by the chancellor alone. The court of errors and appeals in the last resort is composed of the chancellor, the justices of the supreme court, and 6 judges. The pardoning power is vested in the chancellor, 6 judges, and the governor, but is not exercised without the sanction of the governor. The chancellor receives a salary of $10,000.

Laws, etc.-By conformity to the provisions of the statute for that purpose, the lot and building thereon, which is occupied as a residence and owned by a debtor, who is a householder and has a family, are exempt by law from sale or execution, to the value of $1000. All wearing apparel of the debtor and his family and personal property amounting to the value of $200 are similarly exempt, except for the purchase-money therefor. A wife holds property acquired before marriage free from control of her husband or liability for his debts. If over 21 years of age, she may make a will, but cannot dispose of any interest to which her husband would be entitled by law at her death. If living with her husband, she cannot convey her property without his consent. The grounds for divorce are adultery and wilful desertion for 3 years. A county option and high license bill was passed in 1888, but repealed in 1889. The minimum license in towns, under the new act, is $100, and $250 in cities. On the application of one-fifth of the legal voters in any township or city, a special election must be ordered by the court, at which the amount of the license fee may be raised to any figure a majority of the voters may determine. Such elections may not be held oftener than once in 3 years. Offenders must be tried before a jury, and a second conviction forever incapacitates the convicted party from obtaining a license. The legal and only rate of interest is 6 per cent. The penalty for usury is forfeiture of entire interest. A foreign will directing the sale of land in the state has the same effect as if filed originally in the state. A state board of agriculture was established in 1886, and a board of health and bureau of vital statistics. Each city and township is required to have local boards of health. The riparian lands are under special commissioners, and the maximum price of these lands was fixed by law in 1869. The prices range from 20-30 cts. per foot, on unimproved beaches, to $50 on the bay of New York and the Hudson river. The real and personal estate of manufacturing corporations is taxed the same as real and personal estate of individuals. Twelve hours is a legal day's labor on all st. railways and elevated railroads.

The electoral votes have been cast as follows: 1788, 6 votes for Washington for pres., 5 for John Jay for vice-pres., and one for John Adams for vice-pres.; 1792, Washington and Adams, 7; 1796, Adams and Thos. Pinckney, 7; 1800, Adams and C. C. Pinckney, 7; 1804, Jefferson and George Clinton, 8; 1808, Madison and George Clinton, 8; 1812, De Witt Clinton and Ingersoll, 8; 1814, Monroe and Tompkins, 8; 1820, Monroe and Tompkins, 8; 1824, Jackson and Calhoun, 8; 1828, Adams and Rush, 8; 1832, Jackson and Van Buren, 8; 1836, Harrison and Granger, 8; 1840, Harrison and Tyler, 8; 1844, Clay and Frelinghuysen, 7; 1848, Taylor and Fillmore, 7; 1852, Pierce and King, 7; 1856, Buchanan and Breckenridge, 7; 1860, Lincoln and Hamlin, 4, Douglas and H. V. Johnson, 3; 1864, McClellan and Pendleton, 7; 1868, Seymour and Blair, 7; 1872, Grant and Wilson, 9; 1876, Tilden and Hendricks, 9; 1880, Hancock and English, 9; 1884, Cleveland and Hendricks, 9; 1888, Cleveland and Thurman, 9.

Charitable Institutions.-There is a state board of charities, a part of whose duties is to visit the state institutions, those of the counties, and private incorporate benevolences. Care and instruction to the deaf and dumb were provided out of the state at New York and Buffalo, until 1883, when a state institution was completed at Trenton at a cost of $49,266. The blind are taken care of in New York and Pennsylvania institutions at a cost of about $14,000 per annum. Idiocy and insanity are greatly on the increase. There are homes for feeble-minded women and children at Vineland. The home for disabled soldiers at Newark is maintained at an annual cost of from $30,000 to $40,000. The home for soldiers' children, formerly maintained, has been closed, after having executed its trust in educating and providing homes for them. An act for the establishment of orphan asylums was enacted Mar. 9, 1877, providing that any 5 or more persons may form themselves into an orphan asylum association for the purpose of receiving, supporting, and educating orphan children, under such name as they may choose, after being duly incorporated under the further provisions of the act. Such private associations are believed to be a more efficient means of providing for the orphans in each locality than state institutions. An industrial school for girls at Trenton is maintained by the state. state reform school for juvenile delinquents is located at Jamesburg in Middlesex co., on a farm of 490 acres, where the boys are employed at farm labor and taught a few trades. The old state lunatic asylum is at Trenton. The number of patients in 1885-86 was 691, and its expenses the same year, were $155,612. The state pays $1 per week for every co. patient in addition to what each co. is obliged to pay for those it sends. The institution derives a revenue from the care of private patients who are sent to it. The new asylum for the insane at Morristown is one of the finest structures for the purpose in the country, having cost about $650,000. It will accommodate upward of 800 patients. In 1885-86 it maintained 857-145 private patients. The state prison is at Trenton. The average number of convicts in 1885-86 was 892; the total expenses, $151,053.28; total earnings, $66,411.03. In 1884 the legislature passed a bill abolishing contract convict-labor in the prison. The inmates must now be employed upon goods used in institutions under state control, on the public-account system, or the piece-price plan. Persons under 16 years of age, confined in co. institutions must be kept separate from older prisoners.

A

Finances.-The state debt for the year ending Oct. 31, 1887, was $1,396,300, bearing 6 per cent. interest. The outstanding debt of the war loan was originally about $2,500,000, and $100,000 must be paid annually on this. The sinking fund pays $10,000 per annum, besides paying the interest on the entire debt, leaving $90,000 to be raised annually by taxes. All the state's floating debt was paid off in 1878, leaving a balance of $120.000. The state receipts for 1886-87 were $1,419,070; expenditures, $1,436,015; raised by taxation, $1,083,437; valuation of real and personal property, 1886, $573,256,304; rate of state tax, 24 mills on $1.00. The school tax is 2 mills. The state taxes are low, but the co. taxes and the municipal taxes of many of the cities have been ruinously high, being on an average about 8 times as much as state and school tax combined. A poll tax of $1.00, for local purposes, is imposed on male inhabitants of 21 years and over, but no voter loses his vote by reason of non-payment.

Population.-In 1790, 184,139-11,423 slave, 2762 free col'd; 1800, 211,149-12,422 slave, 4402 free col'd; density per sq.m., 25.38; 1820, 277,575-7557 slave, 12,460 free col'd; 1840, 373,306-674 slave, 21,044 free col'd; 1850, 489,555-236 slave, 23,810 free col'd; foreign born, 59,948; density per sq.m. 58.84; 1860, 672,035-18 slave, 25,318 free col'd; foreign born, 122,790; density per sq.m., 80.77; 1870, 906,096—30,658 col'd; foreign born, 188,943; density per sq.m., 108.91; 1880, 1,131,116-38,853 col'd, includ ing 172 Chinese, 74 Indians, 2 Japanese; foreign born, 221,700, including 132,882 from Great Britain and Ireland, and 64,935 from the German empire; male, 559,922; female, 571,194; dwellings, 190,403; families, 232,309; density per sq.m., 151.7. Of the total population, 10 years of age and over, there were engaged in all occupations, 396,879; in agriculture, 59,214, of whom 22,672 were laborers, and 33,578 farmers and planters; in professional and personal services, 110,722, including 1654 clergymen, 29,777 domestic servants, 427 journalists, 52,707 laborers not specified; in trade and transportation, 66,382, and in manufactures, mechanical, and mining industries, 160,561, of whom 4928 were blacksmiths, 6832 boot and shoe makers, 12,354 carpenters and joiners, 18,940 cotton, woolen, and silk mill operatives. Rank of state, 19 in pop., 25 in val. agricultural products, and 6 in manufactures; pop. 1885, 1,277,135; 1888, 1,463,404. There are 22 cos.; for pop. 1880, see census tables, vol. XV. Hudson and Essex cos. contain nearly two-thirds of the entire German pop. of the state, and Hudson co. more than one-third of the entire Irish pop. The largest cities, 1888, were Jersey city, 185,000: Newark, 175,000; Paterson, 76,000; Camden, 65,000; Hoboken, 50,000. In 1886 Trenton had 35,000 pop.; Elizabeth, 33,000; New Brunswick, 18,300, and Orange, 16,000. The towns and villages within a radius of 20 m. of New York have been well described as the dormitories of that city.

See histories by Gordon (Trenton, 1834) and by Smith (Burlington, 1865); Documents relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey (11 vols., Newark, 1880-88), edited by Whitehead; Elmer's The Constitution and Government of the Province and State of New Jersey (Newark, 1872); Whitehead's East Jersey under the Proprietary Goe ernment (Newark, 1875); Minutes of the Provincial Congress and the Council of Safety of the State of New Jersey (2 vols., Trenton, 1872-79).

NEW JERSEY, COLLEGE OF, popularly known as PRINCETON COLLEGE, and situated in the town of Princeton, N. J., was founded through the exertions of some leading members of the synod of New York-which then included many of the Presby terian churches in New Jersey-under charters granted, 1746, by acting governor Hamilton, and, 1748, with more liberal provisions by governor Belcher. It was opened, 1747, at Elizabethtown; was removed to Newark, and thence to Princeton, 1757, where a large building was erected and named Nassau hall, in honor of William III. of the house of Nassau. This building was used as a barrack and hospital by both American and British soldiers during a part of the revolutionary war. At the battle of Princeton, the British troops made a stand within its walls, and were driven out by Washington's advance. The continental congress met in it in 1783, and attended the commencement of that year in company with Washington, who presented 50 guineas to the trustees to aid in repairing the damages occasioned by the battle. The money was used for a full-length portrait of Washington-painted by the elder Peale-to fill the vacancy in a large gilt frame, hanging in the prayer-hall, from which the portrait of George III. had been shot away by a cannon ball during the assault. Great difficulty was experienced after the revolution in raising funds and in repairing the buildings, but the institution revived under its able presidents, and excepting the period of the civil war, when its income and the number of its students diminished, it has made steady progress. Jonathan Dickinson was the first president, rev. Aaron Burr, the second, Jonathan Edwards, the third, Dr. Witherspoona member of the continental congress, and a signer of the declaration of independence, the sixth; Dr. Maclean, the tenth, honored for his lifelong efficient and varied service in the coll. Dr. James McCosh, who came from Queen's coll., Belfast, Ireland, the head of the institution from 1868 to 1888, greatly advanced its interests by his distinguished repu tation, able instructions, and skillful administration. During his presidency the faculty was enlarged, and the number of students greatly increased; commodious and elegant buildings were erected and new studies introduced, the school of science established, and more than $2,200,000 contributed for various objects designed to increase the efficiency of the coll. Of this large sum $1,356,000 was given by Mr. John C. Green and by his

legatees, since his death, in carrying out his wishes. Among the other large donors are Messrs. N. N. Halstead, Robert Bonner, Henry G. Marquand, William Libbey, R. L. and A. Stuart, James Lennox, and John I. Blair.

The grounds, including an extensive purchase made in 1889, cover 225 acres, beautifully laid out, comprising hilly ground, expanses of meadow and woodland, and adorned by avenues of venerable elms, notably that known as McCosh's walk." The buildings, 27 in number, are mostly of stone, and are, with few exceptions, grouped around Nassau hall, and near the main street of the town. The library, Marquand chapel, which contains a mural statue of Dr. McCosh, the John C. Green school of science, Witherspoon and Brown halls, and the art museum are conspicuous for architectural beauty. Nassau hall, erected in 1756 and destroyed by fire in 1802 and 1855, is closely connected with the history of the coll. Clio and Whig halls, old buildings devoted to literary societies, are to be replaced by handsome structures. Other buildings are East and West colls., Dickinson, Reunion, Edwards and Murray halls, Halsted observatory, biological laboratory, chancellor Green library, and the gymnasium. The library, containing about 70,000 vols., is particularly rich in works on mathematics, physics, natural and mental science, philology and literature. The library of the theological school contains over 50,000 vols. The museum of geology and archæology, in Nassau hall, contains large collections, and the school of science is equally rich in the department of biology. The museum of historic art contains the celebrated Trumbull-Prime collection of pottery, and the Mainion collection of Assyrian antiquities. Halsted observatory contains, as its special instrument, an equatorial of 23 ins. aperture and 30 ft. focal length. An observatory of instruction is devoted entirely to the use of students. There is a magnetic observatory, used by the school of engineering, and there are well-equipped physical, chemical, mineralogical, and histological laboratories.

The academic departments are those of philosophy, of language and literature, of mathematics and natural science. The John C. Green school of science includes a course in civil engineering. During junior and senior years many studies are elective. In exceptional cases, undergraduate students, not members of the regular classes nor candidates for a degree, are admitted to coll. privileges, and allowed to take special courses. Examinations for admission to the coll. are held in the principal western cities, simultaneously with the entrance examinations at Princeton. There are 77 endowed scholarships, 4 special funds, 7 fellowships, and a number of competitive scholarships; also 4 university fellowships open to the graduates of any American coll. The Cliosophic and American Whig literary societies have for more than a century added greatly to the attractive power and usefulness of the coll. Princeton theolog. sem. (Presb.), closely associated with the coll., is occupies several buildings near by. It was organized in 1812 and chartered in 1822. Its course of study is 3 years. In 1887-88, it had 10 resident and non-resident instructors and 133 students. The coll. is governed by a self-perpetuating board of 27 trustees with the gov. of the state as pres. ex-officio, or, in his absence, the pres. of the coll. A conference committee in which the students are represented secures harmony and unity of purpose between the faculty and undergraduates. Although the coll. is under Presbyterian control, the majority of its instructors, trustees, and students being connected with the Presbyterian church, it is open to all denominations. Religious instruction is given weekly to all the classes. A large proportion of the graduates have entered the ministry. The faculty, 1888-89, numbered 46. There were 12 fellows, 90 graduate students, 463 undergraduates in the academic department, and 111 scientific students, a total of 667; pres., rev. Francis Landey Patton, D.D.

NEW JERSEY TEA. See RED ROOT.

NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. See SWEDENBORGIANS.

NEW JOHORE', formerly Tanjong Putri, a Malay settlement on the southern extremity of the Malay peninsula. Here the rajah or tummongong of Johore, who is an independent sovereign, occasionally resides. The climate is healthy; large quantities of gambir and pepper are raised in the vicinity; saw-mills on an extensive scale are in operation. Vessels of the largest draught can approach close to the shore. The valuable timbers of these immense forests are yet scarcely known. Pop. in the New Johore territory about 20,000, chiefly Chinese.

NEW KENT, a co. in e. Virginia, having the Broad York river, formed by the union of the Pamunkey and Mattapony rivers, for its n.e. boundary; and the Chickahominy river for its s. and s. w. boundary; 270 sq.m.; pop. '80, 5,515-5,501 of American birth, 3,240 colored. It is intersected in the extreme n.w. by the Richmond, York river, and Chesapeake railroad. Its surface is generally level, and largely covered with forests. Its soil is a light sandy loam, and produces wheat, corn, tobacco, and sorghum. Horses, cattle, sheep, and swine are raised. Co. seat, New Kent Court House.

NEW LANARK. See LANARK.

NEW LEBANON, a t. in s.e. New York, on the Harlem Extension railroad; pop. '80, 2,245. It is 18 m. from Chatham Four Corners, and 24 m. s.e. of Albany. It includes

Newman.

the villages of Mount Lebanon, Lebanon Springs, Tildens, New Lebanon Center, West Lebanon, and New Britain. The Shaker village of Mount Lebanon is inhabited by nearly 600 persons owning about 4,000 acres of land, which they industriously cultivate, and store their produce in 8 barns, one of which, built of stone, is 196 X 50 ft., and said to be the best in the country. They live in 8 dwelling houses, and have 26 workshops, 2 seed establishment, saw and grist mills, and manufactories of chairs, brooms, and baskets. A kind of cider apple-sauce is made and largely exported. They are specially occupied in preserving garden seeds and preparing extracts of roots and herbs, the annual pro duction being about 200,000 lbs. They have a laboratory, and a large meeting-house. "Lebanon Springs is a summer resort noted for its thermal springs, the largest of which discharges 16 barrels of water per minute, with a uniform temperature of 73° at all seasons. It supplies what the baths require, and the water-power for 3 mills, which are run the year round. It has a number of first-class hotels. In the town is a factory where thermometers and barometers are made, said to be the first established in the United States. It has also an extensive manufactory of medicines, with a glass-factory under the same management. The manufacture of vinegar is among the industries, und it has 8 churches, public schools, a young ladies' seminary, and 2 newspapers.

NEW LEON, one of the states of the Mexican confederation. It is bounded by Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas, and Cohabuila; has an area of 23,632 sq.m.; pop. 1884, 201,732 whites and mestizoes. The surface is generally mountainous, the soil fertile, and the climate healthy. Lead, gold, silver, and salt are found within its limits. The natural resources of the state have suffered in their development by many military disturbances. The capital is Monterey, and other chief towns are Florida, Saltillo, and Lanares.

NEW LONDON, a co. in s.e. Connecticut, bordering on Rhode Island, and bounded 8. by Long Island sound and the Atlantic, and s.w. by the Connecticut river; drained also by the Thames, Yantic, Shetucket, and Quinnebaug rivers; intersected by several railroads, the chief being the Shore Line branch of the New York and New Haven consolidated road, the Stonington and Providence, and the Boston, Hartford and Erie: about 600 sq.m.: pop. '80, 73,137-58,965 of American birth, 1,591 colored. The sur face is very hilly, but not rugged; the soil is only moderately fertile; oats, Indian corn, potatoes, and dairy products are the staples; the sloping hills give excellent pasturage for cattle. Extensive granite quarries are found near New London. Water-power is furnished in abundance by the streams, and there are extensive manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, furniture, flour, articles of india rubber, paper, fish oil, and other productions. In former years the inhabitants were in great numbers interested in the whale fisheries. The chief towns are New London and Norwich, both of which are co. seats.

NEW LONDON, a city and port of entry in Connecticut, on the right bank of the river Thames, 3 m. from Long Island sound, 40 m. s.e. of New Haven. It is a rich and handsome town, with a custom-house, 11 churches, academy, public Schools, a daily and a weekly paper, 5 banks, several iron-foundries and steam saw-milis, a machine-manufacturing company, a deep, secure harbor, protected by a fort of 80 guns with 20,000 tons of shipping, much of it engaged in the whale fisheries, and railway and steamboat communications. It was settled in 1644, and in 1781 burned by gen. Arnold. The Thames is crossed by the longest swing span drawbridge in the world.

NEW LONDON (ante), one of the capitals of New London co., Conn.; about 60 m. s. w. of Providence, and 40 m. s.e. of Hartford; the terminus of the Shore Line division of the New York and New Haven, the New London and Northern, and the Stonington and Providence railroads; connected also with New York by a line of large steamboats; pop. '80, 10,529. The city, on the w. bank of the Thames near its mouth, lies at the foot and on the slope of hills which rise behind it. The harbor is a very fine one, 3 m. in length and of a good depth. It is guarded by fort Trumbull, 80 guns, in which a garrison is constantly maintained by the government. The U. S. navy yard is on the e. side of the river above the city. On the same bank is fort Griswold, in Groton, the scene of a massacre by the British forces under Benedict Arnold in 1781. The town was originally settled by colonists under the lead of a son of gov. Winthrop of Massa chusetts. The principal public buildings are the city-hall, custom-house, and courthouse. There are 10 churches, 6 or 7 banks, schools and academies, and 2 or 3 hotels, one of which, on the sound, at the mouth of the river, is a very popular summer resort. The chief manufactures are woolen, sewing silks, machinery, and hardware. people formerly for many years were engaged in the whale fisheries, the source of much wealth: that business declined; but recently many vessels have been sent out to the sealing grounds of Alaska and the South Shetland islands. The number of vessels belong ing to the port is not far from 200.

The

NEW MADRID, a co. in s.e. Missouri, having the Mississippi river for its se boundary, separating it from Kentucky and Tennessee; the Little river for its s.; and drained by White river; 750 sq.m.; pop. '80, 7,694-7,587 of American birth, 1881 colored. Its surface, now diversified by swamps, prairie land, and bayous, was considerably lowered in the central portion by the earthquake of 1811-12, forming a large

ake. It has another lake in the w. portion, and its soil is very fertile. Corn and pork are raised, and there is good pasturage for live stock. Co. seat, New Madrid Court House.

NEW MADRID, a village in s.e. Missouri, settled 1780; on the upper Mississippi river; pop. '80, 712. It is in the township of New Madrid, the co. seat of New Madrid county, 40 m. s. w. of Cairo, Illinois, 280 m. s.e. of Jefferson city, at the terminus of the Little River Valley and Arkansas railroad. It is in the center of a fertile agricultural district, and has an extensive trade by the river in market produce, lumber, and live stock; large cargoes being sent down the river to supply southern markets. It was settled by Spaniards from Louisiana, and has received severe shocks from earthquakes, notably that of 1811, which have destroyed most of the original town. The present village is built principally of wood. It has 3 churches and a newspaper.

NEW MALTON. See MALTON.

NEWMAN, EDWARD, 1801-76; b. England; founded the Entomological Magazine in 1833, and the Entomologist in 1840. In the latter year he began business as a printer and publisher in London, retiring in 1869. He edited the Zoologist in 1843, and the Phytologist in 1844. He published a History of British Ferns, 1846; The Insect Hunters, or Entomology in Verse, 1858; A Dictionary of British Birds, 1866; Illustrated History of British Moths, 1869; and Пlustrated History of British Butterflies, 1871. His researches were specially devoted to the study of insects injurious to vegetation.

NEWMAN, FRANCIS, d. 1660; b. England; settled in New Hampshire in 1638, and afterwards removed to Connecticut. He was secretary of New Haven colony in the administration of gov. Theophilus Eaton, and was an assistant in 1653, in which year he went to Manhattan as a commissioner for the colony to demand reparation from gov. Stuyvesant for damages inflicted upon the New Haven people by the Dutch. He was one of the commissioners of the confederation of colonies in 1654 and 1658, and succeeded Eaton as governor in the latter year, retaining the office till his death.

NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM, brother of John Henry, was b. in London in 1805, and educated at the school of Ealing. Thence he passed to Worcester college, Oxford, where he obtained first-class honors in classics and mathematics in 1826, and, in the same year, a fellowship in Baliol college. This fellowship, however, he resigned; and he withdrew from the university in 1830, at the approach of the time for taking the degree of M.A., declining the subscription to the 39 articles which was required from candidates for the degree. After a lengthened tour in the east he was appointed classical tutor in Bristol college, 1834. In 1840 he accepted a similar professorship in Manchester New college, and, in 1846, his great reputation for scholarship and his general accomplishments led to his being appointed to the chair of Latin in University college, London, which he held till 1863. During all this time he has not only been an active contributor to numerous literary and scientific periodicals, and to various branches of ancient and modern literature, but has also had a leading part in the controversies on religion, in which he has taken the line directly opposite to that chosen by his elder brother, being no less ardent as a disciple of the extreme rationalistic school than John Henry Newman of the dogmatical. These opinions, and the system founded upon them, form the subject of his well-known work, Phases of Faith, or Passages from the History of my Creed (1850); and of many essays in the Westminster, Eclectic, and other reviews; but he is also the anthor of very many separate publications. Of these several regard the controversy to which we have referred-as, Catholic Union; Essays Towards a Church of the Future (1844); A State Church not Defensible (1846); a History of the Hebrew Monarchy (1847); The Soul, its Sorrows and Aspirations (1849). Others are on political or social topicsas, Radical Reforms, Financial and Organic (1848); The Crimes of the House of Hapsburg (1851); Lectures on Political Economy (1857); Europe of the Near Future (1871). A large number are devoted to historical, classical, and scientific subjects, the most important of which are Contrasts of Ancient and Modern History (1847); Regal Rome (1852); translations into "unrhymed meter" of the Odes of Horace (1853), and the Iliad of Homer (1856); a treatise on Difficulties of Elementary Geometry; Handbook of Arabic (1866); Orthoepy (1869), etc. For some years he has been engaged on an English-Arabic Dictionary. NEWMAN, HENRY RODERICK. See page 889.

NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY, D.D., was b. in London, Feb. 21, 1801, and educated at the school of Dr. Nicholas, at Ealing, whence he passed in 1816 to Trinity college, Oxford, of which college he became a scholar by competitive examination in 1818. Having graduated in 1820, he was elected fellow of Oriel college in 1822, where he attracted the notice of Dr. Whately, and was by him employed in the preparation for publication of his well-known Treatise on Logic, and introduced to the editor of the Encyclopedia Metropolitana, to which he became a contributor. He was ordained in 1824; and in the fol lowing year, his friend Dr. Whately having been appointed head of St. Alban's hall, Newman was by him selected as his vice-principal; but on being named tutor in his own college in 1827, as also public examiner, he resigned the vice-principalship. In 1828 he was presented to the vicarage of St. Mary's, Oxford, in which church the sermons which he delivered at a late period had an extraordinary influence in forwarding the religious movement with which his name is permanently associated. At this period Newman was an earnest antagonist of the Roman Catholic church. He was one of those who