Juana, which is the Spanish for "Aunt Jane". Tiwana is said to mean "by the sea".

Miguel Costanso and his companies halted on August 2nd to observe a feast day, and named the place where they stopped in honor of the feast day, "Nuestra Senora de los Angeles", "Our Lady of the Angels".

On September 4th, 1781, the pueblo was actually founded at the order of Governor Neve, on the site of the Indian village Yangna, which was to be known as "Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles de Porciuncula". "Porciuncula" means the "small portion", and was given to the river, which at that season of the year was dry. The name was, of course, shortened in time.

Bimini-name of springs in western part of the city of Los Angeles, said to be "wonder land or land of youth'.

La Brea (the asphalt) is the name of a ranch, near Los Angeles, which contains asphaltum beds which furnish one of the richest fields for paleontological research to be found anywhere in the world. It is here in these beds that the remains of the saber-tooth tiger were found.

Los Ojitos means "little eyes", but is here used in the sense of "little springs".

Santa Ana, name of a stream, named after St. Anna, the mother of the Virgin, and her name signifies "gracious". The day that the Portolá expedition arrived at this stream there were four frightful earthquakes.

In Southern California, the Saints' Calendar is represented to quite a degree. But as the names were often too long, they were dropped and others substituted, as for example the naming of a river by Father Crespi "El Rio del Dulcisimo Nombre de Jesus de Los Temblores"-The River of the Sweetest Name of Jesus of the Earthquakes". But as Father Crespi very naively put it, the soldiers called it Santa Ana.

Santa Monica, named from the mother of St. Augustine. She was a Christian and her husband, the father of St. Augustine, was a heathen.

Santa Catalina, named by Vizcaino in honor of St. Catherine, because its discovery occurred on the eve of her feast day.

Las Animas Benditas (The Blessed Souls), so named from the four Christians who were killed and burned by Anajabas (Mojave) Indians. The bones were gathered and buried and the sepulchre blessed.

San Gabriel, the name of a mission some nine miles east of Los Angeles, was named for St. Gabriel Archangel. Also known as the Mission of Los Temblores. It seems there were many quakes in the locality during the forty years preceding 1812, the date of a very destructive quake in California.

San Fernando (St. Ferdinand), a king of Spain who expelled the Moors from Toledo, Cordova and Seville. The Camulos Rancho, the home of Ramona, the heroine of Mrs. Helen Hunt Jackson's romance, was once included in the lands of this mission.

Temescal, in Riverside County, means "sweathouse". It is an Indian word of Aztec origin, and was brought to California by the Franciscans. It recalls one of the curious customs of the Indians who built little structures of bark, reeds or grass, covered with mud. A small fire would be built in these places, which were very low; possibly a dozen Indians would crawl in, bringing in hot stones, then the only opening would be closed and they would proceed to "sweat". After a good "sweating", they would rush out and jump into a near-by stream of water. The sweathouse was used as a curative for disease and a convenience for cleansing the skin, when necessity demanded it. A number of places throughout the State bore the name of "Temescal", so Riverside County is not to be blamed. There was one lying between the sites now occupied by the cities of Oakland and Berkeley. Its citizens became discontented with the Indian Turkish bath name and changed it to Alden.

San Bernardino, bold as a bear, from St. Bernardinus, who established the Monte de Piedad (hill of pity) municipal pawn shops, where money was loaned to the poor on pledges. The name is given to the mountain, county and city, which is sometimes called "Berdoo", sad to state.

Abalone Point, named from the abundance of great sea snails that once were to be found some miles southeast of San Pedro bay. Agua Caliente means "hot water", used in reference to hot springs. Of these there are many in the State. One is found on the Indian Reservation, southeast of Riverside.

Alamitos means "little cottonwoods". There are several towns of this name in the state, one quite near Santa Ana.

Aliso means "alder tree". It is the name of a place on the Santa Fé railroad. No doubt named for the rancho Cañada de los Alisos. Thought to be modern.

Anaheim means Anna's home. It is a little town near Los Angeles.

Anita, little Anna. Santa Anita, the name of a canyon. Artesia (from Artois, in France), which has artesian wells. Azusa is an Indian place name of a lodge, or rancheria, the original form being Asuksa-gua, the "gua" an ending which indicates place.

Bandini is a surname. It is the name of a place a short distance from Los Angeles, on the Santa Fé.

Bolsa (pocket), a shut-in place. There is a town in Orange County by the name of Bolsa.

Cabezon means big head, and was named for an Indian who

had a large head. Sometimes improperly spelled (Cabazon).

Cahuilla, of uncertain derivation, but probably "Spanishized" from the Indian spelling Ka-we-a. It is the name of a tribe of Indians that once lived on the northern slopes of the San Jacinto

mountains.

Calabazas means pumpkins and is no doubt a corruption of an Indian word "Calahuasa", the name of a former Chumash village. The name may have been given by the Spanish because of the wild gourds which grew in abundance and which were yellow and looked something like pumpkins. There is a little town of this name northwest of Los Angeles.

Cañada is a mountain valley, the name of a place back of Glendale.

Casa Blanca means a "white house", so called from a large white ranch house near the railroad.

Casco means the "skull", shell or outside of anything. Also said to mean the place of the wine cask. El Casco is twelve miles east of Riverside. There seems to be no connection between the name and the place.

Chino Chinaman or a simpleton.

Conejo means rabbit. It is a name given to a number of places in the State.

Cucamonga is an Indian name, a nun of evil repute, applied to a land grant in San Bernardino County.

Duarte is a surname.

Las Flores means the flowers.

Garvanza should be Garbanzo, a section of Los Angeles, means chick-pea.

Hermosa means beautiful. A beach near Los Angeles.
Indio, the Spanish word for "Indian".

La Habra (correct form La Hebra), a place near Whittier, on the Pacific Electric line, means "the thread". Possibly may have some reference to a vein of gold.

La Mirada, the "view".

León means "lion".

Loma Linda, pretty hill.

Los Molinos, the "mills" or "mill-stones", a place near San Gabriel, so named because of stones suitable for millstones.

Los Nietos (literally, "the grandchildren"), but in this case a

surname.

Mohave-three mountains. Name of an Indian tribe, also a small desert town in the desert of the same name.

Murietta, a surname, but not named for Joaquin Murietta, the bandit.

Pasadena, said to be derived from the Chippewa Indian language. The entire name is Weoquan Pasadena, meaning the "Crown of the Valley". It has nothing to do with the "Pass of Eden".

Pomona, "Goddess of Fruit". Spanish word of Greek origin. Name of a town near Los Angeles.

Paso Robles (pass of oaks).
Petaluma (low hills).

Prado means "meadow".

Puente means "bridge", name of a land grant.

Pulgas Creek means "fleas creek".

Redondo Beach gets its name from a land grant which was called "Sausal Redondo" (round willow grove).

Rincon (inside corner).

Rio Seco (dry river).

Rivera means "river or stream".

Rodeo de las Aguas, "a gathering of the waters", once given to the site of "La Brea".

San Jacinto, from the Silesian nobleman who became a monk, St. Hyacinth.

San Juan Point (St. John Point).

San Mateo Point (St. Matthew Point).

San Pedro (St. Peter).

Saticoy, a Chumash Indian name.

Sierra Madre (Mountains of the Mother of Christ).

Simi (source of water), a little town on the Southern Pacific, north of Los Angeles.

El Toro (the bull).

Trabuca Canyon means "blunterbuss canyon".

Valle Verde means "green valley". Incorrectly spelled as Val Verde.

Verdugo, a surname. The owners of the Rancho San Rafael, northeast of Los Angeles and near the base of the Verdugo mountains.

In treating of these California names, I included only the southern part of Southern California.

As one goes north one still encounters the Spanish names, but beyond San Francisco there are fewer Spanish names and more of Indian origin.

The sources of information are somewhat scattered and often unreliable, and thus in many cases it is impossible to trace names to their origin.

It seems that names of places in California were being discussed away back in the 50's, for Mariano G. Vallejo made a report to the first Legislative Session of California (at its request), on April 16, 1850, in respect to the derivation and definition of the names of the several counties of the State.

Even at that early date a great future was assured Los Angeles. We have it in Vallejo's own words: "Doubtless many men of business, both public and mercantile, tired of their avocations, will retire there to enjoy a life of angels".

PRE-STATEHOOD PERIOD

BY J. ANDREW EWING

A study of the conditions of education in California before it became one of the sisterhood of States, leads us at once to the impression that there was not much education going on of the sort with which we are familiar today. We are tempted to draw a comparison with the condition of education on the eastern shore of our continent at the same time. Ordinarily it would be better for us to reserve our comparisons until later, but in this case it will serve as an introduction to the more detailed study of the actual conditions on this coast.

First of all, we must remember that California was Spanish territory until 1823, and then Mexican until 1846. So for much of the period before statehood we are dealing with a civilization. which was very different from our own. It was that of Spain, with its Latin interweaving of church and state, which has persisted in that country down to the present day; it was the civilization of a nation which recognized exploitation of men and land as the fundamental principle of colonial expansion. Spain used the church as one of her most powerful agencies.

The education of the natives to ideas of freedom and liberty was not on the program. There was, rather, a well defined policy of keeping the Indian as ignorant as possible, that they might be the more completely subject to the will of the Spanish masters. The natives became proficient in repeating the services of the Church, but beyond this the padres did not care to lead them. Most students are agreed that the condition of the neophyte Indian was of a servile nature-very little removed from slavery. The policy was much the same as that followed in the Southern States toward the negro, before the Civil War, and indeed, the situation was quite comparable. It was not a lack of opportunity, neither was it a lack of ability, as many of the padres were finely educated men from the seminaries of Spain, but they were not willing to impart their knowledge to their lowly slaves and thus endanger the servile system.

Compare this condition, if you please, with that on the eastern coast of our country, where about the first thing thought of after the settlement of a colony was the establishment of schools and colleges. While ignorance prevailed on the western coast, the eastern colleges, like Harvard and Yale and others, were graduating large classes of students, and education was the rule rather than the exception.