more force to the females; the men generally wearing a plain uniform dress, of dark gray roundabout and pantaloons, with a hat of wool or straw, suited to the weather. Their manufacturing machinery is all propelled by steam. They commenced the culture of the mulberry and the manufacture of silk in 1828, with no other instruction or experience than what they could gather from the publications of that day. The white Italian mulberry and morus multicaulis were both used with success. They have now brought this manufacture to a point not surpassed in this country. In 1840 the product of silk was 2,389 lbs. cocoons, yielding 218 lbs. reeled silk; which they wrought into beautiful handkerchiefs, vestings, and a variety of other fabrics. They have spared neither trouble nor expense in importing the best machinery from England and France, and in obtaining instruction from foreign artisans.

About the year 1831, an adventurer from Germany, calling himself Count De Leon, insinuated himself into the good graces of the society so far as to become a member, with his family. He made various pretensions to special favors from heaven, and thought himself inspired and sent on a special mission to regenerate the Germans at Economy. He made large professions, and backed them up with larger promises. Taking advantage of the restraint upon the intercourse between the sexes, and certain jealousies that existed of the growing influence of the Rapp family, the count produced a lamentable schism. After much ill feeling, and bitter controversy relating to the subjects in dispute, the most important of which to the count was the property involved, the matter was amicably compromised in March, 1832, and articles were signed by which the society agreed to pay to the seceders $105,000, deducting $1,800 due the society by the count and his family. The count and his family were to move off in six weeks-the dis senters within three months.

The adherents to the count, who formed a considerable body, some 300 or 400, purchased Phillipsburg, and established a colony there under the name of New Philadelphia, to be governed somewhat upon the plan of the Harmonites, modified by the count. Time, however, unfolded the real nature of the count's designs, as well as the visionary credulity of his adherents; and the new colony as a joint-stock society was soon resolved into its original elements. The count with a few adherents fled down the river, leaving those who had been duped by his schemes, to make their way in life for the future upon the good old-fashioned plan of letting "each tub stand on its own bottom." Under this system Phillipsburg has become a thriving German town.

The society has had several written constitutions or articles of agreement between the individual members and Mr. Rapp, modified by the several removals and secessions which have occurred among them. On drawing up and digesting their present constitution, two eminent lawyers from Allegheny and Beaver counties were called in to advise and assist. A strenuous effort was then made to break down the monkish restraint previously imposed, and to re-establish among them the institution of marriage; but the effort was decidedly voted down; and it is said the opposition to it came not from the aged, but principally from those members still in the vigor of life. The prohibition was even carried so far as again to separate those who had been married during Count Leon's secession, and who had rejoined the society.

It is not easy, without more accurate data, to estimate the result of the operations of the Harmony Society, as an experiment in social organization. Setting aside entirely the religious aspect of the case, and estimating only the worldly comforts and wealth now enjoyed, and comparing these with their numbers, it is probable that the result would not show any increase over that attending the orderly and industrious management of a similar number of emigrant families on the plan of individual interest, and the relations resulting from marriage. They brought over with them, it will be remembered, from Germany, a considerable amount of money, and made their original purchases of land in Butler co. at the low rates of that day. Their numbers have been diminished by secession, the seceders taking away also a proportion of the property; and the increase by the ordinary mode of conversion to their peculiar plan has not been great. They now number about 400 or 500 individuals, principally middle aged and old people-equal to about 100 families. Each of these families has a comfortable brick or frame house and garden to dwell in; and since the secession there are some fifty or sixty dwellings standing idle-as others than members of the society cannot occupy them. Their territory consists of a strip of very good land extending along the river about five miles, by about three fourths to one mile wide, embracing both bottom, rolling, and hill land, in all about 3,500 acres. Of this about one

half only is cleared; and this, it is said, is as much as the occupants can conveniently manage. This gives to each individual about three and a half to four acres of cleared land, and as much of woodland, or, a little farm of 35 to 40 acres, half of which is woodland. The family has then a comfortable dwelling-house and garden in town, a small farm of 40 acres, the privilege of a coal bank, a sufficient stock of cattle and tools, and an undivided share or 500th part of the commercial, manufacturing, mechanical, and scientific, and religious property in the village-together with more or less of loose change or money at interest. This is comfortable, to be sure; but is it any more, is it as much, as might have been expected for a hard-working, sober, and pious German family, who might have removed to Butler or Beaver co. in 1803, without any property to commence with?-to say nothing of the happy circle of children and children's children that would be grown up and settled around them in 40 years.

DARLINGTON, formerly called GREERSBURG, a flourishing village on Little Beaver cr., nine miles northwest of Beaver, contains an academy, Presbyterian church, and 60 or 70 dwellings. It was incorporated in March 1820, under the name of Greersburg, and its name changed to Darlington in 1830. The coal found near this place resembles the celebrated Kennel coal of England.

FRANKFORT is a small village on the southern edge of the county, near which there is a mineral spring, much frequented by invalids. The spring is situated in a cool romantic glen, thickly studded with forest trees.

HOOKSTOWN, GEORGETOWN, PETERSBURG and MT. JACKSON, are also small villages in Beaver. Their relative position may be perceived by reference to the map.

BEDFORD COUNTY.

BEDFORD COUNTY, originally part of Cumberland co., was established 9th March, 1771. It then included the whole southwestern part of the state. The establishment of Westmoreland in 1773, of Huntingdon in '87, and Somerset in '95, reduced it to its present limits. Length, 44 m., breadth, 34; area, 1,520 sq. miles. The population in 1790 was 13,124, then including Somerset; in 1800, 12,039; in 1810, 15,746; in 1820, 20,248; in 1830, 24,502; in 1840, 29,335.

The following very correct description of this county was given by a writer in the Democratic Enquirer, in 1829.

The county of Bedford is mountainous and hilly, much of the land stony and broken, and in some places the soil yields but a niggardly return for the labor bestowed on it. Yet the rich burgher from the city who lounges in his carriage along the turnpike, or is transported with rapidity in one of our public stages, makes a thousand mistakes in his calculations about the sterility of our soil, and the shortness of our crops. While he is dreaming in his carriage of famine and cold water, could he be translated in a moment to some of our delightful valleys, he would there find large and extensive farms, abundant crops, comfortable houses, prolific and healthy families, and a greater abundance of every thing, than, perhaps, he himself is in the habit of enjoying at home. In many of our valleys there is fine limestone land, which is well cultivated, which affords our farmers an opportunity every year of taking a great quantity of surplus produce to market. The valleys near McConnellstown, Friend's Cove, and Morrison's Cove, are

particularly rich and fertile. The latter place, more especially in the vicinity of Martinsburg, I hesitate not to say, is one of the richest districts of country in the state of Pennsylvania.

Iron ore is found of the best quality in many places, particularly in Morrison's Cove, and its vicinity. Several extensive iron works have been carried on for some years past. Near the northeastern boundary of the county, on Broad-top mountain, is situated a small isolated coal basin, affording several seams of bituminous coal, from one to four feet thick; the only deposit of bituminous coal, it is thought, east of the Allegheny mountains, in Pennsylvania. It is said that some of the specimens of this coal possess an intermediate quality between the bituminous and anthracite.

The manufacture of maple sugar was formerly a prominent branch of family industry in this county.

The Chambersburg and Pittsburg turnpike passes across the centre of the county. In going westward on this road, the traveller passes successively Cove mountain, Scrub ridge, Sideling hill, Ray's hill, Clear ridge, Tussey's mountain, Evitt's or Dunning's mountain, Will's mountain, Chestnut ridge, and the great Allegheny mountain.

The Raystown branch of the Juniata is the large central stream of the co. The sources of the Aughwick and Frankstown branches also rise in this co. On the south are Licking cr., Conolloway's cr., Will's cr., and a few smaller streams.

The original population of the co. was composed of the Scotch-Irish traders and frontier-men from the Kittatinny valley; but of late years the German farmers have purchased the rich limestone lands, and now form an important proportion of the population.

Annexed is a view of the public square in Bedford. The courthouse is seen on the right, and a part of the Presbyterian church on the left. BEDFORD, the county seat, is a flourishing borough, on the Chambersburg and Pittsburg turnpike, 200 miles from Philadelphia, and 100 from Pittsburg. The population in 1840 was 1,022. The buildings are mostly either stone or brick: the streets are spacious and airy, and generally.

present the appearance of activity and business. Its liberal-minded and intelligent citizens have done much to beautify the town by erecting several elegant public structures. The Catholic, the German Reformed and Lutheran, and the Presbyterian and Methodist churches, combine neatness with comfort. The new courthouse, fronting the public square, is a splendid edifice of the Tuscan order. The town is situated in a luxuriant limestone valley, and enjoys every advantage that pure mountain air and water, and picturesque scenery can impart. The Raystown branch of the Juniata flows along the northern border of the town. There is an excellent classical and mathematical school here, under the charge of Professor Ramsay; and the Bedford Female Collegiate Institution, an excellent school for young ladies, superintended by Rev. B. R. Hall.

BEDFORD SPRINGS.-This celebrated watering-place is situated about one and a half miles S. of Bedford, in the narrow, romantic valley of Shover's creek, between Constitution hill, on the east, and Federal hill, on the west.

Bedford Springs.

The annexed view shows the magnificent hotel, recently constructed, on the right, and the spring-house beyond the bridge, on the left. In the centre of the yard stands the goddess of health. Anderson's, or the principal spring, issues from a limestone rock on the left of the spring-house, as seen in the view. The water is clear, lively and sparkling. When analyzed by Dr. Church, of Pittsburg, in 1825, the temperature was 58° of Fahrenheit, while the surrounding atmosphere was 70°-specific gravity 1029. It has a peculiar saline taste, resembling a weak solution of Epsom salts in water, impregnated with carbonic acid, and is inodorous. A quart of it evaporated, contained eighteen and a half cub. in. carbonic acid gas; the residuum gave of sulph. magnesia, or Epsom salts, 20 gr., sulphate of lime 3.75, muriate of soda 2.50, muriate of lime 0.75, carbonate of iron 1.25, carbonate of lime 2; loss 0.75. Limestone, iron ore, calcareous and silicious substances abound about the spring. Another spring of the same general qualities issues, a little further south, from the same rock, On the west side of the creek is a sulphur spring, the water of which has a peculiarly unpleasant hepatic taste and exhales a strong

odor of sulphureted hydrogen. Northeast of Bedford one and a half miles is a chalybeate spring, not very copious, surrounded with bog iron ore. A part of the skeleton of a mammoth was found when digging out this spring.

Houses for cold, shower, and warm baths are erected at "the springs," with every appropriate accommodation. To describe the beautiful serpentine walks up Constitution hill, the artificial lake, on which small boats can pleasantly sail, and the other attractions of this romantic spot, would exceed our limits.

The first settlements in Bedford co. appear to have been made by the traders and adventurers of the Conococheague and Conedoguinet settlements. Contrary to the treaties with the Six Nations and the Shawanees, and to the express injunctions of the governor, these men intruded upon the Indian lands beyond the Blue mountains; and by this intrusion were continually exasperating the Indians, who, to expel the whites, resorted to sanguinary attacks, which in their turn aroused the pugnacity of the Cumberland valley people.

On the 25th of May, 1750, Gov. Hamilton informed the council that Mr. Peters, the secretary, and Mr. Weiser, the Indian interpreter, were then in Cumberland county, in order to take proper measures with the magistrates to remove the settlers over the hills, who had presumed to stay there notwithstanding his proclamation; and laid before them the minutes of a conference held at Mr. Croghan's, in Pennsborough township, as well as with Mr. Montour, and with some Shamokin and Conestogoe Indians. The Indians expressed themselves pleased to see them on that occasion, and as the council at Onondaga had this matter exceedingly at heart, they desired to accompany them; but, said they, notwithstanding the care of the governor, we are afraid that this may prove like many former attempts: the people will be put off now, and come next year again. And if so, the Six Nations will no longer bear it, but do themselves justice. Then fol lows the report of Mr. Peters, entered at large, and also printed in the votes of assembly, (vol. iv., p. 137) by which it appears that, on the 22d of May, they proceeded to a place on Big Juniata, about 25 miles from its mouth, where there were five cabins, or log houses-one possessed by William White, another by George Cahoon, the others by men of the names of Hiddleston, Galloway, and Lycon. These men, except Lycon, were convicted by the magistrates upon view, in pursuance of the act of Feb. 14th, 1729-30, (chap. 312,) and the cabins were burnt. A number of cabins were also burnt at Sherman's creek, and Little Juniata. On the 30th of May they proceeded into the Tuscarora path, or Path valley, and burnt eleven cabins. At Aughwick, they burnt the cabin of one Carlton, and another unfinished one; and three were burnt in the Big Cove. The settlers, who were numerous, were recognised to appear at the following court.

Col. James Smith, whose interesting narrative of his captivity among the Indians is well known, thus describes the first opening of a road through Bedford county. It would appear, however, from the proceedings of assembly, that one Ray had already built a few cabins where Bedford now is, since Raystown is mentioned in the proceedings as being a point in the road.

In May, 1755, the province of Pennsylvania agreed to send out 300 men, in order to cut a wagon road from Fort Loudon, to join Braddock's road, near the Turkey-foot, or three forks of Youghiogheny. My brother-in-law, William Smith, Esq., of Conococheague, was appointed commissioner, to have the oversight of these road-cutters. Though I was at that time only eighteen years of age, I had fallen violently in love with a young lady, whom I apprehended was possessed of a large share of both beauty and virtue; but being born between Venus and Mars, I con. cluded I must also leave my dear fair one, and go out with this company of road-cutters, to see the event of this campaign-but still expecting that some time in the course of the summer, I should again return to the arms of my beloved. We went on with the road, without interruption, until near the Allegheny mountain; when I was sent back, in order to hurry up some provision wagons that were on the way after us. I proceeded down the road as far as the crossings of Juniata, where, finding the wagons were coming on as fast as possible, I returned up the road again towards the Allegheny mountain, in company with one Arnold Vigoras. About four or five miles above Bedford, three Indians had made a blind of bushes, stuck in the ground as though they grew naturally, where they concealed themselves, about fifteen yards from the road. When we came