to secretion or assimilation. The absorbents, or especially the absorbing glands, of animals have been thought to produce some changes on the chyle, but this seems uncertain; and these vessels appear to be endowed with more sensibility than those of plants. The power of endosmose seems similar to that described as hygroscopicity by DeCandolle, but more intimately and fully examined by Dutrochet. It is stated by DeCandolle, Muller, and others, that the connexion of endosmose with electricity, which Dutrochet fancied he had made out, has not been confirmed; it is probable, however, from the connexion of electricity generally with all action, that it will be concerned either as cause or effect. Some have attributed the power to a compound and greater attraction subsisting in a dense fluid from its more compound nature, than in a fluid comparatively more simple; others say that the tissue of the bladder has more attraction for some substances than others, and causes those substances to be longer in passing through the pores. Dr. Carpenter seems to be something of this opinion. Saussure, who made many experiments on this subject, was of opinion that they passed more or less quickly according to their liquidity, which would mechanically allow of their passing the pores more easily. Professor Thomson* objects to this, that more water would require to be absorbed; the quantity of water absorbed by plants under proper circumstances ss, however, so great as to modify this objection; the thinner the fluid it should certainly pass the more easily, and, if we suppose the operations of nature to be conducted on the most perfect plan, the membrane set apart for absorption should not have that faculty interfered with by another chemical power possessed by the same organ. Vogelt found in his experiments that most plants, if supplied at the roots with an unlimited quantity of saline substances in solution, would absorb so much, even of those found beneficial in smaller quantities, such as nitrate of potash, &c., as to cause death. The sulphate of copper he found, like Saussure, most rapidly absorbed; and this and others partially decomposed, by the abstraction of oxygen reducing the salt to the state of a protosulphate; other saline substances were found unaltered after death. He found that chara and some other plants would not absorb the salts of copper; this he attributes to their containing much carbonate of lime, but it is probably owing to the peculiar formation of the invisible pores, which all absorbing membranes are supposed to possess. Capillary attraction is thought to assist in absorption by furthering the ascent or removal of the imbibed fluid, so as to allow the denser descending sap to renew the phenomena of

* Thomson's Organic Chemistry of Vegetables, p. 974.

† Gardeners' Chronicle, May 23. 1843.

endosmose. Some think the fact, that imbibition is sometimes found to have the strongest current from the denser to the lighter fluid, a proof that some other power than endosmose is concerned in imbibition; others say it is the same phenomenon modified by some peculiarities of the fluids themselves, or of the vessels they circulate in. In animals at least, absorption, if produced by endosmose, must, it is said, be held in check by vitality preventing the mingling of fluids, and causing it to act in some cases and cease in others.

The fact of the existence of an exosmose as well as endosmose current seems to infer the truth of the theory of the excretions by the roots of plants, now generally admitted by most physiologists and chemists, though still doubted by some very eminent men. The experiment of Dr. Madden, in which, having washed the roots of a plant of groundsel, and introduced one half of them into a phial containing water mixed with ulmate of ammonia, and the other half into a phial of pure water, he found at the end of a few days an excretion of a gummy-looking substance in the pure water, seems to confirm and corroborate those of Macaire. The fungi found so abundantly on the roots of some plants, as those of Scotch fir, spruce, oak, &c., must be fed by morbid excreted matter from the roots, probably of a nitrogenous nature, as nitrogen forms so large a proportion of these plants.

Besides capillary attraction and vital contractility, which assist the power of endosmose by furnishing the conditions needed, of removing the thinner imbibed fluid and supplying its place with denser sap, it is thought by many, from the peculiar force with which imbibitions take place in the living spongiole, as compared with the phenomena of endosmose in dead membranes, that a peculiar vital force is also concerned, which may very likely be the case. Besides the absorption by the roots, water and its contents are absorbed by other parts of plants, especially by the under side of the leaf.

(To be continued.)

ART. II. The Principles of Landscape-Gardening and of LandscapeArchitecture applied to the Laying out of Public Cemeteries and the Improvement of Churchyards; including Observations on the Working and General Management of Cemeteries and BurialGrounds. By the CONDUCTOR.

(Continued from p. 494.)

IX. LISTS OF TREES, SHRUBS, AND PERENNIAL HERBACEOUS PLANTS, ADAPTED FOR CEMETERIES AND CHURCHYARDS.

IN the following selections we have chiefly included plants that are quite hardy, and that, when once properly planted and established, will grow in turf

or other firm soil without having the surface annually dug, or kept clear of weeds or grass. We have avoided most of the species of such genera as Cytisus, Genísta, Colùtea, Ribes, Ròsa, &c., which not only require dug soil, but are short-lived, or are very apt to die off. To those who do not require such lists for cemeteries or churchyards, they will be useful as indicating the principal permanent trees and shrubs adapted for pleasure-grounds, which are sold in British nurseries. The number might have been increased, but we have judged it best to be comparatively select.

Our classification of the trees and shrubs is founded on their different degrees of suitableness for burial-grounds; and we have given references to our Arboretum Britannicum, where portraits of the entire tree, and copious details, botanical, descriptive, historical, geographical, &c., will be found; and to the Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs, which is an abridgement of that work, in which engravings will be found of every species, and such details as are necessary as guides to their culture, management, and uses in plantations. We have added after each species the height which it generally attains in the climate of London, and the price of good plants in the London nurseries when one plant only is ordered; when several are wanted, of course the price will be lower, according to the number. We can vouch for their being obtained correct to the names, and at the prices mentioned, at the Fulham Nursery.

EVERGREEN TREES.

Evergreen Trees with Needle Leaves, and the Branches fastigiate and vertical. Cupressus sempervirens Encyc. of Trees and Shrubs p. 1073. Arb. Brit.

p. 2464., the Italian Cypress. Height 30-40 ft. 1s. 6d. The best of all trees for a cemetery, but not suited for exposed situations.

Taxus baccata fastigiata E. of T. p. 939. A. B. p. 2066., the Irish Yew. Height 20-30 ft. 2s. 6d. The second best cemetery tree, and quite hardy.

Taxus baccata erécta E. of T. p. 940. A. B. p. 2066., the upright Yew. 2s. 6d. Third best.

Juniperus commùnis suécica E. of T. p. 1081. A. B. p. 2489., the Swedish Juniper. Height 10-12 ft. 1s. 6d. Equally good with the Irish yew, except that it is of a lighter colour.

Juniperus commùnis hibernica E. of T. p. 1082., the Irish Juniper. Height 6-8 ft. Is. 6d. Equal to the Swedish juniper.

Juniperus excélsa E. of T. p. 1088. A. B. p. 2503., the tall Juniper. Height 20-30 ft. 10s. 6d. This promises to be an excellent cemetery tree, in climates suitable for the Cupressus sempervirens.

Evergreen Trees with Needle Leaves, of narrow conical Forms, the Branches horizontal.

Cupressus sempervirens horizontàlis E. of T. p. 1073. A. B. p. 2465., the spreading Cypress. Height 30-40 ft. 1s. 6d.

Juniperus virginiana E. of T. p. 1084. A. B. p. 2495., the red Cedar. Height 30-40 ft. 1s. 6d. Suitable, and very hardy.

Juniperus phoenicea E. of T. p. 1087. A. B. p. 2501., the Phoenician Juniper. Height 10-20 ft. 2s. 6d.

Juniperus chinensis E. of T. p. 1089. A. B. p. 2505., the Chinese Juniper. Height 15-20 ft. 2s. 6d.

Thuja occidentalis E. of T. p. 1068. A. B. p. 2454., the American Arbor

Vitæ. Height 40-50 ft.

1s. 6d.

Thùja orientàlis E. of T. p. 1070. A. B. p. 2459., the Chinese Arbor Vitæ. Height 18-20 ft. 2s. 6d. More suitable, and also hardier, than the preceding species.

Evergreen Trees with Needle Leaves, conical in Shape, the Branches horizontal, but somewhat taller than those before enumerated.

Abies álba E. of T. p. 1030. A. B. p. 2310., the white Spruce Fir. Height 40-50 ft. 2s. 6d.

Abies nigra E. of T. p. 1031. A. B. p. 2311., the black Spruce Fir. Height 60-70 ft. 2s. 6d.

Picea balsàmea E. of T. p. 1044. A. B. p. 2339., the Balm of Gilead, or American Silver Fir. Height 20-30 ft. 1s. 6d.

Picea pectinata stricta (Rivers) Gard. Mag. 1843, p. 61., the upright Silver Fir. 5s.

Evergreen Trees with Needle Leaves, less conical in Shape, but peculiarly suitable for Churchyards and Cemeteries.

Táxus baccata E. of T. p. 939. A. B. p. 2066., the common Yew. Height 20-30 ft. 1s. 6d. A very suitable cemetery tree where a spreading head is not an objection.

Taxus baccata argéntea, the Silver Yew. 2s. 6d.

Taxus baccata aúrea, the Golden Yew. 3s. 6d.

Abies canadensis E. of T. p. 1035. A. B. p. 2322., the Hemlock Spruce Fir. Height 30-60 ft. 2s. 6d.

Evergreen Trees with Needle Leaves, of conical Shape, the Branches horizontal, but of larger Growth than the preceding Kinds.

A'bies excélsa E. of T. p. 1026. A. B. p. 2293., the common Spruce. Height 60-80 ft. 6d. The cemetery tree of Sweden and Norway. The twigs are strewed over the corpse before the coffin lid is closed, and also over the floor of the room containing the corpse, and on the grave after the interment has been completed. The tree admits of being cut or clipped into any form. It is the principal tree in the large mountain cemetery at Rouen. (See Gard. Mag. for 1841, p. 291.)

Abies Smithiana E. of T. p. 1032. A. B. p. 2317., the Khutrow Spruce Fir. Height 50 ft. 58.

Abies Douglasü E. of T. p. 1033. A. B. p. 2319., Douglas's Spruce Fir. Height 100-180 ft.

10s. 6d.

Abies Menziesä E. of T. p. 1034. A. B. p. 2321., Menzies's Spruce Fir.

58.

Picea pectinata E. of T. p. 1037. A. B. p. 2329., the Comb-like-leaved Silver Fir. Height 80—100 ft.

1s.

Picea cephalónica E. of T. p. 1039. A. B. p. 2325., the Mount Enos Fir. Height 50-60 ft. 2s. 6d.

Picea Pinsapo E. of T. p. 1041., the Pinsapo, or Malaga Silver Fir. Height 60-70 ft.

58.

Pinus Cembra E. of T. p. 1016. A. B. p. 2274., the Cembran Pine. Height 50-80 ft. 2s. 6d. A slow-growing, narrow, conical tree; very hardy; and not unsuitable for small burying-grounds, when the Irish yew or Swedish juniper cannot be got.

Evergreen Trees with Needle Leaves, of conical Shapes, the Branches horizontal, but attaining a large Size, which nevertheless admit of being cut in so as to form narrow conical Trees suitable for large Cemeteries.

Pinus sylvestris E. of T. p. 951. A. B. p. 2153., the Scotch Pine, or Scotch Fir. Height 60-100 ft. 6d. The tree of death and mourning in Russia is the pine, which may be called the Northern Cypress. The poor strew the coffin, at the time of exhibiting the corpse, with pine twigs; and, at the funerals of the wealthy, the whole way from the house to the churchyard is thickly strewed with branches of the same tree. Hence those streets of Petersburg through which funerals frequently pass are almost always covered with this sign of mourning. (Kohl's Russia, vol. i. p. 214.) The badge of the Highland clan M'Gregor.

Pinus Larício E. of T. p. 956. A. B. p. 2200., the Corsican, or Larch, Pine. Height 60-150 ft.

1s. 6d.

Pinus austriaca E. of T. p. 958. A. B. p. 2205., the Austrian, or Black, Pine. Height 60-80 ft. 6d. Dark foliage, very hardy, and bears cutting in. Pinus taúrica E. of T. p. 959. A. B. p. 2206., the Tartarian Pine. Height 60-70 ft. 2s. 6d. A dark-foliaged tree, very hardy, and admitting of being clipped or cut into narrow conical forms. Altogether the noblest of the European pines.

Pinus Strobus E. of T. p. 1018. A. B. p. 2280., the Weymouth Pine. Height

50-80 ft. 9d.

Cedrus Libani E. of T. p. 1057. A. B. p. 2402., the Cedar of Lebanon. Height 50-80 ft.

58.

Cedrus Deodara E. of T. p. 1059. A. B. p. 2428., the Deodar, or Indian, Cedar. Height 50-100 ft.

7s. 6d.

* Of the same Kind, attaining a less Size.

Pinus Pinea E. of T. p. 965. A. B. p. 2224., the Stone Pine. Height 15-20 ft. 2s. 6d. More frequently seen as a bush than as a tree, but very ornamental, and its associations are classical.

Pinus inops E. of T. p. 970. A. B. p. 2192., the Jersey, or poor, Pine.
Height 40-50 ft. 2s. 6d.
Pinus mitis E. of T. p.
Height 50-60 ft.
Pinus pumilio E. of T.
Height 10-20 ft.

974. A. B. p. 2195., the soft-leaved, or yellow, Pine.
2s. 6d.

p. 955. A. B. p. 2186., the dwarf, or Mountain, Pine. 2s. 6d. The foliage dark, and the tree very hardy, and suitable for a burial ground of limited extent.

Evergreen Tree with Chaff-like Leaves, of a singular Appearance, and well adapted for Churchyards and Cemeteries.

Araucària imbricàta E. of T. p. 1062. A. B. p. 2432., the Chili Pine. Height 50-100 ft. 5s. A very singular tree, of slow growth, and, as it is certain of attracting general attention, when planted in a cemetery, it ought to be surrounded with a wire fence for five or six years to protect it from accidental injury.

Evergreen Trees with Needle Leaves and pendent Branches, peculiarly well adapted for being used in Cemeteries so as to droop over Monuments.

Juniperus recúrva E. of T. p. 1089. A. B. p. 2504., the recurved Nepal Juniper. Height 5-10 ft. 2s. 6d. A weeping tree, and on that account peculiarly suitable for cemeteries. Very hardy.

Juniperus virginiàna péndula (Rivers) Gard. Mag. for 1843, p. 61., the pendulous red Cedar. Hitherto rare. 10s.