government had brought into existence the Argentine repotic in place of the confederation, Mitre was elected president for six years. He was also a candidate again in 1874, but was defeated; after which he headed a rebellion that proved disastrous to his fortunes. Since then he has lived in retirement.

MITRE SHELL. A name applied to the shells of several species of mitra, a genus of gasteropods belonging to the family colutida (q.v.). The shells are very beautiful and much prized by collectors, the favorite being the bishop's mitre shell, of the species M. episcopalis. In the genus mitra the shell is fusiform, thick, spire elevated, acute: aperture small, notched in front; columella obliquely plaited; operculum very small. The animal has a very long proboscis; and, when irritated, emits a purple liquid having a very offensive smell. The eyes are situated on the tentacles or at their base. Over 400 recent and 100 fossil species have been described. In M. episcopalis the animal has a narrow foot, compressed and chaunded at its root, nearly square and slightly articulated in front, with a margined furrow, and pointed behind; eyes sessile at the base of the tentacles. The proboscis is twice the length of the shell. The shell is turreted, smooth, white, spotted with bright red; pillar, four plaited; outer lip denticulated at its lower part; epidermis thin. It is found in East Indian seas and islands of the South sea. M. adusta has a fusiform shell, turreted, ornamented with longitudinal reddish-brown spots; striæ transverse, impressed, rather remote and dotted; pillar fine plaited. It is found at Timor, Vanikoro. There are two varieties. The different species are found at depths varying from the surface to 17 fathoms, on reefs, sandy mud, and sands. They are all inhabitants of warm countries.

MITSCHERLICH, EILHARD, a distinguished Prussian chemist, was b. at Neuende, near Jena, in 1794, and d. at Berlin in 1863. In 1811 he proceeded to the university of Heidelberg, where he devoted himself to history, philology, and oriental languages; and he continued the study of these subjects at Paris and Göttingen. It seems to have been at the last-named university that (1814 or 1815) he first turned his attention to geology and mineralogy, chemistry and physics, and it was not till 1818, when he was at Berlin, that he selected chemistry as his special study. His observations on the striking similarity between the crystalline form and the chemical composition of the arseniates and the phosphates led to his discovery of the law of isomorphism (q.v.), the importance of which was so fully recognized by Berzelius that he invited the young chemist, in 1819, to Stockholm, where he studied till 1821, when, on the death of Klaproth, he was, on the strong recommendation of Berzelius, appointed to the vacant chair of chemistry at Berlin. One of his earliest discoveries after his appointment was that of the double crystalline form of sulphur, the first observed case of dimorphism. See DIMORPHOUS, His investigations regarding the formation of artificial minerals, and his memoirs on benzine and on the formation of ether must be classed among his most important contributions to chemistry; but it is mainly on the discovery of isomorphism and dimorphism that his reputation will finally rest. His principal work is his Lehrbuch der Chemie, begun in 1829, and concluded in 1841. It has passed through five editions, and is especially valuable for the clear and simple way in which he has brought mathematics and physics to bear upon the subject. He was an honorary member of almost all the great scientific societies, and received the gold medal from the Royal Society of London for his discovery of the law of isomorphism.

MIT TAU, or MITAU, the chief t. of the government of Courland, in European Russia, is situated on the right bank of the Aa, 25 m. s. w. of Riga, and was founded in 1271, by the grand master of Teutonic Knights. It was annexed to Russia in 1795. Pop. '80, 23,847, the majority of whom are Germans by birth or descent, 1000 are Jews, and only a few Russians. The town is indifferently built, the houses being chiefly of wood, and painted of a green or brown color. The most important buildings are the old castle-now the seat of the governor of the province, four churches, an astronomical observatory, a public library, a museum, and a number of educational and charitable institutions. As regards commerce and industry, the town occupies only the third place in the government, its principal product being articles of japanned iron and tin; there is an export trade in hemp, flax, and corn. Mittau is the winter residence of the gentry of the surrounding country, and was for some time the abode of Louis XVIII,

MIT TERMAIER, KARL JOSEPH ANTON, 1787-1867, b. in Munich, Bavaria; educated at the universities of Landshut and Heidelberg; for two years, 1819-21, he was a professor at Bonn, but the rest of his life was passed as professor of law and jurisprudence at Heidelberg, with the exception of the time occupied as representative of Baden at the provisional Frankfort parliament and occasional pleasure-trips in Italy, which last occasioned his Italienische Zustände, a criticism of Italian affairs. In politics Mittermaier was liberal, but would now be considered almost conservative by the radical party. For 20 years, 1820-40, he was a member of the Baden legislature. His greatest claim to distinction, however, lies in his extensive writings on jurisprudence, among which is a complete manual of criminal law, Lehrbuch des Criminal-prozesses; and he was an earnest advocate of reform in the German criminal procedure and in prison discipline. The number of his published writings is very large, including many treatises on branches of law, discussions on all the important questions of his time connected with jurisprudence, and especially on trial by jury and the penal code. He also published a transla

Mixed.

tion of Francis Lieber's Letter on Anglican and Gallican Liberty, and edited the German translation of the same author's Civil Liberty.

MIT TIMUS, an English law-term for a writ by which a record is transferred out of one court into another.

MITTIMUS (ante), in criminal practice both in England and in the United States, is a written mandate issued by a competent judicial officer, enjoining an officer of the law to safely convey the body of a prisoner to some place of imprisonment, and also commanding the keeper of such jail to receive and retain the prisoner for a certain time, or until released in course of law. A mittimus is more commonly called a commitment. The document must be issued in the name of the people or of the magistrate, must be dated, is usually sealed, and must describe with reasonable certainty the name or, if not known, the person of the accused, and the criminal offense with which he is charged. Technical nicety in the language of the mittimus is not necessary. The precept passes to the jailer, who is bound to receive the prisoner, and may be indicted for refusal, in which case the officer is bound to retain custody of the accused. It has been held, where a mittimus had been granted on evidence by a justice of the peace, and it was handed to the accused person with the request that he would carry that note to the jailer, and he, in ignorance of its nature, did so, that his detention was in all respects legal.

MITTOO, a country of central Africa, bounded n. by the territory of the Dinka, s. by that of the Nyamnyam, and lying between the Rohl and Roah rivers. The soil is fertile, producing various cereals, tuberous plants, and leguminous and oily fruits, without much labor. The wearing of iron and copper ornaments is common to both sexes, and both are fond of chains for fastening trinkets to their bodies. A thick iron chain on the neck indicates wealth, and some wear four of them. The people have goats and poultry, but no cattle; they eat the flesh of dogs, and are in contempt called Dyoor, or savages. In war they use bow, arrow, and spear, but not shields.

MITT WEIDA, a t. of Saxony, in the circle of Zwickau, 35 m. s.e. of Leipsic. For centuries Mittweida has been noted for its industry. The principal branches of industry are spinning, cotton-weaving, manufacture of fustian, etc., together with dye-works and bleach-fields. Pop. '80, 9,280.

MITYLE'NÉ. See LESBOS.

MIXED CADENCE, in music, is a peculiar way of concluding a musical period or passage, which differs from the perfect, imperfect, and plagal cadence. The mixed cadence, which is most frequently used, consists of the sub-dominant harmony followed by that of the dominant.

MIXED MARRIAGES. In various countries of Europe, marriages between persons of different religious belief have either been prohibited or put under restrictions. The canon law forbade marriages between Christians and non-Christians; at one time, it merely discouraged, at another altogether prohibited the marriage of orthodox Christians with heretics. Subsequently to the reformation, papal dispensations were in use to be granted for marriages between Catholics and Protestants, with the condition annexed, that the children should be brought up in the Catholic faith. During the latter part of the 17th c., parents seem to have been left at liberty to make what agreement they pleased on this head; and in default of their making any, it was presumed that the children would follow the religion of their father. In the middle of the 18th c., the validity of mixed marriages, even when celebrated by the civil magistrate, was recognized by the papal court; and under Napoleon's rule, they became common, without stipulations as to the children. The events of 1815 restored sufficient influence to the Roman Catholic church to enable the clergy to put in force a rule by which they could refuse to celebrate such marriages without an assurance that the children would be brought up Catholics. By the law of many of the German states, the clergyman of the bride was the only person who could competently officiate, and an engagement of this kind was often not only repugnant to the father as a Protestant, but illegal. Conflicts followed between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, which have sometimes been obviated by the priest, on whom the law imposes the celebration of the marriage, not pronouncing the nuptial benediction, but giving his presence as a witness along with two other witnesses when the parties declared themselves nusband and wife-a kind of marriage whose validity is perfectly recognized by the canon law. In Spain, marriages between Catholics and Protestants have sometimes taken place in this way, avoiding the stipulations otherwise necessary regarding the children.

There was, till lately, a great diversity in the state of the law of mixed marriages in different parts of Germany. Prussia was the first state to do away the former restrictions by the recognition of a civil ceremony alone as that which constitutes marriage in the eye of the law. Until that change, the letter of the law provided that the children should be brought up in the faith of their father, and no compacts to the contrary were allowed. Practically, however, the law was largely evaded, no one having a recognized interest to object to the fulfillment of such agreements. In Bavaria, mixed marriages might be performed either by Protestant or Catholic clergymen ; and the spouses had it in their power to make what arrangements they pleased regarding the children before or after marriage; but if no such arrangements happened to have been made, the children

Mixed.

were brought up in the religion of their father. In Saxony, and various other German states, the spouses might, before marriage, make what arrangements they liked as to the religion of their children; but if they had made none, the law obliged them to be brought up in the faith of their father. A bill for rendering civil marriage obligatory throughout the empire was brought before the Reichstag in 1874, and passed in 1875, thus extending the system of Prussia to all other German states. This bill enables men and women to be married independently of the consent of the clergy (not always easily obtained in Catholic districts), or of the difference of their religious beliefs. It also allows of children being left un baptized, and brought up without being assigned to any religious denomination whatsoever. In Austria, the interposition of the Catholic priest is required in marriages between Catholics and Protestants. He need not, however, give the sacerdo tal benediction; his passive assistance only is required, either in taking the declaration of the parties, which is followed by a Protestant ceremony, or by being present as a witness at the Protestant ceremony. When the husband is Catholic, all the children must be brought up Catholics; when the husband is Protestant and the wife Catholic, the song follow the father and the daughters the mother. In Denmark stipulations may be made before or after marriage, and can be altered by mutual consent of the parents, or, in some cases, even after the death of one of them. Mixed marriages were, till lately, altogether prohibited in some of the Catholic cantons of Switzerland, but they are now authorized in all the cantons by the federal laws. It is generally the clergyman of the husband's creed who officiates, but at Zürich the ceremony is performed in both churches. In most cases, the children are required to be educated in the religion of their father.

In most German states, marriages between Christians and Jews or Mohammedans used to be interdicted; but, after 1849, the prohibitions were in individual cases dispensed with. In Denmark such marriages have been permitted on condition of the children being brought up Protestants. In Russia the members of both Greek and Roman communions are prohibited from intermarrying with non-Christians: members of the orthodox Greek church cannot marry Greek sectaries; but when an orthodox Russian marries a Protestant or Catholic, the benediction must be given in the Greek church, and the children baptized in the Greek communion. When the parents are of different religions, but neither belongs to the Greek church, ante-nuptial stipulations will be given effect to; if none have been made, the sons follow the father's faith, and the daughters the mother's.

In France the law regards marriage as a purely civil contract, and recognizes only the civil celebration, which is completely separated from the religious rite. As the faith of the parents is not taken cognizance of, questions regarding the religious education of the children cannot arise before the civil tribunals.

The only restriction to which mixed marriages are now subjected in any part of the United Kingdom is imposed by act 19 Geo. II. c. 13, applicable to Ireland only, that a marriage celebrated by a Catholic priest between a Roman Catholic and a Protestant, or a person who within 12 months has been or professed to be a Protestant, or between two Protestants, is null.

MIXED MATHEMATICS, a name given the purely scientific principles of mathematics when applied and intermixed with physical considerations. Such are hydrostatics, optics, and navigation.

MIXED RACES. The subject of mixed races is one intimately connected with an enlarged study of ethnology. It involves a consideration of the phenomena attendant upon the sexual union between individuals belonging to different varieties of the human race; as, for instance-adopting the classification of Blumenbach-between the European and the negro or the American Indian; or between the American Indian and the negro; or between any of these three and individuals belonging to the Malay and Mongolian varieties. It is well understood that such unions are in general prolific; and not only so, but that their offspring is likewise prolific; and this fact is much relied upon by some ethnologists as an argument in favor of the unity of the human race. They reason thus: Were the different varieties of mankind distinct species, as has been frequently alleged, then it would necessarily follow that the offspring of such unions would prove as unfruitful as those between the horse and the ass, the goat and the sheep, the wolf and the dog; and similarly with respect to the hybrids among birds, insects, and plants. To sum up, in the words of Dr. Prichard, the best exponent of this school of ethnology: "It seems to be the well-established result of inquiries into the various tribes of organized beings, that the perpetuation of hybrids, whether of plants or animals, so as to produce new and intermediate tribes, is impossible. Now, unless all these observations are erroneous, or capable of some explanation that has not yet been pointed out, they lead, with the strongest force of analogical reasoning, to the conclusion that a number of different tribes, such as the various races of men, must either be incapable of intermixing their stock, and thus always fated to remain separate from each other, or, if the contrary should be the fact, that all the races to whom the remark applies, are proved by it to belong to the same species." Dr. Prichard further observes, that so far from such unions between members of different varieties of the human race proving unfruitful, or their offspring unfruitful, the very opposite is the case, as, for instance, in unions between the negro and the European, the most strongly marked varieties of our race. "If we inquire,"

he says, "into the facts which relate to the intermixture of negroes and Europeans, it will be impossible to doubt the tendency of the so-termed mulattoes to increase. The men of color, or the mixed race between the creoles and the negroes, are in many of the West India islands a rapidly increasing people, and it would be very probable that they will eventually become the permanent masters of those islands, were it not for the great numerical superiority of the genuine negroes. In many parts of America they are also very numerous.' It is to America, indeed, both North and South, that we must chiefly look for the numerous and varied phenomena resulting from this intermixture of races; for there we have not only the negro and the European mingling their blood, but the negro and the American Indian, the European and the Indian, and the offspring of each of these with the offspring of the other, or with members of either of the parent stocks added to which, of late years, the Chinese (of Mongolian race or variety) have appeared upon the scene, thus contributing greatly to the number of what are termed human hybrids. All these, however, are not equally fertile; and with respect even to the mulattoes, it is alleged by writers of the Morton school of ethnology that they do not perpetuate themselves for many generations. "Nature, says Squier, rather dogmatically, 'perpetuates no human hybrids-as, for instance, a permanent race of mulattoes." And Dr. Nott, adopting the classification of species laid down by Dr. Morton-namely, remote species, in which hybrids are never produced; allied species, which produce, inter se, an unfertile offspring; and proximate species, which produce with each other a fertile offspring-is of opinion that it is only by the union of southern or dark-skinned Europeans with negroes that thoroughly prolific mulattoes are engendered, which is not the case in unions occurring between individuals of the Anglo-Saxon and negro races. In arriving at this conclusion, we cannot help thinking that the author has been helped forward by the strong prejudice existing in the southern states against all taint of negro blood. A more impartial writer, prof. Wilson, in his Prehistoric Man, observes: "There are upwards of 4,000,000 of people of African blood in the United States, and certainly not less than 10,000,000 throughout the continent and islands of North and South America, and of these the larger proportion consists of hybrids. . . . It is impossible to determine with certainty how far the hybrid colored population of the United States is capable of permanency, either by the development of a fixed hybrid type, or by continuous fertility, until the predominant primary type reasserts its power, by their return to that of the original white or black parent, so long as the mixed breed is constantly augmented in the southern states by means at variance with the natural and moral relations of social life." As it is, the weight of evidence appears to be in favor of Dr. Priehard's views; but until the doctrine of hybridity is better understood, and a more satisfactory answer to the vexed question, "What is species?" has been supplied to us, we must deem it idle to pronounce dogmatically on the subject. See HYBRID and SPECIES. We conclude with a list of half-castes given by Dr. Tschudi, "with a few additions from other sources,' printed in the appendix to prof. Wilson's valuable work just mentioned.

MIXTE CAS, the name of an ancient Indian race, said to have migrated from the north and settled in Mexico, populating that part of the republic which is now included in the states of Puebla, Guerrero, and Oajaca. They were an industrious people; were divided into independent bands, each with its own chief; and were inclined towards an advanced state of semi-civilization. They built cities, temples, and fortifications, the remains of which are significant of their capacity and progress. They possessed a relig

Moabites.

ion, and conducted certain rites in mountain caves, and they included the idea of a heaven, which they named Sosola, in their theology. This race still exists, retaining a portion of its ancient territory, but has been driven from Puebla by the Mexicans, and in some instances forced to retire into Guatemala. Their language is similar to the Zapoteca, but simpler, although it has a number of dialects. The Mixtecas inhabit a region surrounded by mountain ranges, and are peaceable and industrious, not concerning themselves in the political disturbances which are so frequent in Mexico. Their principal cities are Tepascoluta, Yanhuistlan, Ilaxiaco, and Huajuapan.

MIXTURE, an organ stop, consisting of from two to five ranks of small metallic pipes. It is generally found in large organs, and resembles the sesquialtera and furniture stops, except that it is much higher and shriller. Like other compound stops, the two smaller ranks of the mixture stop change on the upper part of the organ scale into an octave lower. This is necessitated from the fact that the pipes in their upper ranks would produce too small a volume of sound.

MIXTURES are officinal preparations, extempore in their nature, some of which—as, for example, mistura camphora, mistura creta, and mistura ferri composita-are very extensively used in medical practice, either as vehicles for more active remedies, or for their intrinsic value.

MIZZEN, or MIZEN, the sternmost of the masts in a three-masted vessel, and also the smallest of the three. Above it are the mizzen-topmast, the mizzen-top-gallant-mast, and the mizzen-royal. It supports the usual yards, and, in addition, the gaff and boom of the spanker (q.v.). A rear-admiral hoists his pendant at the mizzen.

Although the word mizzen is now applied adjectively to the several parts, it appears formerly to have been the name of a large triangular sail carried in the stern, and thence to have become the distinguishing title of the mast which bore that sail. The name is probably from It. mezzano, mean, in the middle; in opposition to a square sail which lies across the vessel.

MNEMONICS. See MEMORY.

MNEMOSYNE, in classical mythology the goddess of memory, and the mother of the Muses (q.v.), whom she bore to Jupiter. The principal seat of her worship was at Eleu there, in Boeotia.

MOA, the name given by the New Zealanders to the large wingless or struthious birds (see BREVIPENNES) of which the bones are found imbedded in the sands of the sea-shore, in swamps, forests, river-beds, and limestone caves, and of which traditions subsist among them as birds living in their country. The largest bones belong to the genus Dinornis (q.v.), others to Palapteryx (q.v.); and with them are found bones of a large bird (Aptornis) resembling a swan, supposed to be now extinct, also of the existing species of Apteryx (q.v.) and of Notornis (q.v.), much smaller birds. It is generally supposed that no large moas have been seen alive since about 1650; but it has recently been again alleged that some have been seen, and rewards have been offered for the capture of them. They are represented by the New Zealanders as stupid, fat, indolent birds, living in forests, mountain fastnesses, etc., and feeding on vegetable food. Their feet are said to have been adapted for digging. They seem to have been extirpated for the sake of their flesh, feathers, and bones. The eggs were eaten. The leg-bones of the moas were filled with marrow, and not with air, as those of other birds.

MO ABITES, a pastoral people, who inhabited the mountainous country e. of the lower part of the Jordan and of the Dead sea. Their cultus was characterized by many very odious rites, among which was human sacrifice. In the time of the Judges, the Jews were for eighteen years under the yoke of the Moabites, who were afterwards made tributary by David, but, about 900 B.C., shook off their allegiance to the Jewish kings, and afterwards took part with the Chaldeans against the Jews. Their name no longer exists, and the remnants of the people have long been included among the Arabs.

MOABITES (ante), the descendants of Moab, son of Lot, whose primitive dwellingplace was Zoar, on the south-eastern border of the Dead sea. Gradually supplanting the original inhabitants, they obtained possession of the fertile highlands-extending 40 or 50 m. in length by 10 in width on the e. of the Dead sea-and of the plains below. From the most elevated part of this territory they were expelled by the Amorites, who allowed them to retain only the southern half of the table-lands and the plain. This restricted region was strongly fortified by nature, having on the n. the chasm of the Arnon; on the w. cliffs, almost perpendicular, by the side of the Dead sea, intersected only by a few steep and narrow passes; and on the s. and e. semi-circular hills, through which pass only a branch of the Arnon and the wadys or valleys that go down to the sea. Beyond these hills lay a vast extent of uncultivated pasture-grounds, described in the book of Numbers as the wilderness which faced Moab on the east. Through this Israel seems to have approached the promised land, without traversing Moab itself, but taking their position n. of the Arnon. Here they remained during their operations against Bashan. It was at this time that Balak, king of Moab, in his fear of Israel, sent for Balaam to curse them, and for the Midianites to make war against them. From the plains of Moab Moses ascended to the top of Pisgah to view the promised land; in the land of Moab he died; somewhere in a valley of that land, over against Beth-peor, he was buried; and in