68; discussion of Constitu-
ton, 281-283; ratification con-
vention, 283-286; rejoicing,
286.
Pickering, Timothy, and west-
ern settlement, 113; and
territorial slavery, 117.
Pinckney, Charles, in Federal
convention, 190; plan, 194;
on popular election, 204; on
veto of state laws, 205; on
slave-trade, 262; on national
government, 296.
Pinckney, C. C., in Federal con-
vention, 190; on New Jersey
plan, 217; moves grand com-
mittee, 234; on slave-trade,
263.

Pioneers, character of western,

130, 136. See also West.
Population, West (1785), 95.
Portugal, American trade, 76,

action of Congress, 277; re-
ception of draft, 278, 280,
287; elements of opposition,
278-280, 287-291, 306; Wash-
ington's influence, 280, 293,
299; Pennsylvania conven-
tion, 281, 283-286; geog-
raphy of opposition, 281,
289, 299, 305; pamphlets,
281, 282, 287; fear of con-
solidated government, 283,
288, 301-303; demand for
bill of rights, 283, 288;
federal liberty, 284; Dela-
ware convention, 286; New
Jersey convention, 286;
Georgia convention, 286; Con-
necticut convention, 287; op-
position in Massachusetts,
281-291; character of Fed-
eralists, 290, 291; Massachu-
setts convention, 291-295;
amendments recommended,
294, 295, 304, 311; Mary-
land convention, 295; South
Carolina convention, 296;
New Hampshire convention,
296; opposition in Virginia,
298; Virginia convention,
299-305; power of taxation,
303; treaty-making power,
303; exclusive jurisdiction,
303; slavery clauses, 304;
opposition in New York, 305;
federal imposts, 306; The Fed-
eralist, 307, 308; New York
convention, 308-311; system
of representation, 309; pro-
visional ratification, 310; agi-
tation for second convention,
311; North Carolina rejects,
312; Rhode Island ignores,
312; bibliography, 318-324,
334-336.

Rayneval, and Jay, 14; visit to
England, 16, 19.
Religion, freedom of, in Ordi-
nance of 1787, 121; provision
for, by Ohio Company, 127.

not intended by

framers of Constitution, 314.
Sectional antagonism, in Fed-
eral convention, 260, 265;
and ratification, 279, 299.
Self-government, pioneer, 132,
134-137.

Revenue, inadequate confed-

erate, 69, 80, 82; attempt to
improve, 53-55, 79, 82, 83.
See also Finances.
Revolution, European situa-
tion (1782), 9-11; post-war
problems, 35; as civil war,
35; parties, 36-38; social
effect, 38, 142, 166; and
constituent convention, 42;
effect on trade, 71-75; priva-
teering, 72. See also Peace
of 1783.

Rhode Island, and confederate
impost, 53; distress, 149; en-
forcement of paper tender,
149-153; Weeden case, 151-
153; and Constitution, 190,
312.

Roads in 1783, 45.
Robertson, James, at Watauga,

131.

Rockingham, Lord, ministry,
4-6.

Rush, Benjamin, opposes bill
of rights, 283.

Rutledge, John, in Federal con-
vention, 190; on grand com-
mittee, 235; on slave-trade,
263.

ST. CLAIR, ARTHUR, governor

of Northwest Territory, 126.
Scioto Company land pur-
chase, 126.

Sevier, John, at Watauga, 131.
Shattuck, Job, in Shays's re-
bellion, 160, 162.

Shays's rebellion, causes of, 154-
160; attacks on courts, 160-
162; and Governor Bowdoin,
161; leader of, 161, 164; and
legislature, 161; retreat from
Worcester, 162; conflict at
Springfield, 163; pursuit and
rout, 163; collapse of, 164; no
punishments, 164; and Con-
gress, 165; effect of, 166; bibli-
ography, 332.

Shelburne, Lord, and Fox, 5,
6; premier, 6; and terms of
peace, II, 27.
Shepard, William, and Shays's
rebellion, 163.

Sherman, Roger, in Federal
convention, 189; on popular
election, 199; of small-state
party, 209, 211; compromise,
226; on veto of state laws,
246.

Ship-building, decrease of, 75.
Slave-trade, constitutional de-
bate and provision, 262;
opposition in ratification con-
ventions, 304.

Slavery, exclusion from North-
west Territory, 113, 116-118,
122; representation, 255, 257-
260.

Smilie, John, Anti-Federalist,
283.
Smith, Melancthon, Anti-Fed-

eralist, 277, 308; ratifies, 311.
Social conditions, effect of
Revolution, 38, 142, 166;
agitations (1786), 140-143,
148, 154-157; influence on

ratification, 289, 291; bibli-
ography,320.
Sources, on Federal convention,
192, 322, 333; on Confedera-
tion, 322;
on ratification,
322, 334, 335; writings, 322-
324; on Peace of 1783, 324,
325; on foreign affairs, 328,
329.
South, Revolution and econom-
ic condition, 75; and navi-
gation of Mississippi, 98, 99;
and slavery in territories,
116, 123; and North, 260,
265. See also states by

name.

South Carolina, ratification con-
vention, 296.
Southwest, Spanish intrigue,
93, 100, 136; rapid settle-
ment, 95, 101; and Union,
99-101, 129; and navigation
of Mississippi, 100; method
of settlement, 128; influence
of topography, 128; charac-
ter of settlers, 130, 136; Ind-
ian hostility, 130; Watauga
settlement,
131; Boones-
borough and Nashville, 132;
pioneer self-government, 132,
133; state of Franklin, 133-
135; bibliography of Spanish
intrigue, 328; bibliography
of period 1781-1788, 330. See
also West.

Sovereignty of states, 221-223,
228, 237. See also Federal
convention.
Spain, Jay's experience, 7;
and Revolution, 9-11, 21,
33, 91; and American boun-
daries, 14-16; treaty of
peace, 32; distrust of Amer-
ica, 90; objects to treaty,
91-93; methods of opposi-
tion, 93; Gardoqui-Jay ne-
gotiations, 90-101; proposed
commercial treaty, 97-99;
intrigue in Southwest, 100,

136; bibliography of intrigue,
328.
Springfield, Massachusetts,
Shays's rebellion, 161, 163.
States, constitutions, 42, 47;
similarity of structure, 46;
under Confederation, 48-50;
conflicting trade regulations,
86, 173; disregard of treaties,
174; sovereignty, 221-223,
228, 237; reserved powers,
295. See also Confedera-
tion, Federal convention,
Ratification, and states by

name.

Strachey, Henry, peace com-
missioner, 25.

Strong, Caleb, in Federal con-

vention, 238; Federalist, 291.
Sweden, treaty with (1783), 90.

TAXATION, power withheld
from Confederation, 50; at-
tempted import duty, 53-
55: 79, 82, 83; desire to
shirk, 57, 70; power neces-
sary to Confederation, 173;
direct, and representation,
258; opposition to federal
power, 288, 302, 303, 306.
Tender laws, demanded, 140.
Tennessee, foundation of, 131.
See also Southwest, West.
Territories, genesis of govern-
ment, 115, 120; future state-
hood, 115, I2I See also
Northwest Territory.
Thompson, Charles, on econom-
ic conditions (1783), 78.
Trade. See Commerce.
Travel in 1783, 45.
Treaties, Dutch (1782), 90;
Swedish (1783), 90; Prussian
(1785), 90; Morocco (1787),
107. See also Peace of
1783.

Treaty power, confederate, 174;
federal, 303.
Tripoli, demands of, 106.

Tyler, John, opposition
slave-trade, 304.

UNION, problem of organiza-
tion, 35-43, 46, 316; geo-
graphical and historical in-
fluences, 44-46; Continental
Congress, 47; influence of
army, 62; Washington on
(1783), 70; attitude of West,
99-101, 129. See also Con-
federation, Federal conven-
tion.

VARNUM, J. M., defence of
Weeden, 152.

Vaughan, Benjamin, and Jay,

17.

Vergennes, Count de, and

Adams, 6; fear in 1782, 9;
Jay's suspicions, 13-24; on
treaty of peace, 29-31.
Veto on state laws, 202, 205-
207, 246, 249. See also
Coercion.

Virginia, and confederate im-
post, 54; cession of western
claims, 110, 111; contest over
paper money, 144; tobacco
tender, 145; Potomac com-
mission, 179; and commercial
powers, 180; calls Annapolis
convention, 181; opposition
to Constitution, 298; ratifica-
tion convention, 299-305.
Virginia plan, 192–194;
thor, 202; adopted, 211,

219.

au-

cive power, 178; Federalist,
282.
Weeden, John, trial, 151-
153.
West, state claims, 108, 109;
Maryland's demand, 109;
policy of Congress, 110, 111;
statecessions, 110-112; Jeffer-
son's ordinance, 114-117; in-
fluence feared, 118, 254, 256,
257; bibliography, 329-331.
See also Northwest, South-
west.

West Indies, British trade reg-
ulations, 74, 105.
Western Reserve, 112.
Whitehill, Robert, Anti-Fed-
eralist, 283.

Wilkinson, James, intrigue with
Spain, 100, 136.
Williamson, Hugh, on slave
representation, 258; on slave-
trade, 263.

Wilson, James, in Federal con-
vention, 188; on popular
election, 199, 204; on New
Jersey plan, 216; on state
sovereignty, 228; on small-
state demands, 230; com-
promise plan, 232; on direct
legislation,242; on influence
of West, 257; on slave rep-
resentation, 260; on power
of Senate, 269; speech on
ratification, 282; in ratifica-
tion convention, 284; on fed-
eral republic and federal lib-
erty, 284.

Worcester, Massachusetts, court
attacked, 160, 162.

YATES, ROBERT, in Federal con-
vention, 188; of small-state

party, 209; on grand com-
mittee, 234; leaves conven-
tion, 236.

Yorktown, effect in England,
3.