; taxes
in, 168; early constitutions of, 214;
present constitution, i-xxxii; rat-
ifies the Federal Constitution, 438.
Pension, facts concerning, 424.
Perjury: the crime committed by a per-
son who swears willfully, absolutely,
and falsely to the truth of a statement
which he knows to be false.
Petit jury, defined, 121.
Petition, right of, 221, 338.
Philadelphia, leading officials, 63, 64;
public schools of, 65; sessions of su-
perior court and supreme court in, 133,
135; Constitutional Convention met
in, 349.
Philippines, 256, 296, 324.
Pickering, John, impeachment of, 239.
Pinckney, Charles C., 352.
Piracy: robbery on the high seas, 257.
Pittsburg, plan of government of, 65;
sessions of superior and supreme
courts held at, 133, 135.
Plaintiff the party that begins an ac-
tion in the courts,-opposed to the
defendant, 123.
Platform: a statement of the political
principles upon which a party pro-
poses to stand, 159.
Plurality, defined, 153; elects, 153.
Pocket veto defined, 244.
Police magistrates in cities, 67.
Policemen, constables of the city, 62.
Political parties, 158, 159, 160, 162,
228.
Poll tax, 249; defined, 269.
Poor, care of, 48, 80.
Population, 20, 25, 45, 308.
Ports of entry, 270.
"Posse comitatus," defined, 47; by the
sheriff, 74.
Postage stamps, 396.
Postal matter, classes of, 255; rates of
postage, 255, 256, 298.
Postal Savings Banks, 396.
Postmaster-General, order of succession
to the Presidency, 286; duties of,
297, 298.
Postmasters, how appointed, 289, 297;
classes, 298; how salaries are de-
termined, 299; number of, 299.
Post Office Department, 297; universal
Postal Union, 299.
Power, a sovereign, 165; vesting the tax-
ing, 167; military subordinate to civil,
221; excepted, 222; scope of Federal,
226; Congress in regard to Territories,
324.
Powers denied, to Congress, 267-271; to
States, 271; to the Federal Govern-
ment, 426; to both Federal and State
Powers of Congress alone, 268, 290.
Powers reserved to the people, 342.
Powers, under the Constitution, 426;
concurrent, 426; the three prohibi-
tions, 427; implied and delegated,
408.
Preamble: the introductory clause of a
constitution or statute, which sets
forth the reasons and intent in the
passage of the law. The preamble of
the Constitution is also its enacting
clause, since it gives the act all its
force and effect, 217, xxxiii.
Presentment: a written accusation set
forth by the grand jury, upon its own
initiative, without waiting for a bill of
indictment laid before them by the
district attorney, 120.
President, represents the unity and
power of the Nation, 227, 275; quali-
fications, 275; how chosen, 276-283;
party nominations for, 278; meeting
of Presidential Electors, 280; when
chosen by the Representatives, 282;
changes in method of election sug-
gested, 284; Electoral Count Act, 285;
inauguration of, 286; law of succes-
sion, 285; salary of, 287; official resi-
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