TOPICS FOR COMPOSITIONS Animals which Migrate The Aërial Mail Service Interesting Stamps in my Collection. Road (or Street) Construction in our Community The Use of Motor Trucks in Long-Distance Transportation Secrets of the Weather Bureau Diary of a Pony-Express Rider The Railway Mail Service Early Railway Construction in our State To California by Stagecoach The most Interesting Journey I ever made Curious Modes of Travel in the Orient My First Trip in the Subway (or on the Elevated) The Control of the Railroads in Canada Truth and Fiction in the Newspapers 1. Study References READINGS FOR PUPILS Lessons in Community and National Life : A-26: CLARK, J. M. "Concentration of Control in the Railroad Industry." *B-10: REAVIS, W. C. "Telephone and Telegraph." *B-26: DUNCAN, C.S. "Concentration in the Marketing of Citrous Fruits." B-27: MOORE, C. H. 'Good Roads." C-1: GILLET, H. O. C-27: HILL, H. C. C-28: HILL, H. C. " "The War and Aëroplanes." "Early Transportation in the Far West." "The First Railway across the Continent." B-1, C-13, and C-25 are also useful. CARLTON, FRANK T. Elementary Economics, pp. 109-124. CARVER, THOMAS N. Elementary Economics, pp. 170-189. *DU PUY, WILLIAM A. Uncle Sam's Modern Miracles, pp. 28-41, 143176, 188-201. DU PUY, WILLIAM A. Uncle Sam, Wonder-Worker, pp. 214–219. HASKIN, FREDERIC J. The American Government, pp. 145-156, 171-182, 219-230, 305-316. 2. History, Biography, Travel, Essay BANKS, ELIZABETH L. The Autobiography of a Newspaper Girl. *BISHOP, A. L., and KELLER, A. G. Industry and Trade, pp. 291-374. CASSON, HERBERT N. The History of the Telephone. *CLEMENS, SAMUEL L. (MARK TWAIN). Life on the Mississippi. COLLINS, A. F. The Wireless Man. DANA, RICHARD HENRY. Two Years before the Mast. DAVIS, J. P. The Union Pacific Railway. DUNCAN, R. K. The Chemistry of Commerce. FISHER, ELIZABETH F. Resources and Industries of the United States, pp. 200-222. GILPIN, W. B. The Pony Express. GIVEN, J. L. The Making of a Newspaper: GRANT, GORDÓN. The Story of the Ship. *HAYS, WILL H. "The Human Side of the Postal Service," American Review of Reviews (December, 1921), Vol. LXIV, pp. 625–640. HEBARD, GRACE R. The Pathbreakers from River to Ocean. HENDRICK, BURTON J. The Age of Big Business, pp. 86-148, 170-187. HENDRICK, BURTON J. "Telephones for the Millions," McClure's Magazine (November, 1914), Vol. XLIV, pp. 45-55. HULBERT, ARCHER B. The Paths of Inland Commerce. JOHNSTON, HAROLD W. The Private Life of the Romans, pp. 278–298. LIPPMANN, WALTER. Liberty and the News. Literary Digest (October 9, 1920), "The Spirit of the Old 'Pony Express' now carries the Air Mail," Vol. LXVII, pp. 76–82. LUMMIS, C. F. A Tramp across the Continent. *MASON, OTIS T. The Origins of Invention, pp. 325–365. MOODY, JOHN. The Railroad-Builders. MORAVSKY, MARIA. "The Subway, Elevated, and Airplane from a Sentimental Point of View," Outlook (October 20, 1920), Vol. CXXVI, pp. 328-332. *OSGOOD, ELLEN L. A History of Industry, pp. 285-291, 379-387, 397-401. PAINE, ALBERT B. In One Man's Life. PARKMAN, FRANCIS. The Oregon Trail. PAYNE, S. H. History of Journalism in the United States. PYLE, JOSEPH G. The Life of James J. Hill. ROLT-WHEELER, FRANCIS W. The Boy with the U. S. Mail. ROPER, DAVID C. The United States Post Office. *SCOTT, FRED N. "The Undefended Gate," English Journal (January, 1914), Vol. III, pp. 1–14. SEITZ, DON C. Training for the Newspaper Trade. SMITH, SIR Ross. "From London to Australia by Aëroplane," National Geographic Magazine (March, 1921), Vol. XXXIX, pp. 229–339. TAPPAN, EVA M. Travelers and Traveling. TYLOR, E. B. Early History of Mankind, chaps. ii-v. *WARMAN, Cy. The Story of the Railroad. WEBSTER, WILLIAM C. A General History of Commerce. 3. Imaginative Literature: Novel, Short Story, Poetry, Drama BRYANT, MARGUERITE. Christopher Hibbault, Roadmaker. CONRAD, JOSEPH. 'Twixt Land and Sea. CONRAD, JOSEPH. Typhoon. DAVIS, RICHARD HARDING. Gallagher: a Newspaper Story. GRAYSON, DAVID. Hempfield. GREENE, FREDERICK S. The Bunker House. *HARTE, BRET. Tales of the Argonauts. JORDAN, ELIZABETH G. May Iverson's Career. KIPLING, RUDYARD. The Liner She's a Lady. KYNE, PETER B. Cappy Ricks. LINCOLN, JOSEPH. Cap'n Eri. LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH. The Building of the Ship. MASEFIELD, JOHN. Salt-Water Ballads. MELVILLE, HERMAN. Moby Dick. *SPEARMAN, FRANK H. Held for Orders. *SPEARMAN, FRANK H. The Nerve of Foley. *SPEARMAN, FRANK H. Stories of Railroad Life. WHITE, STEWART EDWARD. The Blazed Trail. *WILLIAMS, JESSE L. The Stolen Story and Other Newspaper Stories. WILLIAMS, WAYLAND W. Goshen Street. WILLIAMSON, CHARLES. The Newspaper Girl. READINGS FOR TEACHERS CARVER, THOMAS N. Principles of Political Economy, pp. 233-244. FLEMING, R. D. Railroad and Street Transportation. HADLEY, ARTHUR T. Railroad Transportation: its History and its Laws. JOHNSON, EMORY R., and VAN MATRE, THURMAN W. Principles of Railroad Transportation. KIMBALL, EVERETT. The Government of the United States, chap. xix. PARK, ROBERT E., and BURGESS, ERNEST W. Introduction to the Science of Sociology, pp. 346-389. RIPLEY, WILLIAM Z. Railroads-Finance and Organization. RIPLEY, WILLIAM Z. Railroads-Rates and Regulation. SECTION I. THE OWNERSHIP OF GOODS The problem. In the days of the spinning-wheel and the hand loom the modern problem of capital and labor did not exist. At that time workmen as a rule owned their own tools, worked in their own shops, set their own hours, sold the products of their own labor, and kept the profits or bore the losses of the business. But today goods are made in factories by people who work for wages and who do not own the materials they use, the buildings in which they work, the machines they operate, or the goods they turn out. For the most part all these things belong to others. Out of this separation between the worker and the things he works with have come the most difficult problems of modern industry— the problems of working-conditions, of control of the industry, and of the division of the profits of production between the man who works or manages and the man who furnishes the tools and materials to work with. Differences in wealth. Although there have always been great variations between the wealth of different persons, the gulf which separates them was never so wide as it is today. On the one hand, there are millions who do not have enough to eat from day to day; on the other hand, there are some men whose yearly incomes are greater than the wealth of kings. According to a recent estimate nine tenths of the families in the United States earn less than $1500 a year; at the same time there are 20,000 with incomes of more than $50,000 annually, and 200 with incomes above $1,000,000! At one extreme, 65 per cent of the people own one twentieth of the wealth of the nation; at the other, 2 per cent own three fifths of it. When hard-working people know of differences like these, when they see the income of a single capitalist exceed the combined wealth of 150,000 workmen, it is no wonder they often become discontented and conclude that something is wrong with modern industrial methods. Effect of the Industrial Revolution on the working class. When the factory came into existence it at first brought much suffering to the working class. With the new machinery a few workers could turn out goods which in earlier days had required the labor of hundreds. This fact, together with the employment of women and children, who frequently could run the machines better than the men, threw thousands of men out of work, led to frightfully long hours, and resulted in starvation wages. Little children six and seven years old worked from eight to fourteen hours a day; women, from twelve to sixteen; men, as long as eighteen. Working-conditions were unsanitary and dangerous; the death rate, especially among children, was very high. Development of American labor organizations. Against these conditions strong protests were raised and a few reforms were made. The workers soon found, however, that they could accomplish nothing when standing alone, and as a result they began to act in groups. While an employer could snap his fingers at the complaints of a single employee or could get along without him altogether, if need be, it was very different when the workmen were united-to discharge one of them then might mean the closing of the plant. A realization of this fact-the strength of union-led to the formation of labor organizations. |