the individual and the group are frequent. The truth is that coöperation often means giving up our own interests, and most of us do not like to give up. Consequently we find ourselves over and over again in conflict with others.

Illustrations of conflicting interests. Illustrations of such conflicts are common. In the study period or during a recitation a boy has something he wishes to say to his neighbor.

Such a communication will disturb others; coöperation therefore requires self-denial. Or one pupil, let us suppose, has been exposed during vacation to a contagious disease such as scarlet fever; to report the exposure means exclusion from school for a time and the loss of much school work; self-interest counsels silence-coöperation demands selfsacrifice. To the soldier teamwork means the surrender of his own will to that of his commander even to the loss of life itself.

In fact, whenever people rub elbows or cross tracks with one another, there is usually more or less friction. All

through life a person may find that what he wants brings him into conflict with others. When a small child his appetite for candy conflicts with the ideas of health held by his parents. When a boy in school his effort to boss all the sports causes trouble with his playmates. In manhood his attempt to have his own way brings conflicts with his family and associates. If in the effort to catch a train he drives his automobile at high speed through the city streets he has trouble with the police. If he tries to avoid heavy financial loss by offering for sale spoiled food, the disagreeable taste of which he has concealed by a liberal mixture of chemicals, he is likely to be fined and imprisoned. Notwithstanding his opposition to free education the government takes his property in the form of taxes for the support of the public schools. Prosperous in business and happy at home, society compels him to leave wealth, family, and happiness to fight for a cause to which, perhaps, he is indifferent or even hostile.

A selfish man like this might well ask when he finds his interests constantly interfered with: "Who should decide these matters-myself or others? If I suffer by yielding to others, why should I yield? Is not self-preservation nature's first law? By what right or principle should others control me?"

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. Bring to class clippings or pictures from the newspapers which illustrate conflicting interests between individuals or groups of individuals. Be able to point out in each case what was the chief cause of the conflict.

2. Give illustrations of conflicting interests in the groups to which you belong; in the neighborhood in which you live.

3. Is selfishness the chief cause of conflicting interest? Explain and illustrate.

4. Give an example, not in this section, which shows that coöperation often requires self-denial. Mention such an instance in your own experience. Can you name any stories which illustrate this idea?

SECTION V. How THE COMMUNITY CONTROLS

Why the group should control. If the selfish fellow mentioned in the last section insists on knowing why he should give in when his interests are contrary to the interests of the group-and he has a right to ask the question-the answer is that by no other method can he have his own way in so many respects. By giving in he gains; by surrender he wins.

It is impossible, of course, for everyone to have his own way in all matters. If the group did not have the right to decide human differences, constant struggle would go on between individuals until one person would get power over all the rest. That is, every man's hand would be constantly raised against every other man's. Only the strong could satisfy their desires, and they but for a short time—until a stronger should arise. Under such circumstances a compromise which will satisfy as many interests as possible of as many individuals as possible is the only reasonable solution of the problem. Control by the group and for the group is such a compromise. The story of how it has been and is being brought about among men is the story of human progress.

Control of human activities by society satisfies the wishes of more individuals than does any other plan. A system of control by which one person could set aside the wishes of many would be odious. In short, social control is justifiable because it provides for "the greatest good to the greatest number." This is the answer to the man who insists on knowing why he should not have his own way regardless of how it affects others. In a word, social control is democracy, or rule by the people; individual control is autocracy, or rule by one.

Meaning of social control. As the word is used here, "control" does not mean merely how a group compels its members to do what they do not want to do. It may mean this,

to be sure, but usually it denotes much more than this. It means how society causes its members to get along with one another, to dress and eat and talk and play and work as the group thinks right.

It is not always possible to tell just what a community thinks about everything, for the opinions of its members differ and their ideas change constantly; but on most matters there is usually little trouble in knowing in a general way what they approve and what they disapprove. Concerning such details as the color of hat a man should wear or the distance from the ground the bottom of his trousers should be, there may be no opinion or there may be the widest difference of opinion; but differ as they may on these points, the members of American communities will almost all agree that a man should not wear a woman's dress, at least not on the public street. And with rare exceptions he will accept the view of the community without objection because it will be his own view.

Methods of social control. Now how does society get its members to accept its views? How does it control them? What methods does it use? If you will close the book for a few minutes and ask yourself just why you do as you do most of the time, you will discover some of the chief methods of control it employs.

For example, why do you go to school and to church? Why are you courteous to your parents, friends, and schoolmates? Why do you eat with knife, fork, and spoon instead of with chopsticks or fingers? Why do you think as you do about athletics, amusements, school, or work? Why does your father pay taxes? Your answers to these questions should show that the chief methods of social control are law, custom, public opinion, and institutions.

1. Law. At first thought it may seem that the laws and ordinances which are passed by our city councils, state legislatures, and national Congress, and which are enforced by policemen, marshals, sheriffs, constables, and courts, form

the strongest method of social control. Laws seem to be necessary to regulate the speed of automobiles, the charges which may be collected for passengers and freight, and the

A KOREAN IN MOURNING

years during which children must attend school. But is it the law which controls most of us or even criminals in most of their daily activities? In your own case, for instance, do you eat, dress, talk, or believe as you do because you are afraid of being arrested? In exceptional periods, such as war times, the government does try to regulate even such matters as these, but it does not do so ordinarily.

Or are you courteous, kind, helpful, cheerful, because some ordinance of the city will punish you if you act otherwise? Are you in school because the law requires you to go? Were there no laws punishing theft, burglary, or murder would the majority of the

In Korea it is believed that a member of the family dies only when someone in the family sins. Accordingly mourners, like this Korean peddler, try to save themselves from the disgrace of being seen after a death in the home by hiding their faces under large drooping hats. people become pickpockets, thieves, burglars, and thugs?

In fact, are not the very convicts in our penitentiaries examples of the failure of society to control such individuals by law or by any other method? Indeed, the deeper one investigates the matter, the more convinced he usually becomes that instead of the law being the best way to control