KING,-(continued.)

may issue proclamation to prohibit exportation of arms, ammunition, and naval
and military stores, 584.-(See "Stores.")

has a legislative authority without consent of parliament in conquered countries,
640.-(See" Colony.")

further remarks on king's power in colonies, 640.-(See " Colony.)”
sovereignty over territory of East India company not to be affected by deter
mination of their exclusive trade, 676.

may impose tonnage duties on packet vessels by proclaniation, 720.
may appoint ports or places for landing or lading goods, 726.-(See "Ports.")

LABOUR.-(See "Agriculture.")

effective demand of, stimulates agriculture and population, 1.

effect of commerce and manufactures to increase the demand for, 2, 3.
effective demand for, the best encouragement to increase population, 4,-(See
"Population.")

every state whilst promoting population should also promote labour, 4.

LACE,

made of gold, silver, copper, brass, or other base metal may not be imported,
528.-(See Thread Lace.")

foreign silk or thread lace may not be sold or exported, 576.

LAND,

denizen may hold a freehold, 120.

but if he bought it before denization he cannot hold it, though he should
afterwards become a denizen, 120, 1.

same in regard to children before or after denization, 120.

cannot be inherited by a denizen, 120.—(See "Denizen.")

king cannot impart inheritable blood by letters of denization, 121.
that power belongs to parliament, 121.

denizen may take land by purchase or devise, 121.

an alien cannot, 121.

purchase or devise of lands have only relation to present time, 121.
cannot be granted to a denizen by crown, 121.

LANDING AND LADING,

where goods may be landed without payment of custom duty, 550.—(See

Warehousing."" Bond.")

when ship must land and lade in London docks, 559.-(See “London Dock

Company.")

in the West India docks, 560.-(See “West
India Dock Company.")

in the East India docks,-561. (See "East
India Dock Company.")

notice of lading goods to obtain drawback on exciseable goods, 605.-(See
"Notice.").
of the licence to lade bounty and drawback goods, 607.-(See “Licence.”)
of relanding bounty and drawback goods, 608.-(See " Relanding.”)
illegally landing drawback or bounty goods in plantations, 610.-(See "
Colony.")
certificate for landing such goods at Guernsey, 610.-(See “ Guernsey.”)
from and to West Indies, by what statutes governed, 678.
as to the ports or places for, 726.

66

as to the definition of a port, member, or creek, 726.-(See " Port.")
as to the regulations regarding the, of goods from particular ports or places,
725 to 730.-(See "Port.")

LANDING AND LADING.-(continued.)

of the times prescribed for, 730.

must be during daylight between sun-set and sun-rise in summer, 730.
between seven in morning and four in afternoon in winter, 730.

when the summer and winter begins, 730.

penalty in case of breach, 730.

time for officers attendance to be set by Treasury, 730.

if goods are waterborne and put off from quay or ship within the above
mentioned hours, they may be shipped or landed though legal time is
expired, 731.

times vary at different ports, and in several docks of London, 731.
as to landing and lading goods in presence of officer, and owners bond, 762.
cannot be done but in presence of officer, 762.

LAW,

enactment of 13 & 14 Car. 2. c. 11. on subject, 762.

punishment of wharfinger doing so without presence of officer, 762.
carmen or watermen assisting in illegal landing or lading how punished,
762.

1

they may be arrested by warrant from justice of peace, 762.

landing or lading goods on Sundays or holidays, subjects them to forfeiture,
762.

what goods excepted, 762.

enactment of 12 Geo. 1. c. 8. on the subject, 763.

goods may be laden without payment of duty if first cargo taken or
sunk before voyage out complete, 778.

goods liable to excise duties landed before duty paid or secured, to be for-
feited, 781.

punishment of persons engaged in such illegal landing, 781.

common law, 32.-(See " Common Law.")

conventional law.-(See " Customary Law.")

customary law, 28-(See " Law of Nations," "Customary Law.")

international law, 27.—(See " Law of Nations.")

law merchant, 32.-(See "Law Merchant.")

law of nations, 25 to 47.-(See "Law of Nations.”

municipal law, 32.-(See "Municipal Law.")

positive law. (See "Positive Law.")

universal voluntary law, 28.-(See "Law of Nation," " Voluntary Law.")

LAW MERCHANT.-(See " Law of Nations.")

this law acknowledged by English municipal law, 32.-(See " Municipal Law.")
in arbitrary states, law merchant provided for by royal power, 32.

in England, law merchant is part of common law, 32.

acts of parliament made to enforce this law, merely declaratory of the common
law, 32.

in all mercantile questions, and all marine causes, this law adhered to, 32.
rule of construction in questions of bills of exchange, freight, average, demurrage,
insurances, bottomry, prizes, shipwrecks, hostages, and ransom bills,
&c. 32.

LAW OF NATIONS.-(See "Law Merchant," "Common Law.")

as to commerce in general, 25 to 47.

what it comprehends, 25.

defined, 26.

owes its existence to influence of christian religion, 26.

LAW OF NATIONS.-(continued.)

two kinds of international law, 27.

I. the natural law of nations, 28.

enjoins us to do as we would be done by, 28.

one state bound to be just to another, though there is no positive
law, 28.

II. the positive or secondary law of nations, 28 to 31.
subdivided into three parts

1. the universal voluntary law defined, 28.
2. the customary law defined, 28, 9.

3. the conventional law defined, 29.

from whence authority of these last two branches is derived, 29.
customary law not irreversible, 29.

positive law is said to be an express declaration of natural law, 30.
the position refuted, 30, 1.

instance illustrating the customary law, 31.

the international rights which relate to commerce, 31.

this law is called the law merchant, 32.-(See "Law Merchant.")
international law enforced by royal power on arbitrary states, 32.
in England it is held to be part of the common law, 32.

in all mercantile questions, and marine causes, this law adhered to;
32.-(See "Law Merchant.") ·

voluntary and natural law of nations not collected in any written
code, 33.

opinions of eminent writers on subject, generally regarded by states
where express enactments do not exist, 33.

where such opinions at variance, the law of morality will govern,
33.

opinions of foreign writers admissible as authority in England, 34.
names of writers on the law of nations, 34.

but this extends only to natural and voluntary law, 34.

if law of nations violated, how and when court of admiralty inter-
feres, 37, 8.-(See "Admiralty, Court of,")

no sovereign can compel his subjects in a foreign land, to be subject to
decisions of his consul, 51.

in criminal matters, foreigners punishable by the laws of the place
where offence committed, 51.

does not include consular appointments, 55-(See "Consul.”)

consul how far under protection of them, 68.

violence done to consul is a violence against these laws, 69.

how far one nation at liberty to restrain commerce by acts of her own,

76 to 79. (See "Commerce.")

violated, if one nation molest another in prosecuting her commerce, 76.
instance wherein it was so considered regarding Portugal, 76.

right of a nation to restrict her commerce, and that of her colonies
with another, 79 to 81.

she may do so either absolutely or conditionally, 79.

right of a nation to seize goods of an alien employed in a prohibited
trade, 81 to 84.-(See "Alien," "Forfeiture.")

right of a nation to refuse or impose limitation on passage by land
through her, 84 to 8.-(See Passage by Land or Sea.")

"

right of dominion of sea, and to refuse or limit passage thereon,
88 to 103.-(See "Sea," "Passage by Land or Sea.")

right of a king to exclusive fishing on his own coasts, 98. 286.-(See
"Fisheries.")

established rule that when war is declared, all commerce must ccase
between the two states at war, 377, 8.—(See " War.”)

LAW OF NATIONS,-continued.

LAWNS,

debt due to alien enemies may be confiscated by state, by law of nations,

425.

how it affects right of postliminium, 430, 1.--(See " Postliminium.”)
how it operates on neutral commerce, during a war between two states,
438. (See "Neutrals.")

where the maxim, " Free Ships make Free goods" applies, 444.
how it affects neutrals contraband commerce, 449-(See "Contraband.")
violating a blockage, 449.-(See "Blockade.")
carrying dispatches, 460.-(See "Dispatch.")
earrying troops, 462.-(See " Neutral.)
submitting to outrages of one of the belligerents,
462.-(See" Submission.")

carrying on coasting trade, 466.-(See "Coast-
wise.")

colonial trade, 466.-(See "Colony.")

law of nations not alterable by the king's proclamation, 492.-(See
"King.")

from France, can only be imported intò port of London, 524.

and then only to be warehoused and exported, 524.

LEATHER,

alien to be sworn to hold no staple of, beyond sea, 150.

how alien to carry coastwise, 151.

gloves made of, how far allowed to be imported; 524.-(See " Gloves.")
as to the exportation of it, 576.

at one time felony, 576.

raw hides, skins, &c. cannot be exported, 576.

forfeiture in case of non-observance of the law, 576.

manufactured articles made of leather may be exported, 576.

same as to calf and sheep skins dressed, 576.

further punishment in case of disobedience, 576.

all sorts of leather tanned, tawed, or dressed may be exported, 576.

excise duties on, 827.

the 48 Geo. 2. c. 60. repealed 1 Jac. 1. c. 22., 827.

tanner cannot be a shoemaker, currier, leather cutter, &c. 827.-(See
* Tanner.")

condemnation of four out of six triers of leather, considered as condemnation
of all, 828.

triers of leather how to be assembled, 828.

penalty imposed by that act does not attach on person who sold them again
after he bought them of original owner, 828.

when leather-seller selling shoes in borough is liable to have them seized, 828.
these provisions repealed, 828.

LEGISLATURE;

interference of, in case of internal or foreign trade, how far advisable, 4 to 7.
Smith, Hume, Paley, and Malthus', opinions on it, 5, 6.

interference of, in case of the fisheries and patents advisable, 6.

but justifiable only in particular cases, 7.

by what policy formerly directed, 513.

LETTERS OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL,

as it affects aliens, 140.

right of granting vested solely in the king, 418,

how they are to be obtained, 418, 9.

LETTERS OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL.-(continued.)

reason why vested in the king, 419.

how they may be vacated, 419.

in general defeated by the cessation of hostilities, 419.

two kinds of, one granted during peace, another during war, 419.
may be amortized by a truce or treaty of peace, 420.

may be vacated by misconduct of the grantees, 420.

what will be considered as misconduct for this purpose, 420.

prize act, 43 Geo. 3. c. 160., 420.

do not authorize the seizure of property of amicable states, 420.

but they are not construed strictly against the state therein mentioned, 420.
for letters authorizing seizure of French, will authorize seizure of Spanish
property, 420.

none required in cases of recapture, 420. 429.

prize taken under, may be released by king previous to condemnation, 421.
doctrine of embargoes forms basis of right to make reprisals, 421.-(See
"Reprisal.")

words marque and reprisal synonymous, 422.

effect of the grant of, 422.

who are not subject to, 422.

not necessary to subject newly arriving force, to duty of recapture, 429.—
"Recapture.")

LICENCE,
in general,

for exportation from the colonies to ports south of Cape Finisterre, and
African ports, 224.-(See "Cape Finisterre.")

to be granted under hand and seal of comptroller at port of exporta-
tion, 224.

for a ship to proceed on a whaling voyage, 341, 2.

must be returned on coming home, 342.

of East India Company to southern whalers, 345, 6.

how far such whalers may go east of the Cape of Good Hope, and north

in the Indian Ocean, 345, 6. 9, 52.

how far they may go by, from South Sea Company, 345, 6. 9.

for whalers being armed, 346.

from king, to withdraw effects from enemies land, or to trade therewith,
382, 3, 4, &c.--(See " Commerce.")

of war licences.

king may grant a licence to import to an enemy, 497.

such licence must be express, 497.

for an enemy will not be protected by a general one, 497,

to British subjects, to export goods for themselves and others, will not
protect the exportation of property of an enemy, 497.

not usual to grant them to an enemy, 497.

but a licence to British subjects, to export and import, will protect though
an enemy is interested in cargo, 498.

the same rule prevails where such a licence was given to import goods
from an enemy's port, 498.

the right of granting them arises by common law, 498.

but king may qualify them, and party must conform himself to the con-
ditions, 498. 506.

how construed, 498.

where articles are enumerated in licence, such things may be imported,
and cargo identified by it, 499.

and the importation under a licence must be confined to goods men-
tioned in it, 499.

and such part of a cargo as is not named in it will be confiscated, 499.