and with the advice and consent of two thirds of all the members of the senate (86), appoint a secretary of the Commonwealth and an attorney-general during pleasure, a superintendent of public instruction for four years, and such other officers of the Commonwealth as he is or may be authorized by the constitution or by law to appoint.

Filling Vacancies. If a vacancy happens in any office, and the law does not provide some other method for filling it, the Governor may appoint a person to fill the vacancy (86). Such appointment expires, in general, at the close of the next session of the General Assembly or at the next election day appropriate to that office.

Reprieves and Pardons.-He has power to remit fines. and forfeitures, to grant reprieves, commutations of sentence, and pardons (87) except in cases of impeachment, but no pardon can be granted nor sentence commuted, except upon the recommendation of the board of pardons.

Fugitives from Justice.-The Governor may demand fugitives from justice from the executive of any other State or Territory; and issue warrants for the arrest of persons in this State upon the requisition of the governor of any other State or Territory.

Information and Advice. He may require information, in writing (88), from the officers of the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices.

Messages. The Governor sends to the General Asscmbly, at the beginning of the session, a formal message reporting the condition of the State, and recommending to their consideration such measures as he may judge expedient (89).

Extra Sessions.-The Governor has power to call the

senate together to transact executive business only; also to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. It is his duty, by message, to explain to both houses the reasons why he has thus called them together (90).

Adjourning the Legislature. In case of disagreement between the two houses as to the time of adjournment, the Governor may declare the General Assembly adjourned to such time as he may think proper, not exceeding four months (90). Order of Succession.-As we have seen, in case of the death, resignation, or other disability of the Governor, the duties of the office devolve (91) upon the lieutenant governor. In case of a vacancy in the office of lieutenant governor (92), the president pro tempore of the senate succeeds to that office, and in like manner may become Governor, should a vacancy or disability also occur in the office of governor.

The Office of Governor never Vacant.-Careful provision is thus made that the Commonwealth be not at any time left without a responsible head. There is never a time when there is not some one to whom the people may look as chief magistrate. In cases of contested election, as under ordinary circumstances, the Governor and lieutenant governor exercise the duties of their respective offices until their successors are duly qualified (95).

Contested Election.-The chief justice of the Supreme Court of the State presides upon the trial of any contested election of Governor or lieutenant governor, and decides all questions regarding the admissibility of evidence (95).

The Veto Power.-All bills and concurrent resolutions, except for adjournment, must be submitted to the Governor for his approval (93). If he approves a bill he signs it, but if he does not approve it he returns it to the house in which it originated, with his objections. The General Assembly may,

upon reconsideration, pass such bill by a two-thirds vote in both houses. The relations of the Governor to the General Assembly are most important, since the veto power gives him a great influence in legislation. Even although he cannot make legislation and a bill may become a law notwithstanding his veto, the share which the chief executive takes in actual legislation is very great. The use of the veto power is his most serious duty, and chiefly by his discharge of it is he judged. Few bills are ever passed over the Governor's veto. Many bills, at the time of the adjournment of the Legislature, are left unacted upon by him; concerning all such bills he has an absolute veto. A power almost analytic in its actual working is that which enables him to disapprove of any item of a bill appropriating money, and to approve of other items of the same bill (94). This is a wise provision, enabling the Governor to cut out any objectionable appropriation without destroying the whole bill. It has also been decided by the Supreme Court of the State that the Governor has the right, under the State constitution, to reduce any item of an appropriation bill passed by the General Assembly.

When Approval is not Necessary.-Resolutions for adjournment need not be submitted to the Governor for his approval (71). The Supreme Court of the State has decided that Article XVIII of the State constitution, providing for its future amendment, stands alone and provides all the machinery that is necessary to be followed in the amendment thereof. The submission of amendments to the constitution to the Governor for his approval is therefore not necessary, although it has been done in many cases (207).

Secretary of the Commonwealth. This officer is appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the senate, and holds office at the pleasure of the chief executive of the State. He

keeps a record of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor, and furnishes information concerning the same to other officers and to the General Assembly. Other duties are enjoined upon him by law. He is the custodian of the copies of all laws, resolutions, etc., passed by the General Assembly; these and the veto messages of the Governor are prepared for publication under his supervision. He countersigns all proclamations, appointments, and commissions issued by the Governor; and a record of them is kept in his office. He keeps a record of all death warrants, respites, commutations, and pardons; he has charge of the official bonds of all officers and notaries public commissioned by the Governor. Records of incorporation, proceedings of corporations, their charters, changes of name, changes in capital stock, etc., are under his care. He is the custodian of election returns of all National, State, and county officers who receive executive commissions; and he compiles and publishes the returns of the State elections.

The secretary of the Commonwealth is the keeper of the great seal of the State. He affixes it to all such documents as the law requires; and countersigns them. His salary is $8,000 per annum. Fees being no longer a part of his salary, he is required to pay into the State treasury all percentages, fees, and commissions received by him by virtue of his office as secretary of the Commonwealth.

The secretary of the Commonwealth is the head of the department of state, and the agent of official communication between Pennsylvania and other States and the United States.

Secretary of Internal Affairs.-The secretary of internal affairs is elected by the people, and serves for a term of four years (99). He exercises all the powers and performs

all the duties formerly assigned to the surveyor general (97), subject to some changes made by law. According to the constitution, his department embraces a bureau of industrial statistics, and he must discharge such duties relating to corporations, charitable institutions, and the agricultural, manufacturing, mining, mineral, timber, and other material or business interests of the State as may be prescribed by law. The department as organized at present consists of five bureaus: land office and boundary lines; assessments and taxes; industrial statistics; mines and mining; and railroads, canals, telegraphs, and telephones. The secretary collects through these various bureaus information of great importance concerning the relations between capital and labor, wages, processes of manufacture, value of products, condition of the laboring classes, etc. These facts, together with his views and recommendations, are set forth in his reports to the General Assembly.

Superintendent of Public Instruction.-The educational interests of the State are represented in the executive department by the superintendent of public instruction, who exercises general supervision of the system of public education (98). He commissions county, city, and borough superintendents of common schools, appoints and commissions the State trustees of the State normal schools, conducts the annual examinations of students in such schools, and appoints the State board of examiners. He makes an annual report to the Governor, and his reports exercise considerable influence upon legislation on educational matters. Although appointed by the Governor for a term of four years, the State superintendent of public instruction can be removed only by impeachment.

Attorney-General.-The attorney-general is appointed by