the mother. Mythologically the sea stands for the maternal waters and the mother-deep of the unconscious. From the mother the hero is reborn out of introversion, and in following the "categorical imperative" and the urge to individuation, expresses his desire to be and do something, and assume a form of his own; hence a new attitude to life arises.

Mary Rose fled from reality, Harry's flight took him into the world of life and men. Mary Rose became ethereal, disorientated and dissipated into the collective unconscious. Harry became vital, coarsened, and welded into life. The moment he returns to his English home he gets right into the heart of the problem. His first contact with his mother is with an angry ghost. For a moment he is in great danger from her, although he is only aware of the fact later. She stands behind him in the dark with his own knife in her hands. The knife here is a fine symbol of the weapon of the will, which should be in his own hands and not in those of the mother.

I must not omit to speak of the Freudian symbolism of this weapon. The knife I take it would be accorded a phallic significance. It would represent the concrete incest wish; a real sexual desire towards the mother. This concrete interpretation seems to me less related to life itself than the one I have given. This man does not want sexual relations with the mother, he wants to find himself, for which reason he must be re-born from the mother. The weapon in question is his tool, his means of overcoming his enemies. While it is in his mother's hands he is defenceless, his individuality is in danger of being killed: in his own hands the knife provides the wherewithal to accomplish his conflict. This symbolism of the weapon in the hand of the hero is of such universal and ever-recurring prominence in mythology as to warrant it as an archetypal or primordial image.

Presently he recovers the knife, and though clearly he is not devoid of fear and uncertainty he proceeds to handle the extraordinary situation with courage and discrimination.

When he first meets the caretaker his attitude of mind is careless, he is curious, but with no foresight of what awaits him. He quietly overcomes his natural levity in the presence of her evident suffering, and realises that a comely young woman, such as gossip reports her to have been, does not become old-looking, scared and distraught for a trifle. In spite of his nonsense about "My Cabbage," and "winning the war,” he displayed a reverent spirit before irrational facts which he could not understand. He listens. He thinks. His contact with a ghost, and that ghost his mother's, though uncanny, must be understood if possible.

There is sympathy in him as well as reverence for a "poor ghostie" whom he wants to help but does not know how. He proceeds feelingly, and with intuition. In fact to the best of his ability he summons the four chief functions of the psyche, namely thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition, to his aid, and in so doing acquires an objective relation to the problem, and so destroys the spell of the unconscious. Thus he releases not only his mother (his subjectivity) but himself. By overcoming his infantile attitude the unconditioned power of the mother imago is rendered null and void, illustrating the psychological truth of the idea that "whose soever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto them; and whose soever sins ye retain, they are retained." Harry will no longer be found amongst those adult children who blame their parents for every evil chance that befalls them.

He teaches Mary Rose to call him "Harry," and in some mysterious way she seems to become aware that he is, or does replace, the baby she has lost. For the last time the magic music is heard, and she goes

back-or back or on-into the limitless unconscious. She fades out into the night, once more gathered to those collective things from which she never really detached herself. Once more she disappears, and a star falls from Heaven to indicate that a ghost is laid, that a soul has passed away; and shall we not say that another soul, which is the equivalent of a new attitude, has established its claim upon life, and lives on in the person of the son.

Thus in the drama of Mary Rose the complete cycle of the problem of the infantile personality is put before us; nor, in my opinion, is the solution withheld.

REVIEWS.

Addresses on Psycho-Analysis. By J. J. PUTNAM, M.D., Emeritus Professor of Neurology, Harvard University. Preface by SIGM. FREUD, M.D., LL.D. Published by The International Psycho-Analytical Press. London. Vienna. New York. pp. 470. One portrait plate.

The founders of The International Psycho-Analytical Library are to be congratulated very heartily on this their first volume. Professor Putnam's writings have been well known to all students of Psycho-Analysis for the past decade, and it is very fitting that the more important of his writings and addresses should be collected into one volume, after his death, as a permanent record of the faith that was in him in reference to the teachings and work of Freud. The main importance of this book lies, perhaps, not so much in the subject-matter of the papers themselves as in the revelation of the personality of the author which cannot fail to be carried away by every reader, be he trained psychologically or not-a revelation confirmed and strengthened by both the preface contributed by Professor Freud and the obituary notice by Dr Ernest Jones. I know of no better testimony to the value of the whole Psycho-Analytical movement than the writings and utterances of Dr Putnam, when they are judged with full appreciation of his lifehistory, professional standing and environment. For over thirty years Professor of Neurology at Harvard University, Dr Putnam's reputation as teacher, writer and clinician had been founded on his knowledge of nervous diseases viewed from the organic standpoint; and it is some evidence of the strength of his convictions that the last fifteen years of his life were devoted almost entirely to the study of Psycho-Analysis, and to the testing of its principles in his clinical work. Dr Putnam's addresses are characterised throughout by clear reasoning, sound critical judgment and sturdy idealism. Although a staunch believer in Freud's work, within the limitations to be referred to presently, his critical faculty is never in abeyance, and the test of clinical experience and therapeutic result is always very clearly before him. The paragraph on page 53 might well be borne in mind by many critics of PsychoAnalysis: "It should be realized by every fair-minded person that in judging of the work of this growing school of able men, a separate estimate should be made; first, of the method which they use, next, of the conclusions which they reach. The former, at least, is of immense value for the ascertaining of a sort of truth hitherto concealed. Let the method be conscientiously followed and the conclusions will need no special advocacy."

A fuller criticism of the work under review falls naturally under three main headings: (1) papers dealing mainly with the general principles underlying the Psycho-Analytic movement and the critical study of the Freudian position; (2) those dealing with clinical cases drawn from the personal experience of the writer; and (3) those devoted to the philosophic and metaphysical conceptions characteristic of the author's personal views as to the scope, the limitations and the possible future developments of PsychoAnalysis.

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The papers coming under the first of these headings are undoubtedly the J. of Psych. (Med. Sect.) II

6

most stimulating and the most interesting. It is not so much that there is, in the subject-matter, anything new to anyone at all conversant with psychoanalytic literature, but that in the presentation of his conclusions there is throughout a clearness of vision, a grasp of essentials, a logical sequence of thought that is stimulating and convincing. Dr Putnam has one end in view-to convince his audience and readers that Freud's work has given to the world a new method of investigation into the motivation of human thought and conduct, and to the medical profession a new insight into the meaning of mental and nervous diseases, the scientific value and truth of which can never be ignored or denied by any honest observer in the future. The criticism of the work of Adler is a good example of clear reasoning and judgment, and bis final rejection of Adler's position and also his criticism of Jung give evidence that his acceptance of the pre-eminence of the Freudian view was not attained to without full inquiry into other schools of thought.

Loyalty to the genius of Freud is evident throughout, and two passages may perhaps be quoted in this connection as being characteristic of the author and worthy of wide publicity: "The lessons of loyalty are readily forgotten. It is very easy and enticing, after the first flush of enthusiasm for the work of a great leader has somewhat passed away, and lesser men begin to come forward with sharp criticisms and with generalizations that claim to be original but that shine really with reflected light, to transfer to these men the allegiance which is still, in reality, the leader's due" (pp. 337-338). And again: "If observers coming after Freud, and using either the same method or another of equal or greater value, find reasons to arrive at conclusions different from those which he has reached, they may doubtless prove to be benefactors of science or their race. But it is certain that their own conclusions will be of little value, and their method not one to be recommended, if in reaching the former or employing the latter they are led to set aside as worthless or as needless the facts and deductions which this clear-eyed observer had set down as true. New doctrines may go further than old ones, and may absorb them and give to them a different meaning. But unless the old doctrines were false in the sense of having been made by a man who was false to his own sense of accuracy and truth, they surely stand as data to be explained or dealt with with respect" (pp. 338–339).

Those papers in the series which deal with actual cases treated by the Psycho-Analytic method, interesting though they be, are probably the least valuable in the volume. All psycho-analytic cases are notoriously difficult to report fully, and naturally Dr Putnam's earlier ones demonstrate little more than the experience that even a short analysis of a suitable case will give evidence to both analyst and patient of the validity of Freud's main conclusions.

The "Sketch for a Study of New England Character" is certainly, in my opinion, the best of the clinical series. It is interesting to note that Dr Putnam makes little mention, except in Chap. XVIII, of the all-important subject of transference, and I think there is evidence in some of his cases that the stage of positive transference was perhaps not sufficiently recognized by him. This is not surprising if we bear in mind the character traits that are so well brought out in the obituary notice by Dr Ernest Jones.

The philosophical and metaphysical sections are interesting mainly for the insight they give into the personality of the author, and it is noteworthy that Dr Ernest Jones states definitely that he knows of no other instance

in which philosophical views have not become placed in the service of some or other unconscious resistance. The following paragraph sums up, I think, the philosophic creed which is so vital to Dr Putnam in spite of his frank recognition that Psycho-Analysis has no direct concern with ethical standards or moral values. But it should be clearly known that the patient's mind contains also a variety of other data which he is not likely to bring to light, yet which it is vitally important for him to recognize, if this can be brought about without detriment to his progress, as significant sources of motive. Such matters are certain inherent "moral obligations," which everyone who will listen to his own conscience will find that he feels, first, as a member of the "community," in a widening sense; next as a virtual member of an ideal community, or if one will-of the universe. I will waive the question whether the psycho-analyst ought to bring these matters definitely to the patient's notice (though I will say that I believe one reason this obligation is not felt is that the first-mentioned obligations are not believed to exist as such); but it is certain that the psycho-analyst cannot be thoroughly competent for his task unless he has them in the background of his mind. And I believe that the time will come and is at hand, when it will be found that the physician can often act in both ways as helper to his patients, without either the loss of self-respect or failure to perform both tasks adequately. The universe is not, as I believe, founded in logical "reason" alone, much less in "scientific reason as that word is usually understood. Moral intuition also plays its part, and probably discovers its right to do so because of inherent necessities and not solely because of utilitarian adjustments" (pp. 446, 447). This is a sturdy confession of faith, and in spite of all its implications it is not without value, coming as it does from one who was so many years a protagonist of a system of psychological inquiry which leads away from, and not towards, the domain of philosophy and metaphysics.

M. B. WRIGHT.

Psycho-Analysis and the War Neuroses. By DRS FERENCZI (Budapest), KARL ABRAHAM (Berlin), ERNST SIMMEL (Berlin) and ERNEST JONES (London). Introduction by Prof. SIGM. FREUD (Vienna). Published by The International Psycho-Analytical Press. London. Vienna. New York, 1921, pp. 59.

This small collection of papers has been published evidently with a very definite end in view, to demonstrate that the study of the war neuroses has done nothing to invalidate the Freudian position with regard to psychogenesis of the psycho-neuroses. The view is clearly indicated in Prof. Freud's Introduction. The theory of the sexual aetiology of the transference neuroses can be demonstrated by using analytic technique; the traumatic neuroses, which would of course include many of the war neuroses, can also be brought into line with the sexual hunger (libido) theory, by "advancing and making use of the idea of a 'narcissistic sexual hunger (libido),' that is to say, a mass of sexual energy that attaches itself to the ego and satisfies itself with this as otherwise it does only with an object."

Dr Ferenczi devotes the first part of his paper to a brief survey of the literature on the war neuroses. He points out how the organic-mechanistic