-auto-erotism of course has an obvious connection with narcissism. The similarities and differences between this symptom and those of conversion-hysteria are referred to, the latter being described as an auto-erotic symbolization of an object-relationship." (Incidentally, an elucidation of the mechanism of the hysterical "leap from the mental to the physical" is given in this article, the first, we believe, to appear in psycho-analytic literature.) Tics, on the contrary, seem to have no relation to an external object, but to be derived either from constitutional narcissism, or from the secondary form of it conditioned by physical traumata—as when twitching of the eye-lids supervenes on a conjunctivitis. The narcissistic origin suggests a relation to the psychoses, and the author propounds a theory of the interesting connections between tic and catatonic conditions. Another link is shown in the connections between echolalia, tics, and what Freud has called the 'organ-speech' of narcissistic psychotics. Like all the author's work, the article is condensed in form and the presentation entirely without superfluities; it succeeds brilliantly in its design of drawing attention to an important subject which will evidently repay closer investigation.

Berkeley-Hill contributes "A Short Study of the Life and Character of Mohammed," which is rendered unnecessarily obscure by presuming an acquaintance with the life of Mohammed on the part of the reader. It has considerable interest, however, on account of the light thrown on the unconscious forces at work in the religion Mohammed bequeathed to "one-fourth of the human race." The difficulties of dealing with Islam might well be lightened by a sympathetic understanding of the psychological factors behind its bewildering manifestations, especially since a peculiarly ambivalent attitude towards authority appears to be the essential element in them. The Nicene creed of the Christian Church is the subject of a rather elementary analytic study by Cavendish Moxon. A mass of quite interesting interpretations, however, will be found put forward in too incoherent and cursory a manner. There follow some minor communications on the analytic interpretation of points in dreams. Five of the extremely valuable Collective Reviews of recent literature on various subjects, which form a feature of this Journal, are contained in this number-namely, on the Unconscious, the Science of Religion, on Aesthetics and the Psychology of the Artist, on Mythology, and on Dream-Interpretation. There are also important book reviews, notably on Lipschütz's work on the Puberty Glands and their Effects (1919). The first number of the Zeitschrift for 1921 contains two papers delivered before the Hague Congress in 1920 by Jelgersma and Stärcke. There is also the second part of Boehm's contribution on Homosexuality contained in the previous number, which offers a very illuminating and entertaining analysis of a recent German pamphlet on a proposed method of dealing with prostitution in large cities, again showing the extremely close unconscious association existing between homosexual tendencies and prostitution.

J. R.

ARCHIV FÜR KRIMINOLOGIE (KRIMINALANTHROPOLOGIE

UND KRIMINALISTIK).

Edited by Dr ROBERT HEINDL. Vol. 73, Nos. 3 and 4, 1921.
Verlag von F. C. W. Vogel. Leipzig.

This number contains an article by Dr Wilhelm Ostwald of Leipzig on "The place occupied by Criminology in the whole body of Science." Taking as his basis the theory of Comte, according to which it is possible to deduce the internal structure of a given science from its position in the whole structure of scientific knowledge, Dr Ostwald presents a schematic arrangement of this structure in general and of criminology in particular. His system is as follows. 1. Mathetics: (a) Logic, (b) Mathematics, (c) Geometry and Kinematics. 2. Energetics: (d) Mechanics, (e) Physics, (ƒ) Chemistry. 3. Biotics: (g) Physiology, (h) Psychology, (i) Sociology. Applying this system to criminology, he concludes that this science in its most restricted sense falls under the

heading 3 i (Sociology) and represents the synthesis of all other branches of criminological science.

In an article entitled "The Criminal Police System and Anthropology," Arthur Macdonald of Washington discusses how far police records, and in particular the results of technical methods of identification, e.g. the taking of finger-prints, may serve the purpose of anthropological research.

Professors Allfeld and Beling and Dr Max Alsberg (barrister-at-law in Berlin) contribute papers criticising a treatise by Dr Robert Heindl on “Special Treatment of Habitual Criminals," being a supplementary proposal to the most recent German Criminal Procedure Bill. Dr Heindl recommends that in the new criminal procedure account be taken of the political revolution and that the rights of the accused and of his counsel be extended, while special rights (of arrest and search) be accorded to the State in the case of proved habitual criminals. The proposal is intended as a compromise, for the time of transition from old to new, which shall reconcile the most liberal general policy with the requirements of a sound policy of criminal law.

Prof. Mittermaier treats from the point of view of criminal jurisprudence the subject of the employment of means to procure abortion.

The Journal contains further the following articles: "Necrophilia and Necrosadism," by J. P. L. Hulst (University of Leyden). "The Value for Criminal Psychology of Recent Researches in the subject of Internal Secretion," by Dr M. H. Goring. "Attempted Murder with Pathogenic Bacteria," by Dr Lempp. "Ill-Treatment of Children," by Dr F. Siegfried (Public Prosecutor in Switzerland), and various notices and reviews of German, English, American, French, Spanish and Italian books and journals.

C. M. B.