constitution, 217-222; the desire for such bill in U. S., 336; first ten amend- ments of Federal Constitution form a, 337. Bimetallism: the legal use of two metals
-gold and silver-in the coinage or specie currency of a country, at a fixed relative value; relation to na- tions, 392.
Blaine, James G., forbids occupancy of Hawaii, 402.
Bland-Allison Act, purpose of, 392. Blockade: the closing of the ports of the country of an enemy in order to pre- vent vessels from going in or passing out, 431.
Blount, William, impeachment of, 239. Board of Agriculture, 113.
Board of health, of boroughs, 55; of cities, 62; department of health, 113, 115.
Board of Pardons, 113.
Board of Property, 113. Board of Revenue Commissioners, 114. Boards of Arbitration, 418.
Body Politic: the collective body of the people as politically organized, or as exercising political functions; a na- tion or community as constituted un- der government.
Bond: the guarantee demanded from public officers to insure faithful per- formance of duty; an evidence of in- debtedness issued by the United States Government for money bor- rowed, 250, 253. Such interest- bearing certificates of indebtedness are also issued by various corpora- sions, such as cities, counties, rail- roads, steel companies, etc., 179. Borough, defined, 55; how made, 55; chief burgess and other officers of, 55, 57; council of, 56; divisions of, 56. Boundaries of Pennsylvania, 25; by charter, 26; lines of, 27. Boycott: to combine against an em- ployer in such way as to withhold social or business relations from him, and to prevent others from holding such relations with him, 417, 422. Braddock's grave, 361.
Bribery: the act of giving or receiving a reward as an inducement to official or political action; penalty for, 151. Broad construction of Federal Consti- tution, 263.
Buchanan, James, a minority President, 284,
Bureau, of Engraving, 253; of Rolls and Library, 294; of Animal Industry, 301; of Corporations, 301; of Immi- gration and Naturalization, 302; of Manufactures, 302; of Statistics, 302; of Ethnology, 308; of American Re- publics, 308.
Burglary: the breaking into and en- tering in the night time the dwelling house of another with the intent to commit a crime. In some States burglary includes the breaking with felonious intent into a house by day as well as by night, and into other buildings than dwelling houses. Burr, Aaron, and the Presidency in 1801. 282; facts concerning, 415, 444. Butler, Benjamin F., 394, 429. By-laws: local or subordinate laws; rules and regulations formed by a private corporation for its own gov- ernment.
Cabinet: the advisers or counselors of the President, a council consisting of the first nine heads of the executive departments; members of, 293; an idea concerning, 421. Calhoun, John C., dual executive plan of, 415.
California, divided Electoral vote of, 279; demanded anti-Chinese legisla- tion, 400; Chinese laborers in, 417. Campaign, the political, 159. Canada, head tax on Chinese, 401. Canals, 185.
Candidate: one who offers himself, or is put forward by others, as a suitable person for an office, 161. Canvass: a systematic effort to obtain
votes; a summing up of the votes cast for the various candidates, 152, 158, 410.
Capital: the seat of government of the
State or Nation; the accumulated
product of labor; capital crimes are those punishable by death. Location of National capital, 440. Capitation tax: a tax assessed on every head or person without reference to property; a poll tax, 248, 269. Capitol: the building at Washington oc- cupied by Congress, 441; the state- house in which the Legislature of the State assembles.
Carnegie Technical Schools, 210. Caucus: a meeting of persons belonging to a party, for the purpose of nomi- nating candidates for office, or for making arrangements to secure their election; a political primary meeting, 160.
Census: an official numbering of the people, with statement of the value of their property, and other statistics of the country; Bureau, 301. Certificates of identification, 402. Cervera, Admiral Pascual, 408. Challenge: objection regarding the vote of a person as not being a qualified voter, 149; objection or exception to proposed members of a jury or court, 123.
Chancery: equity; a court of equity. Charles the Second pays a debt, 30. Charter: a written instrument, executed in due form, granting rights, fran- chises, or privileges, 381. Charter of Privileges, 36. Chase, Samuel, impeachment of, 239. Chemistry, Bureau of, 301. Chicago, railroad strike in, 327.
Chief burgess of borough, 55.
Chief Justice, 238, 287, 312. Chile, strained relations with, 408. China, treaty of 1881, 400.
Chinese, native-born are citizens, 18; the naturalization of, forbidden, 20; other facts concerning, 401, 402. Chisholm vs. Georgia, 343. Church and State, 330, 338.
Circuit: a large district of the country, to which a Justice of the Supreme Court makes periodical visits for the administration of justice. Circuit Court of Appeals, 315. Circuit Courts, abolished, 314.
Circulating medium, 391.
Cities in Pennsylvania, 55–70, 170, 171. Citizen, defined, 18; privileges of, 321, 345.
Citizenship, defined, 18; application for, 154; relation to the right to vote, 251; some children born abroad are citi- zens, 276; does not necessarily imply right to vote, 346. Civic courage, 366. Civic duty, 364. Civic pride, 360.
Civics: the science of civil government. Civil: pertaining to a citizen in his re-
lation to other citizens or to the State; not criminal; not military. Civil cases in Pennsylvania, 122, 126; in Federal Courts, 314, 341.
Civil engineer, the city, 63. Civil government: the regulation, con- trol, and direction of the affairs of civil society. Its function is to make it easy to do right and difficult to do wrong.
Civil liberty, defined, 18.
Civil rights, relation to Congress, 347. Civil service, 304; commission, 304; per- sons classified, 304.
Civil service reform: the substitution of business principles and methods for the spoils system, 304.
Civil War, and the amendments, 344- 348, 432, 433.
Claims for slaves not to be paid, 251. Claims of the Penn family, 38.
Classes of Senators, 235.
Clay, Henry, 282; first of modern Speak- ers, 386.
Clerk, township, 50; of elections, 52; of councils, 56; of the courts, 75, 76; of the State senate, 89; of the State house of representatives, 89; of the Federal House, 234; of the Federal Senate, 236.
Cleveland, Grover, uses troops to quell riots, 327; a minority President, 283;
other facts concerning, 283, 372, 416. Clinton, George, Vice President, 416. Clôture or Closure: a rule of proce- dure, adopted by the English Parlia- ment in 1882, for the purpose of clos-
ing discussion and bringing matters under debate to an issue. The Speaker of the House of Commons may cut off discussion at the request of 100 members, if less than 40 mem- bers vote in the negative. In the United States House of Representa- tives, and in the State Legislatures, the same object is attained by a bare majority through moving the "previ- ous question." In the Senate there is no clôture of any kind, and a reso- lute minority can often thwart the purposes of the majority. This con- dition strongly tends to make the Senate unsatisfactory.
Coasting trade, in relation to American ships, 270.
Coins and coinage, 252; gold and silver, 292; minor coins, 395; relation to cir- culating medium, 391; free coinage, 392.
Collector of delinquent taxes, 67. Collector of taxes, 49.
College and university council, members of, 114.
Colman, Norman J., first Secretary of Agriculture, 441.
Colon and Panama, cities, 428. Colonies, government in, 42, 43. Commerce: trade carried on between different places or communities; ex- change of merchandise on a large scale; extended trade or traffic. Con- gress has power to regulate, 251; In- terstate Commerce Commission, 304. Commerce and Labor, Secretary of, 301. Commission: a written warrant or doc- ument issued by a government invest- ing a person with authority to per- form the duties of an office, 102, 106; a body of men selected for the per- formance of some specified duty or the execution of some special trust; a brokerage or allowance made to an agent for transacting business. Commissioner (State) of banking, 110; of forestry, 111; of insurance, 111; of health, 113; of fisheries, 115; of high- ways, 115, 173.
Commissioner of Education, 300. Commissioner of Fisheries, 302.
Commissioner of Labor, 302. Commissioner of Patents, 257. Commissioner of Pensions, 300. Commissioners, United States, 425. Commissioners of Civil Service, 304. Commit: to refer or intrust to a com-
mittee, as a bill or other legislation; to send to prison; to put in charge of a jailer. Committee: a body of persons appointed to examine or manage any matter. Committees, enactment of laws expe-
dited by, 91; power in Congress, 242; by whom appointed, 243; some im- portant ones, 243.
Common carrier: one who undertakes to carry goods or persons for hire, 182. Common law: the unwritten law, that receives its binding force from im- memorial usage and universal cus- tom as expressed in the judgments of the courts and not from any statutes now extant; recognized and estab- lished, 341, 342.
Common pleas, court of, in Pennsyl- vania, 75, 126; jurisdiction of, 126. Common schools, 187-211. Commonwealth: a term meaning the
common "weal" or happiness, and properly applied to a body politic having a free or popular form of government.
Commutation of sentence: the shorten- ing of a prisoner's term of confine- ment, or a mitigation of the severity of the punishment. Compromise: an agreement reached, by the parties to a dispute, through con- cessions made on each side. Compromises of the Constitution, 234; slave trade, 267; representation of States, 330; direct taxes, 332; regu- lation of commerce, 332; relation of the States, 333. Compulsory education, in Pennsylvania, 199.
Concurrent: having the same right or claim; dealing with the same ques- tions; agreeing in the same act or opinion.
Concurrent powers, defined and enu- merated, 426.
Confederate debt, not to be paid, 251. Confirmation by the Senate: the ap- proval or sanction given by the Sen- ate in secret session after due consid- eration of an appointment to office made by the President. Thus he may be said to act "by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate." Congress (Continental), advises conven- tions in each colony, 212. Congress (of the Confederation), enacts the Ordinance of 1787, its chief glory, 326; passes an Ordinance putting the new Constitution into effect, 439. Congress: the name given to the Na- tional Legislature consisting of two houses the Senate and House of Representatives. It is also the name of so much of the continuous life of that body as comes within the full term of office of a Representative,-as the Sixty-first Congress, 1909-1911. Congress, National, 229; bicameral, 229; representatives in, 230; delegates to, 230; ratio of representation in House, 230; number of Senators in, 232; must meet at least once every year, 241; long and short sessions, 241; extra sessions may be called by the President, 241; the term, "a Con- gress," 241; known by numbers, 241; regulation of adjournment of the houses, 242; history of number of special sessions, 242; members de- barred from certain offices, 242; privi- leges and disabilities of members, 242; contests and quorum, 243; rules and journals, 243; expulsions, 243; com- mittees, 243; mode of passing bills, 244; powers of, 248; delegated powers of, 248; power to tax, 248; duties levied, 249; direct taxes, 249; implied powers of, 261; powers denied to, 267- 271; powers of Congress alone, 268; has power to regulate interstate com- merce, 304; establishes and ordains inferior Federal Courts, 257; admits new States, 323; has power to estab- lish territorial governments, 324; as a city council, 365; right to prohibit slavery in the Territories questioned, 432.
Congressional Library, 306, 397. Congressmen-at-large, 231. Connecticut, claims of, 27; plan of dele- gates in Convention of 1787, 331; re- quires educational qualification of voters, 434; ratifies Federal Constitu- tion, 439.
Conservation of forests, 367.
Constable, of township, 47; of boroughs, 55; in cities, 62; in Philadelphia, 65. Constitution: the fundamental, organic law or principles of government of the Nation or State; the law upon which all future laws must be based; the written instrument embodying such law, 215; every constitution a growth, 215, 349. Constitution of Pennsylvania, text in ap- pendix, i-xxxii; development of, 212; number of, 214; how amendments may be made, 222; recent amend- ments, 223. Constitution of the United States, text in
appendix, xxxiii-xlvii; the supreme law of the land, 226; a clear sketch of the fundamentals of good govern- ment, 226; how it may be amended, 328; compromises of, 330; discussions concerning, 332; ratification of, 333. Constitutional rights, 275-283. Constructions of the Constitution, broad,
263; strict, 263; powers delegated and implied, 262.
Consul: a person who represents his
country at an important foreign com- mercial town. His duty is to protect the rights, commerce, travelers, and seamen of his country, and to increase the traffic with his country. Duties, etc., 289, 303; consular courts, 317; consuler service, 421.
Contempt: disobedience to the rules,
orders, or process of a court, or of the rules or orders of a legislative body; such language or behavior as would disturb proceedings or impair respect due to authority.
Continental Congress, 212. Contraband of war, 429.
Contracts, laws impairing, 221, 272. Controller audits all city accounts, 61.
Convention of 1787, men present, 352. Conventions held for proposing amend- ments and for ratifying the Constitu-
Conventions of political parties, 159, 160.
Coolies evade the laws, 400. Copyrights, how secured, 256. Coroner, 78.
Corporate powers of cities, 67. Corporations, origin and classes, 175; how created, 175; defined, 175, 177; power of the Legislature over, 177; Governor approves charter, 179; limi- tation of, by the government, other facts concerning, 178, 179, 380, 390. Corruption of blood, defined, 319. Cortelyou, George B., first Secretary of Commerce and Labor, 441. Council, borough, 56; city, 59. Counterfeiting, how punished, 254. Counties in Pennsylvania, 71-81; how erected, seats of government, officers, and salaries, 71, 72. Counting a quorum, 385.
County courts in Pennsylvania, 80, 126; judges and jurisdiction, 126, 129. County-township system, 43; the county type, 41.
Court of Claims, 316, 397.
Courts in Pennsylvania, 125; county, 80, 126: superior, 132; supreme, 133; officers of, 131. Courts-martial, 261, 318. Courts of equity, 368.
Courts of the United States, 227, 311; power of Congress to establish in- ferior, 257, 397.
Crawford, W. H., 282.
Credit, public, 250, 390.
Crimes, grave and petty, 126, 127. Criminal courts in Pennsylvania, 126; relation to juvenile courts, 127; Gov- ernor's requisition, 99, 321. Criminal prosecutions, 340. Cruel and unusual punishments for- bidden. 342.
Cuba. relation to the United States, 324.
Cumulative voting. 178, 373.
Currency of the United States, 252, 391. Customs officers, duties of, 250.
Dartmouth College, famous case before the Supreme Court, 272. Davis, Jefferson, 433.
Debt, of Pennsylvania, 83; limit of, 166; in cities, 170; no imprisonment for, 221; of the United States, 250; of the Confederacy of 1861, 251; of the Con- tinental Congress, 329, Decentralization of power, 43, 53. Declaration of Independence, 337, 350. Deed: a written instrument conveying real estate to a purchaser, or person to whom it is given; it is signed and sealed in the presence of one or more subscribing witnesses.
Deeds, recorder of, 76. Defendant: the person against whom a suit is brought.
De jure by right, of right, by law; op- posed to de facto.
Delaware, once a part of Pennsylvania by purchase, 26; included in the third judicial circuit, 314; not affected by the Emancipation Proclamation, 344; a banner State, 438.
Delegated powers, 248, 262, 409. Delegates, rights of, in Congress, 230. Democracy, defined, 15, 384. Democratic party, strict construction a principle of. 263.
Demonetization: withdrawing from use as money; the refusal of the Govern- ment to coin a certain metal into money; of silver, 392. Departments in great cities, 63. Departments of government, 82, 83, 227. Dependencies: territorial possessions be- longing to the Nation, but not form- ing an integral part of the United States, 325.
Deposition: the written testimony of a
witness, made in due form of law, and sworn to or affirmed before an au- thorized magistrate.
Despotism: a government in which there is practically no law but the will of the ruler.
Dewey, Admiral George, on Naval Board, 299, 407.
Directors of the poor, 79.
Direct vote for President, 371, Direct tax, defined, 166.
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