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p. 298: The learned orientalist Tychsen has given me instruction in the Gothic and Theotuscan languages, which I can now read pretty well.' There were two Orientalists of the name of Tychsen ; Coleridge is referring to Thomas Christian Tyschen (1758–1834), Professor at Göttingen.

PAGE 140 1. 9. Hans Sachs (1497-1576), the greatest of the Meistersingers and the representative German poet of the sixteenth century. His poetry, after lying neglected for nearly two hundred years, was again brought into notice towards the end of the eighteenth century, chiefly through the instrumentality of Goethe.

21. His poem entitled the MORNING STAR. Hans Sachs was an ardent supporter of Luther, whose praises he celebrates in the poem beginning, 'Die Wittenbergisch Nachtigall, die man jetzt höret überall'. The Morning Star, however, was composed, not by Hans Sachs, but by Philipp Nicolai.

23. an excellent hymn, viz. the hymn 'Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz?', which soon after its publication was translated into eight languages.

30. that which is called the HIGH-GERMAN. The German language, as Luther found it, was divided into High (including Upper and Middle) and Low German. For his translation of the Scriptures, Luther chose Franconian, the Middle German dialect then in use in the Imperial Chancery, and thus made himself intelligible to both Low and High Germans. His translation of the New Testament appeared first on Sept. 21, 1522.

PAGE 141 1. 8. Almost every third word, &c. The mode of printing described by Coleridge was very prevalent in works of the seventeenth century. Thus, in the first edition of the dramas of Andreas Gryphius, we have such forms as: 'Semperheim, Complimentirung, Stoicidalischer Mord.' It was even more frequent in words borrowed from the French. (For this note I am indebted to Herr Dr. Fritzsche, of Giessen.)

12. Opitz arose. Martin Opitz (1597-1639), was the guiding spirit of the movement set afoot at the beginning of the seventeenth century, to purify the language of unlawful elements, and establish stricter canons of literary style. His critical work, Die deutsche Poeterei, had enormous influence in determining the taste of his and many subsequent generations. While he undoubtedly rendered great services to the language, Opitz retarded the growth of German literature by imposing a mechanical conception of poetry upon the nation.

23. the splendid era, &c. The second classical period of German literature, dating from the second half of the eighteenth century, and culminating in Schiller and Goethe.

With Klopstock Coleridge came into personal contact, paying him, in company with Wordsworth, a visit at his house in the neighbourhood of Hamburg. He recorded his own and Wordsworth's

impressions in Satyrane's Letters (Lett. II). Of the poet's great work, The Messiah, Coleridge's opinion is summed up in his exclamation on hearing Klopstock designated as a German Milton-A very German Milton indeed!' See Southey, Life and Corr. iii. 258. For Lessing, on the other hand, he entertained the highest respect. In 1805 (A. P., p. 151) Coleridge wrote: 'Leibnitz, Lessing, Voss, Kant shall be Germany to me, let whatever coxcombs rise up and shrill it away in the grasshopper vale of reviews.' And this predilection for the elder writers of the classical period remained with him to the end. His early enthusiasm for Schiller soon yielded to a more tempered judgement (see his letter in Monthly Review, Nov. 18, 1800; Poet. Works, p. 647), and Goethe's greatness he either could not or would not understand. (Cp. Crabb Robinson, Reminiscences, MS., 1824: 'Coleridge granting the great poet (Goethe) only the merit of exquisite Taste-and denying him Principle; and T. T., Feb. 6, 1833, &c.) Like Lamb and Wordsworth, Coleridge objected to Goethe on moral grounds.

31. Soon after my return from Germany. Coleridge had made promise of contributions to the Morning Post before leaving for Germany; but he did not fulfil his engagement until January, 1800, some six months after his return to England. During January he was an assiduous contributor; but he soon found the work of a reporter too fatiguing, and in a few months abandoned it, not resuming his connexion with the journal until November, 1801 (Letters, p. 324; Life, pp. 93 and 106 foll.). These contributions, together with his other journalistic writings, were collected by Sara Coleridge, and published under the title Essays on His Own Times: being a second Series of The Friend' (3 vols., 1850).

PAGE 142 1. 2. that Journal became . . . anti-ministerial indeed, &c. In 1800 Pitt was still Prime Minister. For Coleridge's report of his speech of Feb. 17, 1800, ' On the continuance of the War with France,' see the Essays on His Own Times, ii. 293, iii. 1009-1019; and letter to Southey, Feb. 18, 1800, 'I reported the whole with notes so scanty, that Mr. Pitt is much obliged to me. For, by Heaven, he never talked so eloquently in his life. He is a stupid, insipid charlatan that Pitt' (Letters, p. 327, and f. n.).

According to De Quincey (see his article in Tait's Mag., Jan. 1835; quoted Biog. Lit. 1847, Appendix, i. 340), 'Coleridge passed over to the Tories only in that sense in which all patriots did so at that time, and in relation to our great foreign interest-viz. by refusing to accompany the Whigs in their almost perfidious demeanour towards Napoleon Buonaparte. . . . It was thus far-viz. exclusively, or almost exclusively, in relation to our great feud with Napoleon-that Coleridge adhered to the Tories.' See T. T., April 28, 1833, where Coleridge denounces 'the conduct of the

Whigs from the early years of the Revolution, and Fox's gradual departure "from all the principles of English policy and wisdom".

9. Mr. Perceval. Spencer Perceval (1762-1812) succeeded the Duke of Portland as Prime Minister, 1809; assassinated, 1812.

F.N. For this quotation see The Friend (1818), 'On the Principles of Political Knowledge,' § 1, Essay 5. (First printed in The Friend, 1809, No. 10.)

PAGE 145 1. 2. after that paper was transferred. Stuart sold the Morning Post in 1802, and took over the Courier in 1803. Coleridge's last recorded contribution to the Morning Post is dated Nov. 5, 1802. For his connexion with the Courier see note to Biog. Lit. i. 38, l. 10.

5. Things of this nature, &c. From the Prologue to The Royal Slave, by William Cartwright (1611-43).

9. Yet in these labours I employed. The controversy to which Coleridge's statements in the Biog. Lit. and T. T. (first edition), respecting his connexion with the Morning Post and the Courier, gave rise, is too complicated to be dealt with in these notes. The reader should consult the Life, pp. 107-9; the Gentleman's Magazine for May and June, 1838, where Stuart gives his own version of the matter: Biog. Lit. 1847, Introduction p. iv, and Biogr. Suppl. ch. v.

15. I was never honoured, &c. In a long and interesting letter to Daniel Stuart of September, 1814 (Letters, p. 627), dealing with his fortunes as a journalist, Coleridge draws a pathetic picture of himself, 'Unthanked and left worse than useless, by the friends of the Government, and the Establishment, to be undermined or outraged by all the malice, hatred, and calumny of its enemies and to think and toil with a patent to all the abuse, and a transfer to others of all the honours.'

19. Mr. Fox's assertion. According to Sara Coleridge (Biog. Lit. 1847, i. 340) 'it is certain that some orator of the Opposition (Charles Fox, as Coleridge asserts) had pointed out all the principal writers in the Morning Post to Napoleon's vengeance, by describing the war as a war "of that journal's creation"". I do not know that this Parliamentary allusion is anywhere on actual record.

23. a specified object of Buonaparte's resentment. Coleridge's various reported accounts of the circumstances attending his departure from Rome and Italy in 1806 (Gillman, Life, pp. 17981: Cottle, Rem., pp. 310-13: Caroline Fox's Journals, p. 64) are not wholly consistent, but they agree in this, that he was warned to leave Italy as soon as possible, as Napoleon had ordered his arrest on account of the articles written in the Morning Post (Life, p. 151). A similar statement is contained in a footnote to a title-page of a proposed reprint of newspaper articles, quoted in Letters, p. 498 f. n. On this Mr. E. H. Coleridge (ib.) thus comments: 'It is

a well-known fact that Napoleon read the articles in the Morning Post, and deeply resented their tone and spirit, but whether Coleridge was rightly informed that an order for his arrest had come from Paris, or whether he was warned that if, with other Englishmen, he should be arrested, his connexion with the Morning Post would come to light, must remain doubtful.' Napoleon's fear of the English Press is illustrated by his courteous behaviour to an otherwise insignificant English journalist (see Biog. Lit. 1847, i. 341).

29. by Cardinal Fesch himself. Cardinal Fesch (1763-1839), Archbishop of Lyons, was sent as ambassador to Rome in connexion with Napoleon's project to be crowned by the Pope at Paris. Cottle (Rem., p. 310) tells us that 'Cardinal Fesch, in particular, was civil, and sought his (Coleridge's) company'. The hint of danger, however, was according to Cottle (ib.) given by no less a person than Jerome Buonaparte himself. But this, like many of Cottle's statements, must be accepted with reserve.

33. that good old man, the present Pope. See the statement quoted in the Letters, p. 498 f.n.: 'By the Pope's goodness I was off by one.'

PAGE 146 1. 1. Duc d'Enghien, a Bourbon, son of the Prince of Condé. Solely in order to strike a blow at the Bourbons, Napoleon caused him to be arrested, summarily tried, and shot (March 21, 1804).

7. my essays contributed to introduce, &c. Cp. letter to Daniel Stuart (Letters, p. 828): 'I dare assert, that the science of reasoning and judging concerning the productions of literature, the characters and measures of public men, and the events of nations, by the subsumption of them under PRINCIPLES deduced from the nature of MAN... was unknown before the year 1795-6' (i. e. the year of Coleridge's entry into public life, the year of the Conciones and The Watchman).

15. the merit of having first explicitly defined. In the Morning Post, Oct. 1802: Essays on His own Times, ii. 542. See note to Essay V, 'On the Principles of Political Knowledge' (The Friend, 1818: York, Library ed., p. 148), where Coleridge claims for his Morning Post article 'the first philosophical appropriation of a precise import to the word Jacobin, as distinct from Republican, Democrat and Demagogue'.

PAGE 147 1. 10. the series of essays entitled, &c. Published in the Morning Post, Sept. 21, 25, Oct. 2, 1802; Essays on His Own Times, ii. 505.

12. in those which followed. Morning Post, Oct. 12, 1802; Essays, &c., ii. 532.

17. at the commencement of the Spanish revolution. The eight Letters on the Spaniards' appeared in the Courier of December-January, 1809-10, and were reprinted in Essays on His Own Times, ii. 593–661. See Letters, p. 629 and note, and

T. T., April 28, 1823, where the story is told of Lord Darnley's incredulity respecting the predictions made in these letters, and of his astonishment at their subsequent fulfilment.

27. if my own feelings had not precluded. Coleridge had at no time any intention of remaining at Malta. In the first instance he went out merely in the hope of freeing himself from ill-health and 'inward distractions'. His occupations in Malta he describes as a business he detested'; and before a year was out, he was chafing at the delays which kept him in Malta, though it was no happy home-coming to which he could look forward.

PAGE 148 1. 34. the compositions... I have made public. Coleridge is thinking of his writings in periodicals and journals-The Watchman, The Friend, the Courier and Morning Post, and the Lecture-Pamphlets of 1795.

PAGE 151 1. 9. Keen pangs of love, &c. From the poem To a Gentleman (William Wordsworth), 11. 65-75, composed at Coleorton in January, 1807. The poem was sent in MS. to the Beaumonts, and afterwards printed in Sibylline Leaves, but with many alterations. See Poet. Works, pp. 177 and 634: Memorials of Coleorton, i. 216. The lines here printed stand as in the original.

23. Affectus animi varios, &c. From Petrarch's Epist., Lib. i. Barbato Salmonensi; Op. Basil. 1554, p. 1330 (ref. Biog. Lit. 1847). In the original four verses occur between 'Vox aliudque sonat' (which should be 'voxque aliud mutata sonat') and ‘Jamque observatio vitae'. A portion of the same poem was prefixed as a motto to Love Poems in the Sibylline Leaves. See A. P., p. 262 and Editor's Note.

CHAPTER XI

Samuel Whitbread

PAGE 152 1. 1. the late Mr. Whitbread's. (1758-1815), politician and philanthropist. He took an active part in the rebuilding and reorganizing of Drury Lane Theatre (reopened Oct. 10, 1812). See Biog. Lit. ii. 181.

9. Whitehead. The poet William Whitehead, 1714-85. He was made laureate on the death of Cibber in 1757, and in this capacity wrote his humorous 'Charge to the Poets' (1762).

17. With the exception of one extraordinary man. ? Robert Southey. See Biog. Lit. i. 47-8.

PAGE 153. 1. 5. one contradistinction of genius from talent. For another point of distinction see Biog. Lit. i. 59, and cp. T. T., May 21, 1830, and Lectures, p. 13 (Talent was a manufacture: genius a gift which no labour or study could supply, &c.'), and p. 64. For the analogy of virtue and genius, cp. Coleridge's statement (A. P., 165), ' when a mere stripling, I had formed the opinion that true taste was virtue, and that bad writing was bad feeling;' and

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