the practice. Whether the cloths so used are suitable or not is a matter to be left to the discretion of the ordinary. In this case their Lordships do not see any sufficient reason for interference, and they must, therefore, advise the reversal of the sentence as to the cloths used for the covering of the LORD's Table during the time of Divine Service, both with respect to S. Paul's and S. Barnabas'."

And now at what price have we gained this triumph? We boldly answer a very slight one. Our altars must not be stone, i.e., we presume, altogether of stone, the Cross may not be fastened or stand upon them,-any where else it may, but not on the altar itself: a distinction, the importance of which does not so much strike us, as it does the Privy Council. However, so it is. Churchmen need not violate even the letter of this judgment, still to have the cross very plainly connected with the altar. And with regard to the material of the altar itself, while we regret the restriction of any liberty, and are unable to acquiesce in the reasons given by the Court, yet after all, if the real, the only real altar,—the blessed Cross itself,-was wood, if the only true real sacrifice (in the true sense of the word) ever offered, was offered on wood, we may well be content to offer the commemorative sacrifice upon the same material. The Holy Oblation is a true Oblation, whatever be the substance of the altar, whatever men may think or decree. It is a fact, which cannot be affected by opinion.

In the same way, we are not disposed to make a grievance of the order respecting the fair white linen cloth: we can afford to part with lace and embroidery, for such a victory. We only as before, regret the narrowing of any liberty.

And so ends this famous suit,-famous in itself, and famous as upsetting false principles of judgment, and establishing broader and fairer ones. The sign of the Cross had been abused: that is no reason for its abolition. Thus one of Dr. Lushington's fundamental axioms is disposed of. "Whatever is not ordained is forbidden," shares the same fate at the hands of the cool, collected, far-seeing Lords of the Council. And by this judgment, they have not only done justice, but secured the Church's peace. We shall have no more Westerton cases. Many churches, threatened by the Lushington judgment, are free now. Where the altars are not wholly of stone, and crosses not fixed to them, discontented Puritans can only growl out their discontent. Their exciting game of pulling down crosses is at an end. Their unchristian sport is denied them, by their favourite Court, their favourite Chancellor, and their favourite Archbishop.

1 It is certain that Sir H. Jenner's Judgment, which is reaffirmed by the Privy Council, did not go so far; therefore we infer their Lordships did not mean to do so either.

2 All work, it is to be observed, is not "embroidery.”

And now Churchmen have once more a vantage ground. Let them keep it by moderation. It is quite clear the Church is not to be surrendered to Puritanism. A statement too was made as to the difference of opinion on the effect of consecration among the Reformers, which was possibly intended as a hint how another celebrated case might go,-that liberty would not be restricted. Let us not mar the future brightening prospects by wilfulness. Moreover the judgment is a great defence against Episcopal Aggression, and we cordially recommend its careful consideration to the Lord Bishop of Carlisle, the Lord Bishop of Ripon, and the Lord Bishop of Gloucester. We have been told of one newly appointed to the Episcopate, that (forgetting, either in his ignorance or in the heat of fanaticism, that a decree of the Arches Court of Canterbury had no force in the province of York,) he hastened to his northern diocese announcing his intention of carrying out the judgment of Dr. Lushington and Sir J. Dodson. We only hope he will persevere in his intentions.

And now let us once more count up our gains from the commencement of the suit. We do not know which most to thank, Mr. Liddell for the defence or Mr. Westerton for the attack. We are sometimes tempted to think Mr. Westerton a friend in disguise, who has been raising questions in order to have certain practices legalized. Here are the matters he has established.

1. The lawfulness of rood-screens, with crosses upon them.

2. The lawfulness of the Eucharistic Vestments.

3. The lawfulness of candlesticks on the altar.

4. The entire lawfulness of the sign of the Cross, in as well as outside churches.

5. The lawfulness of credence tables, coupled with a condemnation of the practice of placing the elements on the Holy Table at the commencement of Divine Service.

6. The lawfulness of various coloured and elaborately worked altar cloths, symbolical of sacred seasons.

7. The important statement as to images, and the distinction drawn.

8. The pregnant hint, that in the doctrines of the Communion the Reformers differed ;-a hint doubtless to be developed into a practical shape, should the case of the Archdeacon of Taunton ever come before their Lordships.

9. The obligatory nature of the Rubrics of the Book of Common Prayer.

We think therefore Churchmen have not much cause to regret the suit of Westerton v. Liddell: nay, we will even in parting say, "Mr. Westerton, we thank you."

With regard to certain painful statements of doctrine contained in the latter part of the Judgment, it is sufficient here to observe that they were altogether beyond the record, and therefore have no

real weight. When the court shall be called upon to hear the doctrine of the Holy Eucharist argued, they will be in a condition to give a decision, at present they certainly are not. Meanwhile it may be well to point out to them that there is really no such opposition between "Altar" and "Table" as they imagine. Under the Levitical Law at least they were convertible terms; thus in one verse of the Prophet Malachi (i. 7) we read, "Ye offer polluted bread upon Mine Altar; and ye say, Wherein have we polluted Thee? In that ye say the Table of the LORD is contemptible.”

REVIEWS AND NOTICES.

Shall and Will; or Two Chapters on Future Auxiliary Verbs. By Sir EDMUND W. HEAD, Bart. London: J. Murray.

THE last of these two chapters is devoted to considering the different ways in which foreign languages form their future, and requires some little philological knowledge in the reader. The first, however, will be found full of general interest, being confined to a continual examination of the English idiom. The conclusion of the author is summed up as follows:

"Shall' was the original auxiliary appropriated to the future in English, as it is in the Dutch and Low German Dialects; it is never superseded by 'will' where any loophole exists for avoiding an implied want of courtesy in its use. If in a question, the person addressed has to answer by 'shall,' or if the sentence be hypothetical or indefinite, the shall' retains its right even with the second and third persons. In all other cases it is not considered safe to employ the compulsory auxiliary when speaking of another."

The pure future he therefore gives I shall, Thou wilt, He will. With this we join the notice of another book in the same department of literature, whose value, also, is not to be estimated by its bulk. To reduce English Grammar (Masters) to anything like philosophical principles, and then to compress it into twenty-four pages, suited to the capacity of children, is a feat which can only be appreciated by those who have tried in vain to teach children from the ordinary manuals in existence.

The Martyr of the Pongas: being a Memoir of the Rev. HAMBLE JAMES LEACOCK, Leader of the West Indian Mission to Western Africa. By Rev. HENRY CASWALL, D.D., Rector of Figheldean, &c. Pp. 294.

THIS is an exceedingly interesting volume, both as regards the history of the individual portrayed, as well as on account of the importance of the field of Church work referred to. Of the three missionary efforts which are being made for the conversion of the negro population of Africa, viz., the settlement of Sierra Leone, the American colony of

Liberia, and that to which the present narrative refers, we very little doubt that the latter is by far the most promising. Many of our readers, therefore, will be glad to learn that an association has been formed in England to aid the Bishops and Clergy of the West Indies in this distinct work; and those who wish for further information on the subject may apply to the author of the present volume. Mr. Leacock was a native of Barbadoes, and reached the age of threescore years before he undertook his mission.

Turkey and the Crimea. By the Rev. EDWARD OWEN, Chaplain to Her Majesty's Forces in the Crimea and at Scutari. (Liverpool: Arthur Newling.)

THIS is a spirited and eloquent description of the scenes of which Mr. Owen was a witness, and the suffering in which he was a sharer. It was originally delivered as a lecture, and published by request. The tone throughout is admirable, and many of Mr. Owen's remarks on the religious condition of the men are suggestive of considerations of the highest importance. Modestly as Mr. Owen writes, it is easy to see from the mere facts he relates, that in these instances the soldier of the Cross was not behind his secular comrades in courage, fortitude, and warm patriotism.

The Church Press has been so extraordinarily active during the past month, that were we simply to notice in the usual manner the books which have emanated from our own publisher alone, they would more than оссиру the space that we usually allot to this part of our magazine. We shall, therefore, so far depart from our usual custom as, in the first place, just to notice these publications under their several heads, without attempting to enter into their respective merits.

First, then, we have to acknowledge two works, as belonging to the highest branch of ecclesiastical literature, we mean Mr. CARTER'S Treatise on the Priesthood, and Mr. HEGYATE'S Ember Hours. The latter is of a purely practical and devotional character, and will do much to elevate the general tone of our clergy: the former is occupied in grappling with the argument which has been so unduly pressed, that because the word "priest" is etymologically connected with " presbyter," that therefore the English Church intentionally disclaims the sacerdotal character for her clergy. This argument has, we know, created so much difficulty in many minds, that we have given a separate article on the subject.

In the department of Controversial Theology, great praise is due to Mr. PERRY's laborious volume on 66 Lawful Church Ornaments, which we shall hope to consider next month as a commentary upon the recent Judgment of the Privy Council.

Under the head of Practical Divinity, there have reached us two volumes of Sermons, one by the Bishop of BRECHIN, entitled Amendment of Life, indicating that deep acquaintance with the spiritual life

for which his Lordship's writings are always remarkable; and another written for a country congregation, and decidedly above the average of pulpit compositions, by the Rev. S. R. MoSSMAN.

Among smaller publications from the same press, we may mention The Mormons, which is issued at a cheap price, under the hope that it may make known as widely as possible the experience of one who, it appears, "left England to join the Mormons, in the city of Zion, and awoke to a consciousness of its heinous wickedness and abominations." Fiction is represented this month by The Curate of Holy Cross, a rather lively tale, showing the success of Church principles in operation. These paper-victories are perhaps not worth much; but as being the work of a layman, it may be fairly accepted as a set-off against a multitude of novels and tales, which are continually representing High-Churchmen as agents of the Evil One.

Of a more miscellaneous kind are, (1.) A Second Part of Poems on Subjects in the Old Testament, by the well-known Authoress of " Hymns for Little Children," which shows that she has by no means written herself out. (2.) A very useful Lecture on Symbolism, by the Rev. WALTER GRAY. (3.) Hymn Tunes for Advent and other Church Seasons, by Dr. TYE; adapted to words from "Hymns and Introits." (4.) Devotions before and after Confirmation, are Catholic in their character, and will be appreciated by many. On the other hand (5.) Short Devotions from the Book of Common Prayer, chiefly for the Use of Sick Persons, proceed on what we conceive to be the very uncatholic principle of limiting the devotions of our people to the one single manual designed for Public Worship instead of teaching them that all the riches of ancient and mediæval Christianity is their rightful inheritance.

Lastly, we have a pamphlet by " Ignotus," (A Voice from the People,) advocating the establishment, by the joint help of Church and State, of a system of middle-class education throughout the country. The subject is certainly truly deserving of consideration; but it abounds in difficulties.

66

A new work, entitled Myrtle and Heather, (2 Vols., J. W. Parker,) by the authoress of "Gwen, or the Cousins," has disappointed us. Gwen," which we omitted we believe to notice, gave promise of better things than we think the authoress has attained to in her last. There is still in " Myrtle and Heather" the same indications of a Catholic tone of mind and a reverential spirit, which pleased us in "Gwen;" but they are so nearly lost in a mass of incidents, conversations, and descriptions, in the ordinary style of a mere fashionable novel, that they seem rather to jar upon us, than to elevate us, in the midst of so much that is worldly and sentimental. We would earnestly recommend the authoress to take a higher line, of which we are sure she is capable, and to leave the sayings and doings of countesses, and " trancingly beautiful singers," to those who know of nothing better.

en

Mr. PIGOT's Blessed Life (J. H. Parker,) takes its title from a series of Sermons on the " Beatitudes," which constitute the chief part of the volume. We scarcely see anything either in the views, or in the author's manner of stating them, which justified publication.

VOL. XIX.

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