many, found here the warmest protection and encouragement. But the miseries, devastations, and bloodshed, which in the thirty years' war overwhelmed Bavaria, threw her, like the rest of Germany, into a state of mental and physical exhaustion: while the dread of the Protestant doctrines, that so much infected the German literature, induced her princes, unwisely, to neglect the encouragement of letters. It was not till about the middle of the eighteenth century that the elector Maximilian, by the establishment of the academy of sciences, by the patronage he gave to men of learning, native and foreign, and by promoting the cultivation of the vernacular tongue, succeeded in rousing the Bavarian mind from its long lethargy. But as a beautiful flower will often contain in its chalice a corrosive insect, so the enlightenment of the eighteenth century was too frequently marred and vitiated by some noxious accompaniment or ingredient. This intellectual movement took, in some respects, a false direction; the illustrious society that, more than any other, would have rendered it safe and beneficial, had just been suppressed. On its ruins the destructive order of the Illuminés was founded, whose object it was to diffuse the lurid lights of irreligion and insubordination. This revolutionary society was suppressed by the energy of the elector Carl Theodore; but its principles, often germinating in secret, openly burst forth in the reign of his successor, the late king Maximilian, by whose more than passive acquiescence they obtained a sort of partial triumph. In the person of Count Mongelas, minister to King Maximilian, the revolutionary and irreligious party in Bavaria found an adept, capable of carrying out their designs with more success, because with more reserve and circumspection. It was the aim of this minister to cast the ecclesiastical and political institutions of Bavaria entirely on the model of revolutionary France. In pursuance of this plan the monasteries of both sexes throughout the country were suppressed; the freedom of the Church was hampered on every side with unworthy shackles; and public education, subjected to the state, was given over to the impure hands of irreligious teachers. If, like Napoleon, King Maximilian made a concordat with the Holy See, he took care, like his pattern, to tack to this concordat organic articles inconsistent with its spirit and detrimental to its efficacy.

While the Church was thus being enslaved, municipal corporations in the state were abolished, and on their ruins a system of absolute centralization established. For the loss

of such valuable municipal and ecclesiastical liberties, the minister, Mongelas, doubtless conceived that a constitution after the model of the French charter would be a sufficient compensation. And it is after such abortive attempts (good folks will wonder) that in the continental states the representative system does not work better!

Roused by these political and religious commotions, the Bavarian mind in this reign displayed great vigour and activity. In the mechanical arts many useful discoveries, and among others lithography, were made; the academy of fine arts was instituted and encouraged, the physical sciences were carefully fostered, and schools of popular, as well as liberal, instruction multiplied and extended.

But the true period of Bavaria's intellectual regeneration dates from the accession of the present monarch to the throne. All that was false, vicious, and dangerous, in his father's policy, he has endeavoured to remove and correct; while all that was sound and useful in it he has retained and improved. Hence, as Hurter observes, he has achieved more for art and science in the course of a few years than a whole line of Medicean princes in as many generations.

Those real ameliorations in public instruction, which under the late king had been adopted in Bavaria as well as other parts of Germany, have been completed and consolidated. The introduction of a more religious spirit into the higher and the lower schools, has also tended to give a more solid basis to all these improvements in the literary part of education. For where the culture of the heart is neglected, the improvement of the mind will advance but slowly; and in those establishments where a religious spirit, in a greater or less degree, does not animate and sanctify the labours of teacher and pupil, we may rest assured that carelessness and cupidity on one hand, and idleness, obstinacy, and vice, on the other, will sooner or later frustrate the best concerted plan of intellectual improvement. In Maximilian's time a marked tendency towards realism had characterized the system of public education. This has been wisely altered; and to the classical languages and the moral sciences their due place has been assigned; yet without prejudice to mathematical and technical instruction, which, in all its grades, from the trades' and mechanics' schools to the university, has, according to the admission of the Conversations Lexicon, been, in the present reign, considerably extended and advanced.*

"Conversations-Lexicon," No. 3, p. 326; Leipzig, 1838.

One of the best improvements in public education was, as we before observed, the rejection of the overloading system of the Prussian schools. On this subject an ordinance of the Royal Bavarian Council of Instruction, of the year 1833, very wisely observes:

"It cannot be too strongly impressed on the teacher, that it is not teaching much, but teaching rightly, that produces a permanent impression; since the proverbs of the modern, and the short fables of the ancient, world, have exerted on the character and civilization of nations a far deeper influence than a multitude of folios. Fifteen or twenty rightly-understood propositions in each branch of science would instruct more, and more excite reflection, than all the diffuse show of learning-all the pomp of examinations so injurious to solid science. Here we are reminded of the golden device on the portal of the richest library in the world :- Non multa, sed multum.'

But one of the noblest creations of the present king's enlightened policy, has been the University of Munich; which, transferred from Landshut to the capital, possessing about eighty professors, and usually attended by fourteen or fifteen hundred pupils, rises superior to every rival in Germany. It has been the noble pride and policy of the king to invite to this seat of the muses men of distinction in every branch of science, and from every part of Germany. Here Möhler treated dogmatic theology with that depth of reflection, extent of learning, and dignified mildness of eloquence, so peculiar to himself. Ecclesiastical history is expounded by Döllinger, with an erudition and critical acuteness that have rarely been equalled. Philology is successfully treated by Thiersch; and in Moy the science of canon law has found a most learned and philosophic interpreter. The science of modern history is handled by Professors Philips and Höfler, with much learning, critical perspicacity, and religious feeling. The original mystic Baader, before he fell into schism, threw out a multitude of deep hints and observations in the department of speculative theology; while in the physical sciences he has eminently contributed to bring about a Christian regeneration. The profound and comprehensive genius of Görres sheds a broad light on the labyrinths of universal history, or reveals with wonderful penetration the depths of the mystic theology. In the hands of the great Christian naturalist, Schubert, nature has become the organ of a sublime religious revelation; while both in his physics and metaphysics, the celebrated Schelling has made considerable ap

proximations to Catholic truth, and purified his system in part, though not entirely, of its Gnostic errors.

Such are a few of the more distinguished ornaments of this seat of science. Of late years a multitude of associations for the promotion of historical learning have been founded in the provinces of Bavaria; while in the capital the Academy of Sciences has served as the focus to combine and condense the scattered rays of provincial talent. On the whole we fully concur in the following just observations of Hurter:

"Science," says he, "is not less cherished and encouraged in Munich than art: it has taken a no less vigorous spring than the latter, though, from its very nature, its action is slower and less obvious to the eye. But science here follows a course akin to art, inasmuch as its efforts are directed more to building up than destroying. It is a peculiar folly to estimate the progress of science more by what it sets aside and destroys, than by what it establishes. Hence has the science of Munich been assailed from such various quarters-hence hath the rage of so many been directed against it; and where other weapons have failed, it hath been made the butt of scorn."-Hurter's Excursion to Vienna, vol. ii. p. 361.

Within the last thirty years the German muse has on the whole languished; yet, in the younger Görres, Munich possesses an exquisite poet, whose efforts in the department of Christian lyric poetry surpass anything that has appeared since the time of Novalis and Frederick Schlegel. He edits, in common with his talented friend, Count Pocci, a poetical journal, called The Religious and Secular Festive Calendar; the object of which is to celebrate the great festivals and holy personages of the Bible and the Church, and also to sing the glorious feats of European, and more particularly German, chivalry. The poetry of the younger Görres bears a character of naïve, antique simplicity, of deep yet gentle feeling, and high devotional fervour, strongly akin to the productions of the old Low German school of painting, that are now in the Bavarian capital the objects of such intense enthusiastic worship. The last observation leads us to speak of the state of art in Munich, to which we must now devote a few cursory remarks.

The sudden, yet glorious, resurrection of Christian art from the state of inertness and degradation in which, for three centuries, it lay sunk in Germany, was not, as we may suppose, a fortuitous occurrence, nor the mere effect of princely patronage, however munificent, but the result of general and powerful causes.

On the suppression of the convents and monasteries, and

the desecration of the churches in the Rhenish provinces, by the French revolutionists, a multitude of fine old paintings, and other interesting monuments of the art and piety of former ages, which they contained, escaped the rapacity, or were overlooked by the ignorance, of these Vandals. The Canon Walraff and the two brothers Boisserée signalized at once their taste, liberality, and patriotism, by collecting and arranging these scattered relics of national art. But the laudable industry of these collectors would have been disregarded, and the merit of the works which they treasured up would have remained unappreciated, had not a school of criticism, precisely at that period, revealed the transcendant excellence of the arts and literature of the middle age, and vindicated their long-forgotten glory. This school was represented by Tieck and the Schlegels in the north of Germany, and by Görres and Brentano in the south. Frederick Schlegel was even the personal friend of Walraff and the two Boisserées; and in the arrangement of that famous gallery which the latter afterwards brought together, and which now forms one of the principal ornaments of Munich, this eminent critic was frequently consulted. While the national taste was taking this salutary direction, the religious spirit, so favourable to the development of art, was rapidly reviving. In this fortunate conjuncture, a royal Mecænas arose to cherish the struggling infancy of German art, and warm it into a vigorous maturity. King Lewis of Bavaria already, as crown prince, had out of his privy purse constructed the Glyphtothek (or repository of sculpture), purchased for the sum of six thousand pounds sterling the statues of Egina, and encouraged and aided the efforts of some rising German artists at Rome. But it was only on his accession to the throne, in the year 1826, that this prince could give full scope to the generous inspirations of his great soul, and execute those magnificent designs he had so long entertained for the encouragement of the fine arts. His services in this respect have been justly appreciated and described by the judicious Hurter:

"That which," says he, "constitutes the chief distinction, we might almost say the unique honour, of king Lewis of Bavaria, is that his creative will, his high sense of art, the originality of his taste, have compassed two different objects; the one for the honour of God, the other for the ornament of the prince. Other kings have built; under the protection of other kings, the arts have met with successful encouragement; but many other sovereigns have