majority. Tener, therefore, lacked 83,801 votes of having a majority; but he had a plurality of 36,129 votes over Berry, and was thereby elected, although a "minority Governor." New Naturalization Law.-The Naturalization Law of 1802, enacted under Jefferson, was based upon enlightened principles, and has remained in force for more than a century. These principles, which should never be lost sight of, are that an alien of good moral character, arrived at man's estate, attached to the principles of the Constitution, may be admitted to citizenship if he has lived in the United States continuously for five years. If to these requirements were added a prohibition against the admission of any one to naturalization who does not intend to make the United States his permanent residence, the system would be complete. Surely we should welcome into our body politic any one to whom belong the attributes of good character, permanent residence, and loyalty.

But this law, however excellent in principles, was defective in that it did not provide means to prevent its abuse. Prejudices against foreigners on the one hand and the fear of too rigid limitation of immigration on the other have prevented the devising of means to check fraud in the operation of this system of naturalization.

The Naturalization Law of 1906 provides that duplicate petitions must be sent to the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, thus bringing naturalization for the first time under Federal control. The application is made, as heretofore, to the clerk of the court of common pleas, but public notice of the application must be posted for at least ninety days. The case is then heard by the judge in open court, and the United States attorney has the right to appear and examine the applicant and witnesses. Applica

tions for citizenship must be signed by the applicant, who must be able to speak the English language. He must furnish very definite and specific information regarding himself, and the clerk of the court is liable to heavy penalties for receiving an application lacking in this respect. Two witnesses are required instead of one as under the Act of 1802. No person can be naturalized within thirty days of any general election even if the ninety days have expired. An important feature of the law is that a person having been naturalized and later taking up a residence in a foreign country, will have his naturalization certificate canceled. The applicant must swear that he is neither an anarchist nor a polygamist, and that he intends to become a permanent resident of the United States. He must also declare on oath that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces all allegiance to any foreign power. Among the points in the information furnished by the applicant are: his name in full, place of residence, occupation, date and place of birth, date of immigration and name of vessel, as well as equally specific facts concerning his family.

We should welcome to the privileges of American citizenship all persons who can appreciate that right, and are willing to learn our language, customs, and laws. It is the duty of the government not only to enact laws that will keep out of our country anarchists, criminals, and paupers, but to seek still higher standards of naturalization. The courts cannot be too careful in granting naturalization papers. The purity of elections has often been destroyed by the large number of illiterate and degraded foreigners admitted to citizenship without possessing the essential qualifications for the intelligent exercise of the franchise.

QUESTIONS

What is the right of suffrage? Is it a natural or a civil right? What does the State constitution say about voters or electors? What requirement is made in this State in regard to the payment of taxes?

Name three qualifications that a voter at our State elections must have.

When may a young man "vote on age"?

What are the regulations in Pennsylvania in reference to registration? Why is a residence qualification required?

Are paupers permitted to vote in this State?

Does the right to vote in this State depend in any way upon the payment of any kind of taxes? Do all who pay taxes have the right to vote?

When is the general election held in Pennsylvania? When are the local officers chosen?

What privileges have voters during attendance at the polls?

Describe the voting room and booths. Name the election officers. Give the general duties of inspectors of election.

Bring into the class room a sample ballot. How are the names arranged?

What principles of our government are illustrated in an election? Describe the Baker ballot, and state the manner in which the names are arranged upon it. What provision is made for mistakes? Describe the manner of voting.

How is the voter protected from solicitation, coercion, and bribery? Discuss officers and watchers.

If an elector own land in several States, can he vote in them all? What facts determine his legal residence? What is meant by the term residence?

What is meant by registration? Who compiles the lists? State briefly the manner of registration in cities. What provision is made for nonregistered voters?

When is a vote said to be challenged?

What are the purposes of registration?

How much better is the bribe taker than the bribe giver? What is the penalty for bribery?

How is the vote counted and the return made? Discuss the ballot boxes.

What is meant by the term a majority? A plurality? Illustrate. Make a brief statement of the new naturalization law (1906). How do the rights of citizens differ in the several States? Describe the process of naturalization.

How may a foreigner become a citizen?

Point out a few of the benefits an honest politician can confer upon the people.

What is a "straight ticket"?

What arguments would you advance in favor of registration of voters?

Give an account of the process called naturalization.

Name three qualifications that a voter at our State elections must have.

If an elector own land in several States, can he vote in them all? What facts determine his legal residence?

Are you eligible to the State Legislature? If not, what legal qualifications do you lack? Could a member of the General Assembly be elected Governor or United States Senator?

At the last election did you preserve any of the sample ballots? Could you secure any of the ballots that were actually used in voting? Why?

If two persons claim the same seat in the State senate, who will decide between them? Can you secure from your representative any of the regular reports of the proceedings of the Legislature?

CHAPTER XVI

PARTIES AND NOMINATIONS

Parties. Under all governments which grant any considerable degree of freedom, there will arise parties differing in their ideas of government policies. Thus, as soon as the Constitution of the United States was adopted and the government organized, and, indeed, long before these events, people began to have different ideas concerning their rights and duties under the plan of government; so political parties were organized.

This political machinery is the creation of voluntary effort and not of public law, yet such has been its influence that the people to-day govern themselves almost entirely through the agency of political parties. A party may be defined as a body of electors having distinctive aims and purposes, and united in opposition to other bodies of electors in the community or political division in which it exists.

In order to control public policies and affairs, a party must succeed in electing to the public offices persons chosen from its ranks; and, in a highly strenuous nation, like our own, it was soon discovered that in politics, as in war, organization and discipline are much more effective than mere numbers working without concerted action. Thus, to accomplish the election of its members to the various offices within the gift of the people, there has resulted, within each party, a system of party machinery, firm yet flexible, and