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BOOK III.
THE ZEALOUS POPES.
CHAPTER I.
Remarks of Ranke on the Papal History of the Sixteenth Century.-Julius
III. His Character.-Conclave which elected him.-View of this Con-
clave by the Venetian Ambassador.-Delay in Assembling of the
Conclaves after Paul III.'s Death.-Reginald Pole.-The Expectation
that he would be elected.-Was all but elected.-His own scruples.-
His Election lost by them.-Anecdote of his behaviour in Conclave.—
Cardinal di San Marcello, afterwards Pope as Marcellus II.-Deter-
mined to elect Pole, if possible.-The Emperor appealed to by Letter.-
He vetoes Cardinal Salviati.-Election of Del Monte as Julius III.—
His Character
PAGE
201
CHAPTER II.
Marcellus II.-His Character.-The Conclave which elected him.-The
Choice lies between him and Cardinal Caraffa.-Hostility of the Im-
perial Party to the Latter.-The Meaning and Practice of "Adoration,"
"Acclamation," or "Inspiration."-Anecdote of intrusive Conclavist at
a Scrutiny.-Élection of Marcellus II.-His Death, and Conduct at the
Council of Trent
. 213
CHAPTER III.
The Conclave which elected Paul IV.-Imperialist Party.-Cardinal Pole.-
Results in practice of the requirement of a two-thirds majority.-
Cardinal Carpi excluded.-Cardinal D'Este.-Cardinal Morone.- Objec-
tions to him.-Cardinal Pozzi.-Management of Farnese.-Election of
Paul IV.-Anecdote of the feeling of Rome on the occasion.-Character
of Caraffa, Paul IV.-Imperial "Veto" disregarded in this election.-
Saying of Caraffa respecting his own elevation.-Estimate and descrip-
tion of Paul by the Venetian Ambassador.- Giovanni Angelo Medici :
his Family, Brother, Early History.-Character and personal appear-
ance of Medici, Pius IV.-The Inquisition.-Signs of the times.-
Practice of giving complimentary votes.-Anecdote of the craft of a
Conclavist.-Cardinal Carpi again.-Why he was objectionable to
D'Este.-Medici suddenly elected as a pis aller
CHAPTER IV.
Death of Pius IV.-Closing of the Council of Trent.-Ranke's Remarks on
the work of the Council.-Action of the work of the Council on the
Character of the Popes.-Anecdote of a plot to assassinate Pius IV.-
Michael Ghislieri: his antecedents and character.-Character of the
Election.-Conclave which elected Pius IV.-Rivalry between Cardinals
Farnese and Borromeo.-Representative of the old and of the new time.
-Cardinal Altemps.-Anecdote of Borromeo at Florence.-Conclavist's
View of Borromeo's character.-Moroni's imprisonment and acquittal
224
on Charge of Heresy held in Conclave to be sufficient reason against
his Election.-Borromeo wishes to elect him.-It is found impossible,
however, to elect him.-Duplicity of Farnese towards Borromeo.-
Cardinals Ferrara and D'Este hostile to Morone, and why.-Farnese
and Borromeo agree to the Election of Ghislieri.-Dismay in Conclave
at the result accomplished in the Election of Pius V.
CHAPTER V.
-
Character and Disposition of Ugo Boncompagno is dominated by the Spirit
of the Age. Felice Peretti, Sixtus V.-Saying attributed to him.-
Urban VII.-Sfondrato, Gregory XIV.-His Character and Practices.
-Fachinetti, Innocent IX. Aldobrandino, Clement VIII. — His
Character.-Characteristics of the Conclaves that had elected these
Popes.-Camillo Borghese, Paul V.-Conclave which elected him.-
Principal Parties in it. Their relative Strength, and the Manner in
which it operated.-Attempt to elect Cardinal Saoli.-Anxiety of
Aldobrandino's Party.- First Scrutiny. - Cardinal Bellarmine.
Cardinals Baronius and Borromeo.-Motives for putting forward Bellar-
mine.-Negotiation between Baronius and Aldobrandino.-Cardinal
Montalto at Supper.-Cardinal Camerino put forward, and dropped.-
Cardinal San Clemente put forward.-Threatened "Esclusiva."-
Cardinal Tosco put forward.-Meeting of Cardinals for the exclusion
of San Clemente
241
. 259
CHAPTER VI.
Continuation of the Conclave that elected Paul V.-Aldobrandino deter-
mines to elect Cardinal Tosco.-Points for and against him.-Attempt to
elect Tosco by "Adoration."-Montalto's Indecision.-Remarkable Scene
in the Cell of Cardinal Acquaviva.-Conference between Aldobran-
dino and Montalto.-The Latter unwillingly agrees to the Election of
Tosco, which appears all but certain.-Suspense of Tosco.-Remarkable
Step taken by Baronius.-He alone by the Ascendancy of his Character
prevents the Election of Tosco.-Baronius himself nearly elected.-The
"Sala Regia" in the Vatican.-Party Tactics thrown into Confusion.—
Tosco's Disappointment.-Extraordinary Scene in the Sala Regia and
the Sistine and Paoline Chapels.-Borghese at length proposed by
common Accord, and elected as Paul V.
274
BOOK IV.
THE PRINCE POPES.
Close of the Era of the Zealous Popes.- Characteristics of the Group which
succeeded them.-Death of Paul V.-Alexandro Ludovisi elected as
Ludovico
Gregory XV. by the influence of Cardinal Borghese.
Ludovisi, the Cardinal Nephew.-Regulations of Gregory XV. for the
holding of the Conclave.-Father Theiner's Remarks concerning them.
-Interregnum, Description of.-Death of Gregory XV., and Entry of
Cardinals into Conclave.-Conclave expected to be a long one, and
why.- Parties in the Conclave.-Cardinal Saoli again.-Cardinal
Delmonte.-Borromeo.-Cardinals Bandini, Ginnasio, and Madruzzi.—
The Barberini Family.-Character of Maffeo Barberini, who became
Urban VIII.-Cardinals Gaetani, Sacrato, and San Severino.-Illness
in the Conclave of Cardinal Borghese.-He refuses to leave the Con-
clave.-Barberini named in the impossibility of any other Election,
and elected.-Terrible mortality of Cardinals and Conclavists
Reign and Works of Urban VIII.-Change in the Position of the Popes.-
No more Possibility of obtaining Sovereignties for Papal Nephews.-
Accumulation of wealth by the Papal Families.-Sixtus V.-Gregory
XIV.-Clement VIII.-Paul V.-Gregory XV.-Urban VIII.—
Amount of dotation permissible to a Papal Nephew.-Persecution of
one papal family by another.-Conclave at the death of Urban.—
Parties and interest at Rome much changed since the last Conclave.-
Cardinal Pamphili elected as Innocent X.-The Barberini driven from
Rome
295
314
Innocent X.-The Story of his Reign stands alone in Papal History.—
Donna Olympia Maidalchini, his Sister-in-Law.-Her Influence over
him. Her scandalous venality, greed, and corruption.-Scandal
throughout Europe.-Innocent's futile Attempt to banish her.-Anec-
dote of her dealings in the last hours of the Pope's life.-Innocent's
Death.-A Conclave without any leaders.-The "Squadrone Volante."
Anecdote of Cardinals Ottobuono and Azzolini.-Chigi proposed.-
Opposed by the French interest.-The Barberini again.-Chigi elected
as Alexander VII.-End of the story of Donna Olympia.-Pestilence
at Rome.
325
Fabio Chigi, Alexander VII.-His character.-His modified nepotism.—
Difficulty of entirely abolishing nepotism.-Changing characteristics
of the Papacy.-Dispute at the death-bed of Alexander.-Rospigliosi
elected Pope as Clement IX.-His character. The fluctuations in the
population of Rome.-Curious Connection between these phenomena
and the decrease of nepotism.-Mixed motive of the Electors in the
Conclaves of this Period.-Complaints of the decline of religion and
morality in Rome.-Qualities now sought for in a Pontiff.-Innocent
XI. a really capable financier.-Conclave which elected Clement X. 337
Conclave which elected Altieri as Clement X.-No fewer than twenty-one
"Soggetti Papabili."-Barberini.-Ginetti.-Brancacci.-Carpegna.-
Facehinetti.-Grimani.-Gabrielli.- Odeschalchi.— Alvizzi.—Cibo.-
Ottobuoni.
Spada.-Bonvisi. -Vidoni. D'Elci.
Bonelli.-Altieri.-Nerli.-Bona.-Complaint by the
impiety of the Times
No Chief of a party or party able to make Pope the man they most desired to
elect.-Fear of enmity much more operative in the Conclave than
enmity.-Multiplicity of considerations ever on the increase.-The
Conclave which elected Clement X. especially long and difficult.-
Moderation of recent Popes as to nepotism operates to increase this.-
Saying of the Princess Albani.-Abundant evidence in this Conclave
that negotiations with a view to the election were not checked by the
Bulls to that effect. Searching the Dinners of Cardinals a mere
Farce.-Odeschalchi all but elected.-Father Bona wishing to further
his chance, injures it.-Why Cardinal Pio could not vote for Altieri.-
Chigi fails altogether as Head of a Faction.-Anecdote of Cardinal
Razzi.-Message from the King of Spain to the Conclave.-Remarkable
results of it.-Anecdote of Altieri on the Eve of his Election. -Election
of Altieri.-Anecdote of De Retz
365
CHAPTER VII.
Letters of the French President De Brosses.-Last Years of Clement XII.,
Corsini.-Notices by De Brosses of the then Cardinals of Cardinal
Corsini, of Cardinal Albani, of Cardinal Coscia, of Cardinal Fleuri, of
Cardinal Rohan, of Cardinal Tencin.-How Matters went in the Con-
clave.-Tencin loses all influence.-Proposal to elect Cardinal Aldro-
vandi opposed by Albani.-Albani's treacherous scheme to ruin
Aldrovandi.-Albani's treachery ruins the chances of Cardinal Porzia.
-Plain speaking of Cardinal Acquaviva.-Election of Lambertini as
Benedict XIV. His character and appearance.-Conclaves and Popes,
sixteen in number, between that of Clement X. in 1670, and that of
Pius IX. in 1846.-Saying of Cardinal Albani.-Characteristics of latter
Popes
378
BOOK V.
THE CONCLAVE AS IT IS AT PRESENT.
The death of a Pope.-Time to elapse before Conclave.-Cardinal Gays-
ruck's Journey.-The Mode of constructing cells for the Conclave.-
Localities in the interior of the Conclave.-Drawing lots for the cells.-
Mode of fitting and furnishing the cells.-The cell of a Royal Cardinal.
-The Camerlengo.-Mode of living of the Cardinals.—First day in
Conclave
b
395
The Twenty rules of Gregory XV.-Signal for strangers to clear out.-Scale
of payment of fees to servants and attendants in Conclave.-Death of a
Cardinal in Conclave.-Business of each meeting of the Cardinals
between the death of the Pope and the commencement of Conclave.-
Entry into Conclave.-Bull of Pius VI. dispensing with certain formali-
ties in the election of his successor.-Next Conclave in all probability
will be quite regular
401
Three Canonical modes of Election.-Scrutiny and "Accessit."-Entry of
the Cardinals into Chapel for the scrutiny.-Vestments.-Mode of pre-
paring the Sixtine Chapel for the scrutiny.-The Seats of the Cardinals
at the Scrutiny.-The "Sfumata."-How the day passes in Conclave.—
The bringing of the Cardinals' dinners.-Cardinals heads of Monastic
Orders. Close of the day in Conclave
. 409
Mcde of Procedure at the Scrutiny.-" Ante-scrutiny."-The Four Actions
composing it.-Description of the voting papers.-The Eight Actions
composing the Scrutiny more properly so called.-Infirm Cardinals.-
The Manner of their voting.-Relatives may not be Conclavists.-
How this rule is evaded.-The "Accessit."-The "Post-scrutiny.".
Different procedure in case an election has or has not been accom-
plished.-Care to ascertain that an elector has not made the necessary
majority by voting for himself.-Cases of conscience as regards the
voting.-Objects intended to be ensured by Conclave rules impossible
of attainment.-Conclusion