Canada and the river Restigouche, no portion of New Brunswick is marked by any considerable elevation. Here, however, the country is beautifully diversified by hills of 500 to 800 ft. in height. These elevations, which form an extension of the Appalachian range, are interspersed with fertile valleys and table-lands, and are clothed almost to their summits with lofty forest-trees. In this district the scenery is remarkably beautiful. In the s. of the colony the surface is broken up by great ravines, and the coast is bold and rocky. The shores on the e. coast, and for 20 m. inland, are flat. The soil is deep and fertile. Of the whole acreage, 14,000,000 acres are set down as good land, and 3,600,000 acres as poor land. New Brunswick contains a rich and extensive wheatproducing district; but the inhabitants, dividing their time between farming, lumbering, fishing, ship-building, and other pursuits, and following no regular system of tillage, have not till quite recently attempted to keep pace with modern agricultural improvements. The farming has not been judicious; many parts of the country have been allowed to become exhausted; and, although signs of improvement begin to be manifest, still there is prevalent a deplorable lack of knowledge of the principles of scientific agriculture. Several cheese factories have been established in the province within the last few years. In one year one of these has manufactured as much as 25,000 lbs. The crown lands are at present being disposed of under the act 31 Vict. cap. 7, 1868. This act provides that certain portions of eligible land shall be reserved for actual settlers, and not be disposed of to speculators, or for lumbering purposes. A male of 18 years of age or upwards may obtain 100 acres, either by payment, in advance, of $20 (£43s.), to aid in the construction of roads and bridges in the vicinity of his location, or upon his performing labor on such roads and bridges, to the value of $10 a year, for three years. He must also, within two years, build a house on his land of not less dimensions than 16 ft. by 20, and clear two acres. After a residence for three years in succession he receives a deed of grant if he has paid the $20 in advance or cultivated ten acres. By act of 1872, a single man obtains 100 acres ; a married man with children, 200. A house must be built, and some land cultivated within 3 years, when he receives a present of 30 dollars from the government. The climate is remarkably healthy, and the autumn-and especially the season called the Indian summer-is particularly agreeable. In the interior the heat in summer rises to 80 ̊, and sometimes to 95°; and in winter, which lasts from the middle of December to the middle of March, the mercury sometimes falls as low as 40° below zero. At Fredericton, the capital, situated on St. John river, 65 m. from the s. and 130 m. from the n. coast, the temperature ranges from 35 · below to 95° above zero, and the mean is about 42°. Average annual value, imports and .exports, about $6,000,000. the states. The north-western portion of the province is occupied by the upper Silurian formation. Next are two belts of lower Silurian. Small patches of the Devonian, Huronian, and Laurentian systems are found on the bay of Fundy. A large part of the province is occupied by carboniferous strata. The mineral coal is for the most part impure or in thin seams, and is hardly worked; but the so-called Albertite of Albert county is the most valuable of bituminous matter on the American continent. It yields 100 gal. of crude oil per ton. Salt springs are numerous. Copper and iron ore are found, as also antimony and manganese; gypsum, plumbago, and limes tone are very abundant, and the freestone of the province, unsurpassed for beauty and durability, commands a high price in Wild animals abound in the province; the lakes and rivers are well stocked with fish, and along the coasts, cod, haddocks, salmon, and other fish are caught in great plenty. The forests of pine, cedar, and spruce, supply timber for export and shipbuilding purposes, and are one of the chief sources of wealth in N. B. There are nearly 500 miles of railway in the province. Around the coasts and along the banks of the rivers there are excellent public and coach roads. By an act of 1871 a system of free public schools was established, and in 1874 the number of schools in operation was 1,049. Chief towns, the city of St. John, and Fredericton, the political capital. N. B. sends 10 senators and 16 representatives to the Dominion parliament. The provincial government is administered by a lieutenant-governor and council of 9, a legislative council of 15 members, and an assembly of 41 members. The province of New Brunswick, together with that of Nova Scotia, originally formed one French colony, called Acadia, or New France. It was ceded to the English in 1713, and was first settled by British colonists in 1764. In 1784 it was separated from Nova Scotia, and erected into an independent colony. It joined the Dominion of Canada in 1867. NEW BURG, a city of New York, on the w. bank of the Hudson, 61 m. n. of New York, amid the grand scenery of the highlands. Its handsome edifices, villas, and gardens, on a gentle slope from the river, command a noble prospect. It contains a court-house, 5 foundries, a cotton factory, breweries, a railway carriage manufactory, 2 pianoforte manufactories, steam-boiler works, 5 soap factories, 41,000 tons of shipping, a large lumber trade, 23 churches, 5 banks, schools, and academies. It was Washington's headquarters during a critical portion of the war of independence. Pop., '70, 17,014. NEWBURG (ante), situated on a steep slope of the Hudson river, has its waterfront lined with warehouses, and enjoys a considerable commerce; pop.. 80, 18,050. The locality was seen by Hudson in 1609, who wrote of it: "It is as beautiful a land as one can tread upon; a very pleasant place to build a town on." It was occupied at that time, and for some years later, by a portion of the Delaware tribe of Indians, who were defeated by the Dutch in the war of 1658-60, and driven away in 1663. In 1709 it was settled by German Lutherans from the Palatinate of the Rhine, who called it "The Palatine Parish of Quassaic. In 1752, the Germans having been displaced, its name was changed to "The Parish of Newburg," from its resemblance to Newburgh on the river Tay in Scotland. It was the headquarters of gen. Washington in 1782–83; and the house which he occupied, in the s. part of the city, is now the property of the state, and is preserved as a historical relic, containing a museum of revolutionary curiosities, open to the public. Here the continental army was disbanded, and it was from this place that the celebrated "Newburg letters" emanated, containing a treasonable suggestion to create Washington "king of America," considered so important that Washington convened the officers of the army in a public building in the city, and addressed them in earnest remonstrance-a course which at once destroyed any possible influence of the letters in question. Newburg is an important coal market, and has some manufactures. It has 23 churches, a public school system, and a water-supply with expensive works. The Newburg and New York railroad connects with the Erie railroad at Turner's. On a height overlooking the city is the theological seminary of the United Presbyterian church. Steamboats connect the city with New York. NEWBURY, a municipal borough and market t. of Berkshire, England, on both banks of the Kennet, 17 m. w.s. w. of Reading. The church, a specimen of the perpendicular style, was built in the reign of Henry VII.; but the tower was built by John Winchcombe, a clothier and famous citizen of Newbury in the reign of Henry VIII. Since 1862 an annual wool-market has been held here. In 1862 a new corn exchange was built. Newbury is the best known for two hard-fought battles between the royalists and parliamentarian forces which took place-the first in September, 1643, the second in October, 1644. In the former, victory was undecided; in the latter the advantage was on the side of the parliamentarians. Pop., '80, 10,143. NEWBURYPORT, a city and port of entry of Massachusetts, on the s. bank of the Merrimac river, 3 m. from its mouth, 34 m, n,e. of Boston. Lat. 42° 48' 30" n., long. 70° 52' 3" w. It is a pretty town, built on a swell of land rising 100 ft. from the river, High st., 3 m. long, shaded with trees, a beautiful mall, and pond of six acres, are its chief ornaments. It has 16 churches, in one of which is the tomb of Whitefield, who died here (1770), 4 banks, 4 manufacturing companies, making 16,000,000 yards of cloth annually, several ship-yards, and manufactories of machinery, hats, clothing, etc.; daily papers, one of which was established in 1792; a free high school, and a free library of 10,000 volumes. Pop., '80, 13,038. 2 NEWBURYPORT (ante), in Essex co., Mass., on the Eastern railroad. It was settled about 1635, and has always been prominent among the towns and cities of the state. During the revolution and in the war of 1812 its citizens were distinguished for their patriotic spirit, and the first privateers fitted out were from this port. In 1851 it received the charter of a city, and since then its population has increased about 4,000. Besides other institutions, the city contains a court-house, a granite custom-house, a city hall, and a marine museum. Ship-building is a prominent business. In 1854 the aggre gate tonnage of the vessels built was 20,000; in 1874, 15,000. Its national banks have an aggregate capital of $820,000; and the savings banks have deposits amounting to $5,300,000. The place, which was important for enterprise and wealth more than a c. ago, has an air of antiquity and established social conditions not usual in American cities. NEW CALABAR RIVER. See CALABAR, NEW CALEDONIA, an island of the South Pacific ocean, belonging to France, and lying about 720 m. e.n.e. of the coast of Queensland, in Australia, in lat. 20°-22° 30′ s., long. 164-167° e. It is about 200 m. in length, 30 m. in breadth, and has a population estimated at 60,000. It is of volcanic origin, is traversed in the direction of its length, from n.w, to s.e., by a range of mountains, which in some cases reach the height of about 8,000 ft., and is surrounded by sand-banks and coral reefs. There are secure harbors at port Balade and port St. Vincent, the former on the n.e., the latter on the s.w. part of the island. In the valleys the soil is fruitful, producing the cocoa-nut, banana, mango, breadfruit, etc. The sugar-cane is cultivated, and the vine grows wild. The coasts support considerable tracts of forest, but the mountains are barren. The inhabitants, who resemble the Papuan race, consist of different tribes, some of which are canibals. New Caledonia was discovered by capt. Cook in 1774. In 1853 the French took possession of it, and it has since 1872 been used by the French authorities as a penal settlement. Mission stations have been established. In 1878, some of the natives rose in insurrection and massacred a number of the white residents. NEW CASTLE, a co. in n. Delaware, having the Delaware river for its e. boundary, the state line of Pennsylvania for its n. and n. w., bounded by the state of Maryland on the w.; 500 sq.m.; pop., '80, 77,746-69,023 of American birth, 12,649 colored. It is intersected by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore railroad, the Wilmington and Reading, and the Delaware railroads. It is drained by the Brandywine and Christiana rivers, and Red Clay and Duck creeks, emptying into the Delaware. Its surface is broken, rising into hills in the w. portion, furnishing good pasturage. Its soil is NEW CALEDONIA, FIJI, AND LOUISIADE ISLANDS.-1. New Caledonian house. 2. Section of ho Ghost 6, 7. Adiniralty Island ships. 8. Malanta ship. 9. Vanikoro ship. 10. Spears. 11. Fiji shipmple. 16. Fiji inn or resting-house among the Fijis. 17. Clubs. 18. King of Fiji. 19, 20. Chiefta tools. 26, 27. Cannibal's fish-hooks. 28. 29. Combs. 30. Lance from Admiralty Islands. |