Abercrombie, James (1706-1781); born

in Scotland; in command of British forces in America, 1756 and 1758; defeated at Ticonderoga, 1758; succeeded by General Amherst, 1759. Adams, Charles Francis (1807-1886),

born at Boston; edited Boston Whig; Graduate of Harvard, 1825; became prominent in Republican party; served in Congress, 1859-61; minister to Great Britain, 1861-68; represented U. S. on the Geneva Tribunal, 1871; unsuccessful candidate for Republican presidential nominee, 1872. Adams, John (1735-1826); second President of U. S., 1797-1801; born at Braintree, Mass.; graduated at Harvard; admitted to bar, 1758; delegate to Continental Congress, 1774; as chairman of board of war encouraged movement for Independence; commissioner to France, 1778; minister to Great Britain, 1785; Vice-President, 1789-97. Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848);

sixth U. S. President, 1825-1829; son of John Adams; born at Braintree, Mass.; graduate of Harvard, 1787; minister to The Hague, 1794; negotiated commercial treaty with Prussia, 1799; in state senate, 1802; national senate, 1803-08; minister to Russia, 1809-14; a negotiation of Treaty of Ghent, 1814; minister to England, 181517; Secretary of State under Monroe, 1817-25; member of House of Representatives, 1830-1848; famous for efforts in behalf of abolition.

Adams, Samuel (1722-1803); an Amer

ican political leader; second cousin of John Adams; a signer of Declaration of Independence; able and unselfish worker for American independence; member of Congress for eight years; governor of Massachusetts, 1794-1797. Agassiz, Louis John Rudolph (18071873); naturalist; native of Switzerland; published five volumes on Fossil Fishes, 1834-44; arrived at Boston, 1846; professor of zoology and geology at the Lawrence Scientific School, made scientific exploration of shores of Lake Superior, later of southern coasts of U. S. of Brazil and waters of the Pacific; received many degrees and medals for valuable contributions to science.

Aguinaldo, Emilio (1870- ); born on island of Luzon; of Chinese and Tagalog parentage; reared by a priest; well educated; went to Hongkong before he was twenty; learned something of European methods of warfare; led Filipino rebellion against Spain, 1896; aided Dewey against Spanish, 1898; led revolt against American authority when disappointed in expectation of Philippine independence, 1898-1901; now a prosperous farmer. Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth (18411915); for thirty years U. S. senator from Rhode Island; an authority upon tariff and financial problems; a large share of credit is due him for the Federal Reserve banking system.

Allen, Ethan (1737-1789); migrated from Connecticut to Vermont with four

brothers about 1766; organizer "Green Mountain Boys" to oppose New York's claim to Vermont; captured by the British while reconnoitering near Montreal and held captive, 1775-1778; made brigadier-general by Congress; largely instrumental in forcing recognition of Vermont as a state. Allison, William Boyd (1829-1908); born at Perry, O.; practiced law in Ohio until 1857; removed to Iowa; U. S. senator from Iowa for thirty-five years, 1873-1908; practically every financial measure passed in this period was at least in part his work. Allouez, Claude Jean (1620-1689); French missionary among Indians on St. Lawrence and Lake Michigan; founded missions among the Foxes, Miamis, etc., on Green Bay; kept valuable records.

Altgeld, John Peter (1847-1902); born in Prussia; served in Union Army in Civil War; speculated fortunately in Chicago real estate; elected by Democrats judge of Illinois Supreme Court 1886 and governor of Illinois 1893; aroused storm of protest by pardoning Chicago anarchists; author Our Penal Machinery and Its Victims. Amherst, Sir Jeffrey (1717-1797); born in England; commanded expedition against Louisburg, 1758; appointed commander-in-chief in America, 1758; drove French from Lake Champlain, 1759; captured Montreal, completed conquest of Canada; governor of Virginia, 1763; conceived violent hatred of the Indians; later held positions of honor in England.

Andros, Sir Edmund (1637-1714); English colonial governor in America; governor of New York, 1674-1683; in 1686 made governor of united New England Colonies; colonists refused to recognize his authority; returned to England upon news of abdication of King James; later was popular as governor of Virginia, 1691-1697. Anthony, Susan Brownell (1820-1906); school teacher; advocate of abolition. temperance, and co-education; founded The Revolution (woman's rights organ) 1868; arrested and fined for voting in the election of 1872; lectured on suffrage throughout the English-speaking world; delegate to international council of women in London, 1899; co-author History of Woman Suffrage; president American Woman Suffrage Association for many years.

Aquinas, St. Thomas (1227-1274); author of Summa Theologiae, standard authority of the logical system of the Catholic Church to-day.

Arnold, Benedict (1741-1801); native

of Connecticut; entered army at out

break of Revolution; made brigadiergeneral after leading a regiment into Canada to an unsuccessful attack on Quebec, 1777; embittered by appointment over him of five juniors as majorgenerals; forced the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga; made major-general; court-martialed for quarrels with authorities of Pennsylvania, sentenced to reprimand.

Arthur, Chester Allan (1830-1886); twenty-first President of United States, 1881-85; born at Fairfield, Vermont; began practice of law in New York City, 1854; engineer-in-chief on Governor Morgan's staff, 1860; inspectorgeneral and quartermaster-general of state militia, 1861-63; collector of port of New York, 1871-78; elected VicePresident, 1880.

Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Lord (1774-1848); born in England; employed in mercantile affairs in United States as a young man; member of Parliament, 1812-35; became peer, 1835.

Astor, John Jacob (1763-1848); born in Germany; son of a butcher; emigrated to New York, 1783; within six years acquired fortune of $200,000 in fur trade; at his death had commercial connections throughout the world; founder of Astor Library, New York. Atchison, David R. (1807-1886); native of Kentucky; removed to Missouri; member state legislature and circuit court; U. S. senator from Missouri, 1843-1855; strong pro-slavery advo

cate.

Austin, Moses, and Stephen Fuller; Moses Austin of Connecticut received from Mexico permission to colonize 300 families in province of Texas; died in 1821. Stephen, son of Moses, established the settlement of San Felipe de Austin, 1821; joined Texas Revolution, 1835; became commander-in-chief of Texas army; appointed commissioner to United States; secretary of state in Republic of Texas under Sam Houston, 1836; died while negotiating for recognition of Texan independence by United States, 1836.

Bacon, Nathaniel (1648-1676); Virginia planter; member of governor's council; became dissatisfied with unequal taxation, unjust tobacco dues, and unfair system of voting in the colony. Baldwin, Jesse A. (1854- ); born, Greenwood, Ill.; admitted to bar, 1877; assistant United States attorney, 187784; judge of Appellate Court, 1910-12; trustee of University of Chicago. Balfour, James (1848- ); first sat in British House of Commons, 1874; secretary of state for Ireland, 1887;

leader of conservative party for more than twenty years; prime minister, 1902-05; leading conservative in coalition war ministry formed, 1915; at head of British delegation in disarmament conference at Washington, D. C., 1921. Ballinger, Richard Achilles (1858- ); born at Boonboro, Ia., admitted to bar; judge of State of Washington superior court, 1894-97; mayor of Seattle, 190406; commissioner of general land office, 1907-09; Secretary of Interior, 1909, until his resignation in 1911. Bancroft, George (1800-1891); historian; born in Worcester, Mass.; graduate of Harvard, 1817; received Ph.D. in Germany at age of twenty; published a volume of poems, 1823; published ten volume History of the United States, 1834-1874; interested in transcendentalism; Secretary of Navy under Polk; established Naval Academy at Annapolis; minister to England, 1846-49; Prussia, 1867; North German Confederation, 1868; German Empire, 1871; published History of the Formation of the Constitution, 1882. Bassett, John Spencer (1867- ); graduate Trinity College, N. C.; professor of history Smith College, 1906; author A Short History of the United States.

Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant (1818-1893); began Civil War by bombardment of Fort Sumter; born at New Orleans; graduated at West Point, 1838; won distinction in Mexican War; superintendent of West Point; resigned to enter Confederate Army as general; after war became president of New Orleans, Jackson & Mississippi Railroad.

Beecher, Henry Ward (1813-1887); graduate of Amherst, 1834; Lane Theological Seminary, 1834-1838; pastor Plymouth Congregational Church, Brooklyn, from 1847 on; famous as editor, publicist, and author; strong anti-slavery and Unionist supporter; represented Union sentiment in England, 1863; author of two score of volumes; chosen to the Hall of Fame, 1900. Bell, John (1797-1869); native of Tennessee; practiced law; member of Congress, 1827-41; joined Whigs, 1832, and was elected Speaker of the House; Secretary of War in Harrison's cabinet but resigned because of rupture between Tyler and Whigs; member of Senate, 1847-59; nominated for presidency by Constitutional Union party, 1860; supported the Confederacy. Benton, Thomas Hart (1782-1858); born in North Carolina; became eminent lawyer in Tennessee; lieutenantcolonel in army, 1813-15; removed to Missouri, 1813; established Missouri

Inquirer; United States senator, five terms; opposed repeal of Missouri Compromise, 1854; wrote Thirty Years' View of the American Government, etc.

Berkeley, Sir John (1607-1678); a proprietor of New Jersey; in exile with royal family after defeat of Cavaliers; lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1669. Berkeley, Sir William (about 16101677); born near London; governor of Virginia, 1641-52, 1660-77; staunch royalist; second period of governorship marked by intolerance and harshness; recalled for cruelties inflicted upon participators in Bacon's Rebellion. Bernstorff, Count J. H. von (1862- );

German ambassador to United States, 1908-17; later made ambassador to Turkey.

Birney, James Gillespie (1792-1857); born in Danville, Ky.; graduate of Princeton, 1810; began practice of law, 1814; removed to Alabama, 1818; elected prosecuting attorney, 1823; freed his slaves, 1833; organized the Kentucky Anti-slavery Society, 1835; removed to Cincinnati; issued an antislavery paper, The Philanthropist, became leader of Constitutional Abolitionists; candidate of the Liberty party for President in 1840 and 1844. Black Hawk (1767-1838); chief of the Sacs in 1788; fought against United States in War of 1812; repudiated treaty ceding lands east of Mississippi precipitating Black Hawk War, June, 1831; defeated by Gen. Dodge, July 21, 1832, and by Gen. Atkinson at Bad Ax River; kept as a hostage until 1833; died on reservation near Ft. Des Moines.

Blaine, James Gillespie (1830-1893); born at Brownsville, Pa., newspaper editor in Maine, 1854-60; member of Congress, 1862-75; receptive candidate for presidency in 1876 and 1880; senator, 1876-81; secretary of state, 1881; also from 1889-1892; author of Twenty Years in Congress.

Blair, Montgomery (1813-1883); graduate of West Point, 1835; practiced law in St. Louis; solicitor U. S. Court of Claims, 1855-1858; postmaster general, 1861-1864.

Bland, Richard Parks (1835-1899); born, Hartford, Ky.; practiced law in Missouri; member of Congress, 187395,1897-99; author of Bland-Allison act. Bliss, Tasker Howard (1853- ); born at Lewisburg, Pa., graduated from West Point, 1875; military attaché at United States Legation, Madrid, 189798; served through Porto Rican campaign, 1898; collector of customs at Havana and chief of Cuban customs service, 1898-1902; member of joint

army and navy board, 1903-05, 1909-10, 1915; commanded brigade on Mexican Border, 1911; chief-of-staff with rank of general United States Army, 1917; American commissioner to negotiate Peace, Paris, 1918-19; governor of U. S. Soldiers' Home, 1920Bogart, Ernest Ludlow (1870- ); born, Yonkers, N. Y.; graduate of Princeton, 1896; Ph. D., University of Halle, 1897; professor of economics, University of Illinois, 1909author of Economic History of the United States, etc. Bonneville, Benjamin (about 17951878); explorer, born in France, graduate of West Point, 1815; explored in Rocky Mountains, 1831-36; served in Mexican War; brevetted brigadiergeneral, 1865.

Boone, Daniel (1734-1820); famous pioneer and backwoodsman; born in Pennsylvania; wagon driver in Braddock's campaign, 1755; moved to North Carolina; made first expedition to Kentucky, 1767; later served as guide and surveyor; member of legislature; sheriff in Kentucky; moved to Point Pleasant, W. Va., 1790; settled in Spanish territory (now Missouri) in 1795.

Booth, John Wilkes (1839-1865); actor; brother of noted actor, Edwin Booth; left stage, 1863; fanatical partizan of the South; carried out a conspiracy by assassinating Lincoln in Ford Theatre; escaped with broken leg; was overtaken and shot at Bowling Green, Va. Boulton, Matthew (see Watt, James). Braddock, Edward (1695-1755); a famous English general; noted for bravery in Europe; commander at Gibraltar; appointed commander of all British forces in America, 1754. Bradford, William (about 1590-1657); born in Yorkshire, England; second governor of Plymouth Colony, 16211657; wrote the History of Plymouth Plantation upon which all later histories of the colony have been based. Bradley, Joseph P. (1813-1892); graduate of Rutgers, 1836; associate-justice United States supreme court, 1870. Bragg, Braxton (1817-1876); native of North Carolina; graduated at West Point, 1837; served in Seminole War; brevetted lieutenant-colonel in Mexican War; resigned to engage in sugar planting in Louisiana, 1856; joined Confederate Army, 1861; became commanding general at Shiloh on death of A. S. Johnston; superseded Beauregard in command of Army of West; defeated by Grant at Chattanooga; asked to be relieved of command; resumed service in Georgia against Sherman; later became chief engineer of Alabama.

Breckinridge, John Cabell (18211875); native of Kentucky; educated at Centre College and Transylvania University; practiced law at Lexington; major in Mexican War; member of Congress, 1851-55; elected Vice-President with Buchanan, 1856; nominated for President by southern section of Democratic party, 1860; elected U. S. senator, but resigned to enter Confederate Army; major-general in 1862; Secretary of War in cabinet of Jefferson Davis, 1865; escaped to Europe at close of war; returned to practice law in 1868. Brewster, William (about 1560-1644); a Dissenter from the Established Church of England; known in Plymouth Colony as Elder Brewster; was for a period the only preacher in the colony; for twenty-four years a leader of the colonists.

Bright, John (1811-1889); elected to English Parliament, 1841; Cabinet member under Gladstone, 1868-70, 1873-74, 1880-82; earnest Quaker; fearless reformer and orator. Brock, Sir Isaac (1769-1812); British soldier; placed in command of garrison at Quebec, 1806; became major-general; captured. Detroit, 1812; mortally wounded while repelling American attack on Queenstown.

Brown, John (1800-1859); born at Torrington, Conn., learned no trade; barely supported his twenty children; strong free-state man in territory of Kansas, to which region he migrated in 1855.

Bryan, William Jennings (1860

born, Salem, Ill.; graduate of Illinois College, 1881; admitted to bar, 1883; Democratic member of Congress, 189094; editor of Omaha World-Herald, 1894-96; Democratic nominee for presidency, 1896, 1900, 1908; secretary of state in Cabinet of Wilson, 1913-15; editor of The Commoner.

Bryce, James (1838-1922); born in Belfast, Ireland; educated at Glasgow and Oxford; barrister, 1867; professor of law, Oxford, 1870-93; member of Parliament, 1870-90; as Cabinet member supported Gladstone in Home Rule debates; ambassador to United States, 1907-13; author of The American Commonwealth, Modern Democracies,

Buckner, Simon Bolivar (1823-1914); born in Hart County, Ky.; graduated at West Point, 1844; instructor at West Point, 1845-6; served in Mexican War; brigadier-general in Confederate service, 1861; captured at Fort Donelson; exchanged, fought at Murfreesboro and Chickamauga; governor of Kentucky, 1887-91; candidate of National Democrats for vice-presidency on ticket with J. M. Palmer, 1896. Buell, Don Carlos (1818-1898); born in Ohio; graduated at West Point, 1841; rose to rank of major in Mexican War, became lieutenant-colonel in regular army; brigadier-general of Union volunteers, 1861; major-general, 1862; fought at Shiloh; drove Bragg from Kentucky; mustered out of volunteer service, 1864; resigned commission, 1865; became president of Green River Iron Company in Kentucky. Buford, John (1826-1863); native of Kentucky; graduated at West Point, 1848; ranked captain, 1859; inspectorgeneral with rank of major, 1861; fought under Hooker; on McClellan's staff at Antietam; began battle of Gettysburg; assigned to command Army of Cumberland just before his death in Washington, D. C., December 16. Burgess, John William (1844

); graduate of Amherst, 1870; dean of faculty of political science, Columbia University, since 1890; author of numerous works on political science, The Civil War and the Constitution, etc. Burgoyne, John (1722-1792); captain and lieutenant in Seven Years' War; introduced light cavalry into British army; brigadier-general, 1762; member of Parliament; major-general in 1776; also a successful dramatist; The Heiress still holds English stage; author of Dramatic and Poetical Works. Burke, Edmund (1729-1797); English;

born, Dublin, Ireland; accounted greatest political writer of his century; member of Parliament, 1766; authorities declare him most influential orator House of Commons has ever known; speech "On Conciliation with America" delivered 1775.

Burns, Robert (1759-1796); born at Alloway, Ayrshire, Scotland; farmer lad; meager education; became one of world's best beloved poets.

Burnside, Ambrose Everett (1824

1881); graduate of West Point, 1847; invented breech-loading rifle, 1856; entered army as colonel of Rhode Island volunteers, 1861; captured garrison on Roanoke Island, 1862; twice offered command of Army of Potomac before accepting; superseded by Hooker; served under Grant, 186465; governor of Rhode Island, 1866-69, U. S. senator, 1875-81.

Burr, Aaron (1756–1836); born, Newark, N. J.; graduate of Princeton; lawyer; entered Revolutionary army, 1775; became lieutenant-colonel; U. S. senator, 1791; created one of first political machines in New York City; candidate for governor of New York, 1804.

Burt, William Austin (1792-1858); native of Massachusetts; U. S. deputy surveyor in Michigan, 1840-1847; invented solar compass, 1836, an instrument for readily determining a true meridian; given prize medal for the invention, London, 1851; judge Michigan circuit court and "father" of Sault Ste. Marie Canal.

Butler, Andrew Pickens (1796-1857); native of South Carolina; graduate of South Carolina College, 1817; admitted to the bar, 1819; chosen governor, 1847; twice elected U. S. senate; famous upholder of States Rights doctrine. Butler, Benjamin Franklin (18181893); major-general of militia, 1861; commander Army of the James, 1864; removed by Grant; governor of Massachusetts and member of Congress five terms.

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez (about 1490- ); born in Spain; accompanied Narvaez to Florida as royal treasurer, 1528; shipwrecked; governor of Paraguay, 1540.

Cabot, John (1450-1498); and Sebastian (1476-1557); father and son; Italian navigators in service of England during reign of Henry VII. The elder Cabot was lost at sea in 1498 when making an attempt to colonize the New World. Sebastian made various voyages to South America. Calhoun, John Caldwell (1782-1850); native of South Carolina; graduate of Yale, 1804; admitted to bar; member of House of Representatives, 1811; leader in bringing on War of 1812; Secretary of War under Monroe, 1817-25; VicePresident, 1825-31; U. S. senator, 183343; 1845-50; member of Tyler cabinet, 1843-45. Calvert, Cecilius (See Calvert, George). Calvert, George, Lord Baltimore (1580-1632); English statesman; founded temporary settlement as refuge for Catholics in Newfoundland, 1621; received tract of land northeast