gustus. It has a well 286 yards deep, cut in the rock; and a lime-tree 400 years old is still growing in its garden. The chapel contains 2 pictures by L. Cranach. [Branch Rly. S., 27 m., to Annaberg (for Carlsbad), see Handbk. S. Germany, Rte. 259. S.E. to (66 m.) Komotau, passing (24 m.) Pockau Junct. Stat. [Rly. to 7 m. Olbernhau, a town of 4600 Inhab., prettily situated on the Flöha. Diligence from Pockau to (2 m.) Lengefeld (Inn: Post).] Leaving Pockau, the train proceeds to (32 m.) Marienberg (Inn: Drei Schwäne) 2000 ft. above the sea; and after passing the Bohemian frontier Stat. of (43 m.) Reitzenhain, reaches its highest point (2720 ft.) and descends rapidly in windings through picturesque scenery to Komotau (S. Germany, Rte. 266).] 45 m. Nieder Wiesa Junct. Stat. [Branch Rly. N. through Frankenberg, [for (25 m.) Rosswein, passing (11 m.) Hainichen, an industrious town of 7050 Inhab., and birthplace of the poet Gellert, 1715.] 50 m. Chemnitz Junct. Stat. (Inns: Römischer Kaiser, Stadt Gotha, Victoria, in the town; Reichold, near the Stat.), the principal manufacturing town in Saxony (96,000 Inhab.), situated in a beautiful and well-watered valley. The cotton goods, especially stockings, for which it is chiefly celebrated, and to which it owes its present prosperity, rival even the English in quality and cheapness. In the quantity of hosiery produced Saxony already equals Great Britain. The spacious factory of Becker and Schraps, the largest in Saxony, has 18,600 spindles. Mr. Mundella, M.P., has a factory here. Stockings for the American market, which are almost exclusively supplied hence, are made here at the low rate of 3s. 4d. a dozen. The stocking-weavers for the most part are not congregated into factories, but live in cottages of their own, the feesimple of which they have purchased | by their own earnings. They cultivate in their own gardens the potatoes and other vegetables which form their usual food, and support from the same source the animals which provide them with the small quantity of meat they consume: they live commonly with great frugality on potatoes and coffee. Chemnitz is also famous for the manufacture of spinning and other machinery, locomotive engines, &c. One factory alone employs 2500 men. For 400 years it was a free imperial city, and still displays in its buildings marks of its antiquity. The ancient walls have been pulled down, and their site converted into a pleasant Boulevard connecting the old town with its fine thriving suburbs. The Great Church, Stadtkirche, has a richly carved portal, imitating a framework of boughs, carved in stone, 1525; within, a stone pulpit with bas-reliefs, 1536, and an altar-piece of which the original centre is destroyed, but the wings, painted with 4 saints, are probably by Wohlgemuth. Next to it the chief buildings are the Rathhaus and Gewandhaus (cloth hall), and the modern Exchange (Börse). [Branch Rly. N. through, 25 m., Döbeln Junct. Stat. (see Rte. 87A) to 40 m. Riesa Junct Stat. (see Rte. 87); N. W. direct line to Leipzig, ti Wittgensdorf (Branch to Limbach), Borna, and Kieritsch; S. to Aue.] The line continues W. through small towns, mostly engaged in the stocking trade to 59 m. Wüstenbrand Junct. Stat. Branch Rly. to (12 m.) Stollberg, whence a line runs N.W., rejoining our Rly. at 65 m. St. Egidien Junct. Stat. 70 m. Glauchau Junct. Stat. (Inns: Deutsches Haus; Adler), an industrious town of 21,500 Inhab., on the Mulde, largely engaged in the manufacture of woollen stuffs. [Branch Rly. N. through Penig to Leipzig; N.W., 9 m., to Gössnitz Junct. Stat. (see Rtes. 86, 91), passing through Meerane, a cloth manufacturing town of 23,000 Inhab.] The line turns S. to 80 m. Zwickau Junct. Stat. (Inns: Deutcher Kaiser; Tanne; Post), a picturesque town, partly surrounded by an old wall, on the banks of the Zwickauer-Mulde, with 35,000 Inhab. ROUTE 91. LEIPZIG TO HOF, BY ALTENBURG AND WERDAU.-RAIL. St. Mary's Church, the finest late- Distance, 103 m.; time, 4 to 6 hrs.; 8 trains Gothic edifice in the Erzgebirge, date 1453-1536, is distinguished by its tall tower, which Luther often ascended on account of the pleasing view it commands. Within the ch. is a very fine altar-piece by Wohlgemuth, representing the Virgin and 8 life-size figures of female saints, surrounded by a richly carved Gothic frame-work, executed 1479, sculptured in wood. The Holy Sepulchre, in the sacristy, is an elaborate piece of carving. In the Baptismal Chapel is a good picture by Cranach, "Suffer the little Children." In the Ch. of St. Catherine (date 1465), the high altar-piece, the Feet Washing and other subjects, is by Hans v. Culmbach, an artist of the Nuremberg school. The Rathhaus and Kaufhaus deserve notice, and the Public Gardens are unusually handsome. Coal-beds are extensively worked in the neighbourhood of Zwickau. [Branch Rly. S.W., 42 m., by NiederSchlema (Branch to Schneeberg) to Johanngeorgenstadt, thence diligence to (22 m.) Carlsbad (see Rte. 91A). Rly. S. to (38 m.) Oelsnitz Junct. Stat. for Eger.] The line for Hof continues W. to 86 m. Werdau Junct. Stat., where the Rly. turns S.W. to 143 m. Hof (see Rte. 91). daily. Leipzig is described in Rte. 86. From the Bayerische Bahnhof, on the S. side of the town, the line proceeds S. ascending the valley of the Pleisse, and crossing that stream to 5 m. Gaschwitz Junct. Stat. Rly. S. to (18 m.) Meuselwitz (see below); N.W. to Plagwitz (Rte. 86c). 13 m. Kieritsch Junct. Stat. [Branch Rly. S.E. through Borna to Chemnitz in Rte. 90.] 24 m. Altenburg Junct. Stat. (Inns: H. de Russie; *H. de Saxe; Baierischer Hof, moderate), the capital of the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, near the Pleisse, has 26,500 Inhab. The Palace (Schloss) stands on an escarped rock, and consists of an older part dating from the 13th cent., and a modern portion; it is worth visiting, and contains an armoury. Out of one of its apartments the Robber-knights, Kunz of Kauffungen and William von Mosen, stole the young Saxon princes, Ernest and Albert, in 1455. The ducal family reside in the modern part, built in the 18th cent. The Rathhaus in the market-place is a picturesque specimen of Renaissance style, 1564. The new Museum-built 1876, near the Rly.-for von Lindenau's collection, bequeathed to the town in 1853, contains some really good pictures of the Italian school. The Gothic Ch. (Stift St. Georg), 1412, containing exquisitely carved stalls, &c., of that date, deserves notice. The Mantel Thurm and Schloss Gate are very ancient. The Damm is the name of an agreeable promenade around a sheet of water on the S. side of the town. The inhabitants of the Duchy of Altenburg, by descent Wends, a branch of the Slavonic family, are distinguished by their very peculiar and old-fashioned costumes handed down to them by their ancestors. The petticoats of the women, like a Highlander's kilt, reach no further than the knee; their bodies are enclosed in a cuirass of basket-work, and their heads are surmounted by a conical cap of portentous dimensions. The people have lost their language and speak German, but retain many old customs as well as their dress. Near Altenburg and Gera the Saxon tin-mines are situated. [Branch Rly. W. (16 m.) to Zeitz Junct. Stat. in Rte. 86, passing (7 m.) Meuselwitz Junct. Stat., whence a line runs N. to (18 m.) Leipzig.] 34 m. Gössnitz Junct. Stat. [Branch Rly. W. 22 m. to Gera Junct. Stat. (in Rte. 86), and to S.E. 10 m. to Glauchau Stat. for Chemnitz and Zwickau (in Rte. 90).] 47 m. Werdau Junct. Stat. [Branch Rly. E. 6 m. to Zwickau Junct. Stat. in Rte. 90; W. to (20 m.) Wolfsgefährt (Rte. 86c).] 1. rises the castle of Schönfels on a wooded height. 51 m. Neumark Junct. Stat. [Branch Rly. W. to 7 m. Greiz (Inn: Löwe), a manufacturing town of 10,600 Inhab., picturesquely situated on the Elster, with 2 castles and Rathhaus. It is the capital of the little principality of ReussGreiz. Rly. thence N. to Gera, S. to Plauen, traversing the extremely picturesque *Elsterthal, worth walking throughout.] 57 m. Reichenbach Stat. (Inns: Lamm; Engel) is a thriving manufacturing town; it has 17,000 Inhab., who are chiefly employed in the manufacture of muslin, and in spinning and weaving cotton and wool into kerseymeres, merinos, flannel, and "English thread." Beyond this the Railway is carried over the deep Göltschthal on a highlevel bridge 2046 ft. long (m.) and 278 ft. high, where the valley is deepest. It is composed of 4 tiers of arches, one over the other, but in the centre the stream is crossed by 2 arches, one above the other, 90 ft. span. There are 80 arches in this structure— the grandest of its sort in Germany. Nearer to Plauen the river and vale of the Elster are bridged by another viaduct of a different and more elegant design, 891 ft. long and 225 ft. high, consisting of a lower tier of 2 arches, 93 ft. span, surmounted by an upper tier of 6 arches. It is chiefly of brick-work. 64 m. Herlasgrün Junct. Stat. [Branch Rly. S.E., 66 m., through Oelsnitz and Elster to Franzensbad and Eger (see Hndbk. S. Germany).] A 72 m. Plauen Junct. Stat. (Inns: Deil's H.; Deutsches Haus), a town of 35,200 Inhab., also deriving prosperity from manufactures of linen, cotton, and muslin. It is irregularly built on uneven ground, and is traversed by the stream of the White Elster, which waters a romantic valley, and produces pearls; a royal fishery is established at Oelsnitz for collecting them. great part of the town has been rebuilt since a fire in 1844. The old Castle (called Radschin), rising high above the town, was in ancient times the residence of the Bailiff, or Voigt (Advocatus), from whom the surrounding district got the name of Voigtland; it is now converted into public offices. [Rly. S. to Oelsnitz and Eger.] The railway passes over the high land which forms the watershed of the Elster and the Saale. The country is rather pleasing, partly cultivated, and partly covered with fir-woods. Mehltheuer Junct. Stat. Rly. N. to (22 m.) Weida, for Leipzig. Schönberg Stat. Diligence to (10 m.) Schleiz (Inns: Erbprinz; Sonne), a town of 4890 Inhab., in a pretty situation. Pleasant walk of 14 hr. to Schloss Burgk, finely placed above the Saale. 16 m. from Schleiz is Lobenstein (Inn: Reussischer Hof), a town of 2900 Inhab. on the Lemnitz, with a ruined castle and chalybeate springs. 89 m. Reuth Stat. About 4 m. beyond this the railway crosses the Bavarian frontier. Here the line turns E. to 53 m. Zwickau Junct. Stat., described in Rte. 90, and thence the Rly. proceeds S.E. up the valley of the Mulde to 57 m. Wilkau Junct. Stat. [Rly. to (6 m.) Saupersdorf] and 69 m. Niederschlema Junct. Stat. [Branch Rly. S.W. 3 m. to Schneeberg Stat. (Inns: *Sächsischer Hof; Fürstenhaus), an important mining town of 9500 Inhab., chiefly engaged in the mines, and in preparing the ores of silver, cobalt, &c., obtained from them. There is also a consider 103 m. Hof Junct. Stat. (Inns: *Hirsch; Lamm). This is the first Bavarian town; it contains 21,000 Inhab., and possesses important manufactures of cotton and woollen goods. Its situation is so elevated that only the hardier kinds of fruits come to perfection. The country around is bleak and barren; the rock is primary lime-able manufactory of smalt here. That stone abounding in fossils; and there are many iron-mines in the district. The town was burnt down for the tenth time recorded in its annals in 1832, and consequently a large part is newly built. A handsome Rathhaus and a church were erected in 1833, but the place has nothing to detain the traveller. The frontiers of Saxony, Reuss, Prussia (the town of Gefäll is Prussian), and Bohemia, are not more than 10 m. distant from Hof. An extensive smuggling trade is carried on with Bohemia. Rly. S.E. to Eger Junct. Stat. for Carlsbad, Prague, Vienna, &c., S. to Neuenmarkt Junct. Stat. for Baireuth, Bamberg, Nuremberg, &c. (See Handbook for South Germany.) ROUTE 91A. LEIPZIG TO CARLSBAD, Distance, 115 m.; time, 9 hrs. Rly. throughout, with a break 10 m. by diligence. Leipzig is described in Rte. 86. 47 m. Werdau Junct. Stat. is scribed in Rte. 91, used in the Dresden china is prepared here from the cobalt. The town was founded 1471, in consequence of the discovery of the mines. The Hauptkirche is a very fine building, in the latest Gothic, 1516-40. Its *altar-piece, the largest work of the elder Cranach, represents the Crucifixion, and at the back the Last Judgment, with 8 wings or shutters; they are interesting as specimens of Protestant art, and of the treatment of sacred subjects after the Reformation. In the neighbourhood are the picturesque castles of Stein, Eisenberg, and Wiesenberg. The mining district of the Erzgebirge (ore mountains) displays the bounty of Nature less on its surface than below ground, where she has stored away, for the use of man, vast supplies of silver, lead, tin, iron, cobalt, and coal. The soil is poor, and vegetation is partly checked in the vicinity of the mines by the vapours from smeltingfurnaces; still the country is varied with hills, well wooded, and generally pretty. The Inns are rustic, but tolerable, and the district is not unsuitable for pedestrian excursions. (See Rte. 83).] 72 m. Aue Junct. Stat., a little town at the confluence of the Schwarzwasser of with the Mulde. Here also are extensive cobalt-mines and smalt-works. Near this is dug the porcelain earth from which the china manufactory of Meissen de- is supplied. The serpentine stone, which is turned in the lathe and manu factured into various articles, comes from the quarries at Zoblitz. [Rly. to Chemnitz (N.W.) and Adorf (S.E.).] 79 m. Schwarzenberg (Inns: Stadt Leipzig, near Stat.; H. de Saxe), a small town of 3500 Inhab. above the Schwarzwasser, with the Ottenstein rock opposite to it, at the foot of which is a Bath-house and Bauer's Hotel. Important iron-works here. The Rly. hence passes through wild scenery to 89 m. Johann-Georgenstadt (vulgarly called Hansgörgenstadt) Stat. (Inn: H. de Saxe). A mining town, named after the Elector John George, in whose reign it was built as an asylum for the Protestants driven out of Bohemia by Ferdinand II., 1654. It has about 3400 Inhab. It suffered the loss of 300 houses by a fire, 1867. It stands in a rough district (2460 ft.), a sort of Saxon Siberia, whose produce lies beneath the barren surface, and consists of silver, tin, lead, iron, cobalt, bismuth, uranium, &c. The men are chiefly miners; the women employ themselves in making bobbinet. Hence to the Bohemian frontier is not more than a mile. Diligence hence by Platten on the summit level (2910 ft.) to (10 m.) Neudek Stat., 16 m. by train from 115 m. Carlsbad Stat., on the Rly. between Eger and Dresden (see Hndbk. for S. Germany, Rtes. 259, 260). ROUTE 92. CASSEL TO BAMBERG, viá EISENACII, MEININGEN, AND COBURG.—RAIL. Distance, 179 m.; time, 9 hrs.; 1 train connects through daily. Cassel is described in Rte. 70. The Rly. proceeds S. through Wil helmshöhe (Rte. 70) to 9 m. Guntershausen Junct. Stat., where the line to Coblenz (Rte. 96) and Frankfurt-on-the-Main (Rte. 70) branches S.W., and the line for Eisenach continues S.E., through a picturesque country, skirting the Fulda to 21 m. Malsfeld Junct. Stat. Rly.to (24 m. S.W.) Treysa (Rte. 70) and (56 m. N.E.) Leinefelde (Rte. 93). [On this latter line, at (17 m.) Waldkappel, a branch runs N.W. to (31 m.) Cassel, passing (6 m.) Walburg, whence a short line turns N. to Gross-Almerode. From Waldkappel the line continues to (25 m.) Niederhone, where it crosses the Rly. from Bebra to Eichenberg (Rte. 86), and then proceeds to (27 m.) Eschwege (H. Koch), a town of 9000 Inhab., beautifully situated on the Werra, with numerous excursions. Thence to (50 m.) Dingelstedt, and (56 m.) Leinefelde. 37 m. Bebra Junct. Stat. The Rly. S.W. to Frankfurt-on-theMain, and the line E. as far as 65 m. Eisenach Junct. Stat., are described in Rte. 86. Here the line for Bamberg turns S., and passing through a tunnel 1670 ft. long under the Wartburg Hill, traverses a hilly district, almost covered with the woods of the great Thuringian Forest, to 73 m. Marksuhl Stat. The picturesque and fertile vale of the Werra is here entered, |