The best idea of the equipments of such shops can be found by taking a single institution as illustrating their general nature. For this purpose the following statement, taken from the recent announcement of the engineering department of the University of Tennessee, is given. It must not be imagined, however, that all of the agricultural and mechanical colleges are as well supplied with mechanical apparatus as is this university. I select it because of its almost complete equipment. The facilities for foundry work, alone, are wanting. The shops are in a separate three-story building.

WOOD-WORKING SHOPS (2).

The first of these is a room about forty by thirty-five feet, furnished with benches having drawers and lockers for tools. Each of these has a Yale lock, with its special key. The lockers stand on the benches and contain a full set of tools for the exercises to be performed, each containing four planes, five chisels, backsaw, square, level, gauge, measuring rule, dividers, hammer, mallet, oilstone, oil can, and brad awl. A case in this room contains the additional tools for general use, such as rip and cross-cut saws, bits and bit stocks. A quick working and easily handled vise of iron is attached to the benches, one for each tool case.

The second room contains twelve speed lathes for wood turning, with a full set of tools for each lathe, kept in convenient reach on a tool rack. The tools are those required for turning and boring light work.

All the heavier power machines for wood working are placed in another room on the ground floor. They form a complete set for reducing lumber from its rough state to finished pieces of any kind, ready to be used for pattern making, cabinetwork or carpentry. They include a surface planer, jointer, shaper or friezer, combined rip and cross-cut circular saw, boring machine, jig saw, roll turner, and mortising machine. All these tools are new and of the best designs.

Drying kiln.

Connected with the wood shops is a model drying kiln. A system of steam pipes is so arranged as to give any desired temperature, this regulation being necessary to prevent chinking and splitting of boards by too rapid drying when green. The racks are so arranged as to permit of the removal of any piece of lumber desired without unpiling.

BLACKSMITH SHOP.

This shop has six power blast forges, of the Buffalo Forge Company's manufacture. A full set of tools for light and medium work is provided for each forge, including hammers, sledges, tongs, chisels, bolt-headers, flatters, fullers of several forms and sizes, squares, calipers, and all other tools for work which can be handled by two men. The smoke is drawn away from the forges by a large exhaust fan. Suitable benches and blacksmiths' vises are also provided.

MACHINE SHOP.

The machine shop is fitted up with twelve benches and vises for use in chipping, filing, and the general work of fitting together the various parts of a machine. There is also an equipment of all the tools needed for the general work of the machinist. These tools are also of the best and newest designs of workmanship. They were selected with a view to showing all the general and more important special methods used in iron working. They include engine and speed lathes, planer, shaper, heavy and sensitive drill presses, universal milling machine, universal

reamer and milling cutter, grinder and emery tool grinder. They compose the tools for working iron, steel, and other metals, whether soft enough to be cut by other metals, or so hard as to necessitate being ground into form.

POWER.

Power is furnished by a Sweet straight-line engine and a boiler, the latter located in an annex. The engine runs all the machines during the day and at night is belted to the dynamos in the same room, for lighting the university buildings and grounds. The boiler, aside from supplying steam to the engines, heats the building and drying kilns by either direct connection to the heating coils, or with exhaust from the engine. The room for mechanical drawing is in the third story of this building. Since the courses offered in the mechanical departments vary greatly in the amount undertaken and the character of the work possible with the equipment possessed, no general outline that could be given would be applicable to all or to any great number of the colleges. But the following list of the more usual operations and principles with which students are familiarized will at least convey an idea of the general scope of such instructions.

In the,wood-working shop.-Bench work, carpentry, pattern making, wood turning, cabinet making, joining, box making, frame construction, and, in some cases, the use of wood carvers' tools.

In the metal-working shop.-Bench work, forge and anvil work, molding and casting, brazing, soldering, sheet-metal work, welding, centering and drilling, the making and tempering of tools, and clipping, filing, and general vise work. Instruction is also given in the management of the fire and the ordinary work of the blacksmith shop.

In the machine-shop.-The study of the principles of mechanism and machine construction, the principles of steam, electric, and hydraulic machines, machine work with lathes, the use of drilling, planing, testing, and milling machines, machine design, and the construction of complete machines from parts made in the wood and metal working shops. In all of these departments mechanical drawing is made a part of the entire course, and students are required to work from their own drawings.

When a full course in mechanical engineering is offered, the work of the shops is frequently of a more technical nature, and is in some degree supplemental to such a course. The study of the mechanics of machinery, of the strength of materials, of valve gear and link motion, of boilers, machinery of transmission, motors, electrical machinery, thermodynamics, building and building materials, bridge and road construction, sewerage, etc., is aided to no slight degree by a practical knowledge of tools and machinery. In many colleges distinct courses in mechanical engineering and in the mechanic arts are not offered, the two being united. Some local differences in the courses will be found, too, resulting from dissimilar industrial conditions and from demands for special kinds of skilled labor.

Two institutions-the Institute of Technology, at Boston, and the

Alabama Polytechnic Institute-have distinctly made mechanics, theoretical and applied, the most prominent features of their organizations. The following is the mechanical engineering course of the University of Tennessee:

The equipment of the shops for the work in mechanics and mechanic arts of this course has been described above.

The following excellent course is offered by the University of Wyoming. It may be taken as typical of the work being done in the more progressive of the Western States:

Course of Study, College of Mechanic Arts, University of Wyoming.

In Arizona one of the most important questions with which the farming communities have to deal is that of irrigation. The manner in which this is made a prominent feature in the engineering course of the University of Arizona is here shown, beginning with the second term of the junior grade:

The following course in mechanic arts, offered by the Pennsylvania State College, illustrates the manner of division of studies and shopwork and drawing adopted in that college. The department is thoroughly well equipped for its work:

AGRICULTURAL AND

MECHANICAL INSTRUCTION FOR COLORED

STUDENTS.

In section 1 of the act of Congress approved August 30, 1890, for the more complete endowment of colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts, it is especially provided—

That no money shall be paid out under this act to any State or Territory for the support and maintenance of a college where a distinction of race or color is made in the admission of students, but the establishment and maintenance of such colleges separately for white and colored students shall be held to be a compliance with the provisions of this act, if the funds received in such State or Territory be equitably divided as hereinafter set forth.

And further, that the legislature of any State or Territory establishing and maintaining such separate institutions for white and colored students, respectively

May propose and report to the Secretary of the Interior a just and equitable division of the fund to be received under the act, between one college for white students, and one institution for colored students established as aforesaid, which shall be divided into two parts and paid accordingly.

As a matter of fact, in only sixteen of the States has any division of the fund received been even considered. In most of the Southern States institutions for the education of persons of the colored race had already been in operation before the passage of the act; and this was notably the case in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia. In the few instances where no such school was supported or subsidized by the State, institutions of the character designated in the act of Congress have recently been established or selected as State beneficiaries of the Federal endowment. All of these are not, however, recognized as separate and distinct institutions, several of them being organized as branch colleges or departments of the colleges or universities for whites. This is true in Arkansas, in Georgia, in Maryland, in North Carolina, in Tennessee, and in Texas. There are thus in the South, including these branch colleges, sixteen schools receiving both State and Federal aid and offering industrial and agricultural training to the colored youth. They are:

1. State Normal and Industrial School of Alabama, at Normal P. O., Ala. 2. Branch Normal College of Arkansas, at Pine Bluff.

3. Delaware Agricultural College, for colored students, at Newark, Del.

4. Florida State Normal School, at Tallahassee.

5. Industrial College of University of Georgia, at Savannah.

6. State Normal College of Kentucky, at Frankfort.

7. Southern University of Louisiana, at New Orleans.

8. Eastern Branch of Maryland Agricultural College, at Princess Anne, Md.

9. Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi, at West Side.

10. Lincoln Institute of Missouri, at Jefferson City.

11. Shaw University of North Carolina, at Raleigh.

12.

13. Industrial Department of University of Tennessee, at Knoxville.

14. Prairie View Normal College of Texas, at Hempstead.

15. Hampton Normal Institute of Virginia, at Hampton. 16. West Virginia Institute at Farm, Kanawha County.