Reflections during the Life and surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, by himself 1722, The work was immediately translated into French, and, soon after, into other languages; and various imitations appeared, both in English and in other languages. The rifacimento of Campe, in German, is much used on the continent (translated into Spanish, French, Italian, Latin, &c.), and has been turned into English. The best English editions are those of Chalmers, with a life of Defoe 1790, 2 vols., 8vo.); the academic edition of Mawinan (1815), with geographical and nautical notes; and the edition of Cadell and Davies (1820, 2 vols.), with engravings by Heath. The story of Defoe's fraudulently using the papers of a Scotch mariner, by the name of Selkirk, in the composition of his book, is without foundation. He took the hint, doubtless, from Selkirk's adventures, as Shakspeare borrowed Hamlet, Macbeth, or Romeo and Juliet, from Scotch and Danish chronicles or Italian ballads. The real story of Selkirk is as follows: He was a Scottish sailor, who passed some years alone on the island of Juan Fernandez, and was a native of Largo, in Fifeshire. In 1703, he sailed as master in the Cinque Ports privateer, under captain Stradling. In consequence of some difference with his commander, he went ashore at Juan Fernandez, and remained in his solitude till he was taken away by captain Woods Rogers, in January, 1709. Some account of his residence was published by Steele in the Englishman (No. 26), and in Rogers's Voyage round the World (1712); but there is no reason to believe that he had any papers, or journal of any sort.-See Howell's Life and Adventures of Alexander Selkirk (Edinburgh, 1829); and Wilson's Life of Defoe (3 vols., 8vo., 1830).

ROB-ROY (that is, Robert the Red); a celebrated Highland chief, whose true name was Robert Macgregor, but who assumed that of Campbell, on account of the outlawry of the clan Macgregor by the Scotch parliament, in 1662. He was born about 1660. His mother was a Campbell of Glenlyon, and his wife, Helen, a Campbell of Glenfalloch. Like other Highland gentlemen, Rob-Roy was a drover previous to the rebellion of 1715, in which he joined the adherents of the pretender. (See Stuart, James Edward.) On the suppression of the rebellion, the duke of Montrose, with whom Rob-Roy had previously had a quarrel, took the opportunity to deprive him of his estates;

and the latter began to indemnify himself by a war of reprisals upon the property of the duke. An English garrison was stationed at Inversnaid, near Aberfoyle, the clachan (residence) of Rob-Roy; but his activity and courage saved him from the hands of his enemies, from whom he continued for some time to levy black-mail. He died in 1743. (Sve Highlands.) His fortunes and those of his clan form the subjects of Rob-Roy and the Legend of Montrose.

ROCAMBOLE (allium scorodoprasum); a species of onion, having bulbs resembling those of the garlic; but the cloves are smaller. It is cultivated for the same purposes, and is considered as having a more delicate flavor.

ROCHAMBEAU, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de, marshal of France, born at Vendome, in 1725, entered the army at the age of sixteen, and served in Germany under marshal Broglio. 1746, he became aid-de-cmp_to_ Lou's Philip, duke of Orleans; and afterwards, obtaining the command of the regiment of La Marche, distinguished himself at the battle of Lafeldt, where he was wounded; obtained fresh laurels at Creveldt, Minden, Corbach and Clostercamp; and, having been made lieutenant-general, was, in 1780, sent with an army of 6000 men to the assistance of the U. States of America. Having embarked in Rhode Island, he acted in concert with Washington, first against Clinton, in New York, and then against Cornwallis, rendering important services at the siege of Yorktown (q. v.), which were rewarded by a present of two cannons taken from lord Cornwallis. After the revolution, Rochambeau was raised to the rank of a marshal by Louis XVI, and he was appointed to the command of the army of the north. He was soon superseded by more active officers, and, being calumniated by the popular journalists, he addressed to the legislative assembly a vindication of his conduct. A decree of approbation was consequently passed in May, 1792, and he retired to his estate, near Vendome, with a determination to in erfere no more with public affairs. He was subsequently arrested, and narrowly escaped suffering death under the tyranny of Robespierre. In 1803, he was presented to Bonaparte, who, in the year following, gave him a pension, and the cross of grand officer of the legion of honor. His death tool. place in 1807. His Memoires were published in 1809 (8vo.). Robin's Voyage dans l'Amérique Septentrionale (1782) cou

ROCHECHOUART. (See Montespan.) ROCHEFOUCAULD, François, duke de la, prince of Marsillac, a wit and nobleman of the reign of Louis XIV, was born in 1613. He distinguished himself as the most brilliant nobleman about the court, and by his share in the good graces of the celebrated duchess of Longueville, was involved in the civil war of the Fronde. He signalized his courage at the battle of St. Antoine in Paris, and received a shot which for some time deprived him of sight. At a more advanced period, his house was the resort of the best company at Paris, including Boileau, Racine, and the mesdames Sévigné and La Fayette. He died in 1680, in his sixty-eighth year. This nobleman wrote Mémoires de la Régence d'Anne d'Autriche (2 vols., 12mo., 1713), a spirited and faithful representation of that period; but he is chiefly famous for a work, entitled Réflexions et Marimes, founded on the principle that self-love is the foundation of all our actions.

ROCHEFOUCAULD-LLANCOURT, François Alexandre Frédéric, duke de la, born in 1747, was a member of the constituent assembly in 1789, after the dissolution of which he took the military command at Rouen, in his capacity of lieutenant-general (1792). After the 10th of August, the duke de Liancourt, as he was then styled, left France, and resided for eighteen months in England. He then travelled through the U. States, whence he returned in 1798, and, after the 18th Brumaire, returned to France, where he devoted himself to the promotion of the useful arts and to benevolent offices. It was through his influence that vaccination was introduced into France. After the restoration, he was created a peer, but, on account of the liberality of his sentiments, was, in 1823 and 1824, excluded from the council of state, and removed from the several boards of which he was a member; among others, of that for the encouragement of vaccination. This venerable philanthropist and patriot, whose last years were persecuted by the intemperate zeal of political bigotry, died at Paris, in 1827, at the age of eightyone years. His life, by his son, was published the same year. His principal work is his Voyage dans les États-Unis (8 vols., 8vo.).

ROCHEJAQUELEIN, Henri de la, the hero of Vendée, born at Chatillon, in Poitou, in 1772. The peasants of the neighborhood having risen in the royal cause (1792), he

against the republican troops, after a short harangue;-Allons chercher l'ennemi; si je recule, tuez-moi; si j'avance, suivez-moi; si je meurs, vengez-moi. After gaining sixteen victories in ten months, he fell, at the age of twenty-two years (March 4, 1794), in a single combat with one of the repub lican soldiers. Marie Louise, marchioness de la Rochejaquelein, wife of his elder brother, who fell in Vendée in 1815, has written Memoirs of the War in the Vendée.

ROCHELLE, LA; a commercial city of France, in the department of the Lower Charente, on the Atlantic ocean, 100 miles north-west of Bordeaux; lat. 46° 9′ N.; lon. 1° 9′ W.; population, 17,500. It is well built, and strongly fortified (by Vauban), and contains many handsome squares and fountains. The harbor is safe and commodious, but is accessible for large vessels only at high water. The Place d'armes, or du château, is one of the finest in France. Glass, stone-ware and refined sugar are the principal articles manufactured, and it has a considerable commerce. Rochelle is chiefly remarkable as the stronghold of the French Protestants (see Huguenots) in the times of the house of Valois, and of the first Bourbons. In 1627, it was besieged by Richelieu (q. v.), and was reduced by famine, after a heroic defence, in which 15,000 of the besieged perished. A great number of the inhabitants fled to North America.

ROCHELLE SALT. (See Tartaric Acid.) ROCHESTER, John Wilmot, earl of, a witty and profligate nobleman of the court of Charles II, was born in 1648, and, on the death of his father, succeeded him in his titles and estates, the latter of which his extravagance soon dissipated. Having gone through the usual course of academical study at Oxford, he made a tour through France and Italy, and then served in the fleet under lord Sandwich. On his return to England, he rushed into the full vortex of dissipation, and became the personal friend and favorite of his sovereign, who is said to have encouraged and shared many of his exploits. The levity of his disposition frequently brought him into disgrace, and he was more than once forbidden the royal presence: his companionable qualities, however, which inade him necessary to the amusement of his master, prevented his occasional exile from being ever of long continuance. His constitution at length gave way unde. such excesses; and, at the age of thirty, he was visited with all the debility of.

age. He lingered for some time in this condition, and died, professing great penitence for his misspent life, July 26, 1680. His poetical works, some of which are of the most disgusting description, have been frequently printed. A few of his poems are of a better description, especially his poem on Nothing, and his lampoon upon sir Carr Scroope, which exhibit some vigor, with careless versification. His satire on Man is little more than a translation from Boileau. (See his Life by bishop Burnet, and Johnson's Lives of the Poets.) ROCHESTER, in the western part of New York; lat. 43° 15 north; lon. 77° 51' west, on both sides of Genesee river; seven miles from lake Ontario; two from steam-boat navigation; 217 west of Albany; 75 east of Buffalo shortest mail routes, and, by canal, 269 west of Albany; 94 east of Buffalo. Corporate limits. Two square miles, including parts of the towns of Gates and Brighton. Population, with suburbs, in 1815, 331; in 1820, 1502; in 1825, 4274; in 1826, 7669; in 1828, 10,818; in 1832, 12,000 souls, chiefly from New England. The public buildings are a court-house, gaol, two markets, ten churches, and one high-school edifice.-Public works. Canal aqueduct of stone, 804 feet long, on eleven arches, iron railed; three milldams with side courses; three bridges over the river, and fourteen over the canal; three miles of stone sewers under the streets, of three by one and a half feet in the clear, in some of which, water flows from the canal, affording, at suitable points, reservoirs for fire-engines; pebble stone pavements on several streets; about ten miles of brick and stone flagging upon side-walks; about sixty public streets and twenty public alleys, the principal ones lighted at public expense; and harbor-piers are constructing by the U. States. The religious societies are twelve, and there are seventeen benevolent societies.-The literary institutions are the Franklin institute, the Rochester Athenæum; the Rochester institute for general education; the Rochester institute for practical education; two high schools; two public charity infant schools; two seminaries for young ladies; several district schools, and many private schools and instructers in foreign languages and in gymnastics. The moneyed incorporations are the bank of Rochester, capital $250,000; the bank of Monroe, capital $300,000; the Rochester savings bank. The newspapers, one daily, and five weekly.-The post-office receipts, annually, are

exceeded in amount in the state of New York only by those of New York and Albany; and the canal toll-office receipts, only by those of Albany.-The manufac tories are sixteen flour mills (thirteen stone and three wood), containing sixtyeight runs of stone, capable of making 350,000 barrels per annum, though actually having made, in 1831, only 252,000, shipped to New York and Montreal; four woollen factories; two cotton; three marble; one pail and tub; one shoe-last; two tobacco; one nail; three scythe, axe and edge-tool; six tin and sheet iron; three soap and candle; three morocco; two plough; two comb; one lookingglass; one window sash; one barrel; two stone and earthen ware; oue starch; one glove factory and three clothieries; one brass foundery; seven machine shops; three gunsmith; two iron turners; two braziers; four chairmakers; six cabinet; four hatters; six saddlers; fifteen coopers; seventeen blacksmiths; six goldsmiths; three coppersmiths' shops.-Canal com merce. Six lines of canal craft, numbering 160 boats, of forty tons each, towed by 800 horses, built, equipped and owned principally at this place, make it the seat of the transportation business, boat-building, and trades connected with it, giving employment to five extensive boat-building establishments, of between twenty and forty men each, besides joiners, smiths, &c. The superior white oak and pine lumnber here, with its central location at the turning point of water conveyance between the west, New York and Montreal, confer these peculiar advantages.-Lake trade. At the port of Genesee, the outlet of the foreign trade, and the entrepot of Rochester, the aggregate tonnage, entering and clearing, both domestic and foreign, in 1831, amounted to 19,868 tons; value of exports in the same period, $234,792,37 ; of imports, $1655,63, as appears from the collector's returns. Several weekly packets ply between it and the Canadian ports, and three steam-boats. There are more than one hundred vessels, of all descriptions, on the lake, and about fifteen steamboats.-River. The river Genesee is navigable fifty iniles, and, at high water, ninety miles above Rochester, bringing to it the produce of a fertile south and south-west country, of about 2000 square miles in extent. It passes rapidly through the vil lage, and is there walled on each side with hammer-dressed stone, a distance of about three fourths of a mile, to the height of from ten to twenty feet, according to the depth and inequalities of the base. From

the village towards the lake, in the course of two miles, the river descends over falls of 10, 20, 96 and 104 feet, and, at low water, flows in the quantity of 20,000 cubic feet per minute, equal to the power of 12,800 horses, or 640 steam-engines of twenty horse power each. The natural advantages of Rochester, in the fertility of its interior and immense water power, with water communications in every direction, make it the commercial emporium of Western New York.

ROCK SALT. (See Salt.)

ROCKET (eruca sativa, or the brassica eruca of Linnæus); a cruciferous plant, allied to the turnip and cabbage, growing wild in many parts of Europe. It has a strong, disagreeable odor, an acrid and pungent taste, but is, notwithstanding, much esteemed by some, and especially by the Italians, who use it in their salads. Its medicinal properties are antiscorbutic, and very stimulant. The stem is about a foot and a half high, rough, with soft hairs, and bearing long, pinnated leaves; the flowers are whitish or pale yellow, with violet veins, and are disposed in racemes. This plant is almost unknown in the U. States. The term rocket is also applied to the different species of hesperis-cruciferous plants with purple flowers, often cultivated for ornament in gardens.

ROCKET, SKY. (See Pyrotechny.) ROCKETS, CONGREVE. (See Congreve, Sir William.)

ROCKINGHAM (Charles Watson Wentworth), marquis of, born in 1730, succeeded his father in his titles and estates in 1750, and, in 1765, became first lord of the treasury (prime minister). American affairs formed, at that time, a leading subject of discussion; and Rockingham took the middle way of repealing the stampact, and declaring the right of Great Britain to tax the colonies. He was therefore deserted by some of his supporters (among others, by Chatham), and retired from the ministry in 1766. He afterwards acted in concert with Chatham, in opposition to the North ministry, on the fall of which, in 1782, he was again placed at the head of the treasury, but died in the same year, and was succeeded by lord Shelburne. (See Lansdowne.) Rocks. (See Geology.)

ROCKY MOUNTAINS, in the western part of North America, extend from lat. about 70° north to Mexico, where the chain is continued by the Cordilleras. Their distance from the Pacific ocean is about the same as that of the Alleghanies from the Atlantic; but the extent, and breadth, and

height of the Rocky mountains are much greater than those of the Alleghanies. They are of decidedly primitive formation; but they have not been so well explored as to enable us to give any scientific statements in relation to them. In latitude 47°, they are so elevated as to be covered with ice and snow in July. Some of the peaks are supposed to be twelve or thirteen thousand feet high, and the range generally is considerably higher than any other in North America, except that of the Cordilleras. The numerous peaks are not named, and have not been measured. We know not with certainty that any of them are volcanic. The trappers, who are almost the only white people that visit them, frequently relate that they have heard explosions, which were supposed to be from volcanoes. Pumice stones, of a reddish color, and remarkably perfect, frequently descend the Missouri. These are said by some to be formed from burning coal-mines; but it is more probable that they proceed from volcanoes. These mountains generally appear black, rugged, and precipitous, though their aspect is not uniform. The great rivers that are discharged from their eastern and western declivities wind far among the mountains, the Arkansas on the east, and the Oregon, or Columbia, on the west, more than a hundred leagues, before they escape to the plains. In following the beds of such streams, travellers pass through the range without any considerable ascent or obstruction. Following the Platte, which is one of the principal southern branches of the Missouri, the traveller finds a road even to lake Buenaventura, on the Pacific plains, that needs little labor to adapt it to the passage of horses and wagons. Such is the testimony of numerous traders, who cannot be supposed to be deceived, nor to intend deception. The southern part of this range is called the Masserne mountains. They give rise to the Rio Colorado, which flows into the Pacific, the Rio del Norte of Mexico, the Yellowstone of the Missouri, and the Arkansas and Red, which flow into the Mississippi. A single peak of this range is seen, as a landmark, for an immense distance on the plains of Arkansas and Texas. This is called mount Pike, and has been variously estimated at from seven to ten thousand feet in height. Many accounts have been given of the appearance of silver and other metals in the Rocky mountains, but we have not yet been favored with any important specimens.

ROCROY; a town of France, 15 miles

north-west of Mézières, 110 north-east of Paris, celebrated for the victory gained by the duke d'Enghien (afterwards the great Conde) over the Spaniards, who were besieging the city, May 19, 1643. (See Condé.)

RODE, Pierre, one of the greatest living violin players, was born at Bordeaux, in 1774, and is a pupil of Viotti. In 1801, he was made a professor in the conservatory of Paris. In 1802, Napoleon appointed him first violinist and master of his chapel; but he did not remain long in this office. In 1803, he made his second journey to Germany; in 1804, the emperor Alexander gave him an appointment at St. Petersburg; in 1809, he returned to France; and, in 1812, lived for some time in Berlin. He now lives in France. Much to the regret of the lovers of music, his fortune prevents him from performing in public.

RODNEY, Cæsar, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born at Dover, Delaware, about the year 1730. His father came over to this country with William Penn, and, after a short residence in Philadelphia, settled in Kent, a county upon the Delaware. His eldest son, the subject of this sketch, inherited from him a large landed estate, in consequence of the system of entail then in use. At the age of twenty-eight years, Cæsar Rodney was appointed high-sheriff, and, on the expiration of his term of service, was created a justice of the peace, and a judge of the lower courts. In 1762, and perhaps even earlier, he represented his county in the provincial legislature, by which, in 1765, he was sent, in conjunction with Mr. M'Kean and Mr. Kollock, to the congress that met at New York for the purpose of consulting upon the measures to be adopted in consequence of the stamp act, and other oppressive acts of the British government. In 1769, he was elected speaker of the house of representatives, and continued to occupy the chair for several years. About the same time, he was appointed chairman of the committee of correspondence with the other colonies; and when, in 1774, the combined efforts of the various committees had brought about the measure of a general congress, he was chosen one of the delegates to it from his native province, He was re-elected in the following year, and also made a brigadier-general in the colony. At the time when the question of independence was brought before congress, Mr. Rodney was on a tour through thern part of Delaware, for the pur

pose of quieting the discontent prevalent in that quarter of the country, and preparing the minds of the people for a change of their government. His two colleagues, Mr. M'Kean and Mr. Read, were divided upon the subject, the former being favorable, the latter opposed to a declaration of independence. Mr. M'Kean, being acquainted with the views of Mr. Rodney, despatched an express, at his private expense, to inform him of the deicate posture of affairs, and urge him to hasten his return to Philadelphia. He did so immediately, and, by great exertion, arrived just as the members were entering the house for the final discussion. He cutered the hall with his spurs on his boots, and soon afterwards the great question was put. By his vote in the affirmative, he secured that union among the colonies in the matter which was all-important. In the autumn of 1776, a convention was called in Delaware for the purpose of framing a new constitution, and appointing delegates to the succeeding congress. In this assembly, a majority was opposed to Mr. Rodney, who failed, in consequence, in obtaining a reelection. This circumstance was principally attributable to the royalists, who abounded especially in the lower counties. Mr. Rodney, however, still continued a member of the council of safety, and of the council of inspection, the functions of both of which offices he assiduously discharged, being particularly active in collecting supplies for the troops of the state, then with Washington in New Jersey. In 1777, he repaired in person to the camp near Princeton, where he remained for nearly two months, engaged in laborious services. In the autumn of the same year, he was again chosen a member of congress; but, before taking his seat, he was chosen president of his state. In this station he remained for four years, during which he had frequent communications from Washington relative to the distressed condition of the army, and exerted his utmost ability in affording aid. In 1782, he was compelled to retire by the delicate state of his health. He died in 1783.-Mr. Rodney was a man of pure integrity and patriotisin; he was remarkable for good humor and vivacity, as well as for the disinterestedness and generosity of his character.

RODNEY, George Brydges, baron Rodney; a naval commander, born in 1717. His father, a captain in the royal navy, educated his son for the same profession. The latter first obtained a ship in 1742, and, in 1749, went to Newfoundland as governor.