study covering 3 years, and industrial branches are taught at the institutions for the blind and deaf and dumb. The state school for the blind is at St. Louis, where also is a training school for nurses. The state school for the deaf and dumb is at Fulton. The number of public libraries, containing in 1880 10,000 vols. and upward, was 7. The number of newspapers and periodicals in 1887 was 674, of which 54 were dailies, 2 tri-weeklies, 524 weeklies, 11 semi-monthlies, 72 monthlies, and 2 quarterlies.

Government, etc.-The capital is Jefferson city. The governor, who receives $5000 salary, and the lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, and auditor are elected for 4 years. The state election occurs biennially on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Nov. The qualifications for voting at general elections are a previous residence of one year in the state, 60 days in the co., and 60 days in the town. The legislature, composed of 34 senators, serving 4 years, and 140 representatives, serving 2 years, meets biennially on the Wednesday after Jan. 1., and is limited to a 70 days' session. Each member receives $5 per day and mileage, and $30. The supreme court consists of 5 judges elected by the people, one every 2 years, the oldest in commission being chiefjustice. Each receives $4500 salary.

The legislature divides the state into such a number of circuits as it inay judge the public convenience requires, and the circuit court is composed of one judge for each of such circuits, elected by the people of said circuit for a term of 12 years. The judges of the co. courts are elected by the several cos., as are also the judges of probate. The compensation of the governor, state officers, members of the legislature, and of the judges of the courts, is fixed by the legislature. Special courts are provided for the city of St. Louis.

The property rights of women are unchanged by marriage.

The legal rate of interest is 6 per cent.; 10 is allowed by contract; the penalty for usury is forfeiture of entire interest. A local option liquor law was adopted in 1886, but everywhere the opening of dramshops on Sundays and election days is prohibited. The state penitentiary is at Jefferson city; the asylums for lunatics, at Fulton and St. Joseph. The organized military force comprises 1447 officers and privates; unorganized but available for military duty, 32,000.

The electoral votes have been cast as follows: 1824, Clay and Jackson, 3; 1828, Jackson and Calhoun, 3; 1832, Jackson and Van Buren, 4; 1836, Van Buren and Johnson, 4; 1840, Van Buren and Johnson, 4; 1844, Polk and Dallas, 7; 1848, Cass and Butler, 7; 1852, Pierce and King, 9; 1856, Buchanan and Breckenridge, 9; 1860, Douglass and H. V. Johnson, 9; 1864, Lincoln and A. Johnson, 11; 1868, Grant and Colfax, 11; 1872, T. A. Hendricks 6, B. Gratz Brown 8, and David Davis 1, for president; B. Gratz Brown 6, G. W. Julian 5, J. M. Palmer 3, and W. S. Groesbeck 1, for vice-president; 1876, Tilden and Hendricks, 15; 1880, Hancock and English, 15; 1884, Cleveland and Hendricks, 16; 1888, Cleveland and Thurman, 16.

Finances, etc.-The state debt, Dec. 31, 1888, was $7,000,000; state receipts, $3,750,000; expenditures, $3,500,000; rate of tax on $100, 40 cents. The value of real estate assessed, 1886, was $496,730,663; of personal property, $229,044,596; amount raised by taxation, $2,839,523.

Population. In 1810, 20,845-3011 slave, 607 free colored; 1820, 66,586-10,222 slave, 376 free colored; 1840, 383,702-58,240 slave, 1574 free colored; 1860, 1,182,317 -114,931 slave, 3572 free colored; 1880, 2,168,380-145,350 colored, including 91 Chinese, 113 civilized Indians; foreign born, 211,578; male, 1,127,187; female, 1,041,193; dwellings, 389,180; families, 403,186; persons to sq.m., 31.5; engaged in agriculture, 355,297; rank among the states: 7 in value of agricultural products, 8 in value of manufactures, and 5 in population; pop. 1888, 2,750,000. There are 114 cos.; for pop. 1880, see CENSUS TABLES, Vol. XV. The largest cities, 1888, were St. Louis, 450,000; Kansas city, 200,000; St. Joseph, 65,000; Sedalia, 18,000; Hannibal, 15,000.

MISSOURIA INDIANS, or MISSOURIS, a tribe thus named by the Illinois Indians, but whose designation for themselves was Nudarcha. They were inhabitants of the region of the lower Missouri, and allies of the Illinois, and afterward of the French. In 1725 some of the chiefs of this tribe went to France with the French commander De Bourgmont, and a sergeant in the command of the latter married a girl of the tribe. Yet this did not prevent the Missourias from assaulting their allies, and the French-a fort on an island in the river-was attacked by them, and the entire force massacred. The French and Missourias afterward resumed their friendly relations, but the tribe never willingly accepted the English. They became greatly reduced, however, by small-pox and otherwise, and in 1805, when Lewis and Clarke were in their country, they numbered only about 300 souls. They abandoned their old camping-ground and dwelt with the Otoes, and both these tribes were removed to the Big Blue river Nebraska, and eventually to the Indian territory. Their number in 1888 was 79.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE, the proviso contained in the bill admitting Missouri into the union, Feb. 28, 1821. Up to the time when the bill for the admission of Missouri was brought before congress in the session of 1818-19, an equal number of slave holding and non-slave-holding states had been admitted. Vermont, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois had balanced Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Mississippi. After Alabama was allowed to become a state, without prohibiting slavery, and the bill for the admission of

Mistletoe.

the territory of Missouri was introduced, Tallmadge, member of congress from New York, moved an amendment, which was passed by a vote of 87 to 76, prohibiting the further importation of slaves, and emancipating slave children when they should reach the age of 25. A few days afterwards Taylor of New York, by way of compromise, proposed to amend the bill setting off Arkansas into a territory, by a proviso that slavery should not be extended to any part of the territory ceded by France to this country n. of 36° 30' lat. His amendment met with bitter opposition from both northern and southern members, and was withdrawn. The opponents of slavery claimed that the question had been settled by the ordinance of 1787, which, in creating a government for the Northwest territory, provided that there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in said territory otherwise than in punishment for crime." They maintained that the United States did not recognize slave property, whatever might be the laws of certain states; and they urged the authority of Jefferson, who had introduced a bill, in 1784, prohibiting slavery in the territory of the United States, and in such territory as might thereafter be annexed. The slave-holding members, on the other hand, maintained that congress had no constitutional right to prohibit slavery in the territories, and that such a prohibition would violate the provision guaranteeing to the citizen the enjoyment of his property. They declared that the south would go out of the union rather than submit to the proposed restriction The senate disagreed with the house, and the bill failed to pass. Alabama was admitted in the session of 1819-20, and her admission was followed by that of Maine. Meantime a strong public feeling against slavery had been growing in the middle states and in New England. In 1820 the Pennsylvania legislature resolved that congress had the right to prohibit slavery in the territories; and the legislatures of the other middle states, of Ohio and Indiana, passed resolutions to the same effect. The legislatures of the slave-holding states, on the other hand, opposed any congressional restrictions upon slavery. When congress met, after a long debate the senate, largely through the efforts of Henry Clay, returned the Missouri bill to the house with the clause prohibiting slavery in that state stricken out, but with a new proviso that slavery should not thereafter be allowed n. of 36° 30'. The house struck out the restricting clause by a vote of 90 to 87, and passed the compromise proviso by 134 to 42. The result was to postpone for a time the settlement of the slavery question. The compromise was virtually destroyed by the Kansas and Nebraska bills of 1854.

MISSOURI RIVER (Mud river), a river of the United States, and chief affluent of the Mississippi, rises in two forks, the Jefferson and Gallatin, in the Rocky mountains, state of Montana, lat. 45° n., long. about 112 west. Its course is first northerly for 500 m., then easterly 1200, then south-easterly to the mouth of the Kansas, and easterly to its junction with the Mississippi. Its length from its source to the Mississippi is 3,096 m.; to the gulf of Mexico, 4,506. It is navigable at high water to the Great falls, 2,575 m. from the Mississippi. It is a turbid, rapid stream, with a vast number of tributaries, the chief of which are the Osage, the Kansas, the Platte, the Cheyenne, the Yellowstone. The upper Missouri is remarkable for its scenery; at 411 m. from its source it enters the gates of the Rocky mountains, a gorge of 54 m., between perpendicular walls 1200 ft. high and 450 ft. apart. At the Great falls, 145 m. below, the river falls 357 ft. in a series of rapids and cascades, 16 m. long. The largest fall is 87 ft., and the scenery is full of grandeur.

MISSOURI RIVER (ante), drains an estimated territory of 500,000 sq. miles. It joins the Mississippi at lat. 38° 50′ 50′′ n., and long. 90° 13′ 45' w. from Greenwich. From the point where the Kansas enters it, its course is nearly e., and within the state of Missouri. Its current, in this part of its course, is about 5 m. an hour. The frequency of snags makes navigation difficult. The banks are thickly covered with wood. Between fort Leavenworth and its mouth three considerable rivers discharge into it-the Kansas, Grand, and Osage, all of which are navigable for 150 to 200 miles. From the Kansas to 40° n. lat. it is the boundary between the states of Missouri and Kansas; and thence to the Big Sioux, between Iowa and Nebraska. The Platte discharges into the Missouri through three channels, its waters having made a delta at its mouth. Before the Platte, at least five smaller streams-the Big and Little Nemaha, the Nodaway, the Nishnabotana, and the little Tarkio-empty into the Missouri. The course of the river, from the mouth of the Platte to the Kansas, and from fort Pierre to the Big Sioux, is s.e. Its general direction for the first 500 m. is n.; then it flows e.n.e. till it joins the White Earth, from whose mouth its general course is s.e. At a distance of 2,575 m. from its mouth occur the Great falls, where it descends 357 ft. in 16 miles. The highest of these falls is 87 ft., and between and below them is a series of rapids. At a distance of 1216 m. from its mouth it is joined by the Yellowstone, its largest tributary; at 1310 m from its mouth, by the Cheyenne; at 1130 m. from its mouth, by the White; at 853 m., by the Big Sioux: at 600 m., by the Platte; at 340 m., by the Kansas; at 240 m., by the Grand; and at 133 m., by the Osage. It is subject to two annual floods, one caused by the melting of the snow on the alluvial prairies, and occurring in May; the other, occurring in June, is caused by the melting of the mountain snows. Its total length is 3047 m.

MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF, at Columbia, near the center of the state, was organized in 1840. It has received the avails of Missouri's portion of the national grant of

land made by congress in 1862 for the establishment of colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts, and upon this foundation it was reorganized in 1866. It embraces seven departments:-1. The college proper, founded in 1840; 2. the normal school, opened in 1868; 3. the agricultural and mechanical coilege; 4. the school of mines and metallurgy at Rolla, established in 1871; 5. the college of law, organized in 1872; 6. the college of medicine, organized in 1873; 7. the department of analytic and applied chemistry. The university is governed by a board of curators, appointed by the governor of the state with the advice and consent of the senate. It is open to students of both sexes. It had, in 1882, 31 instructors; and, in all the departments, 591 students. Samuel S. Laws, LL.D., president.

MIST. See FOG.

MISTAKE is a ground in law for having a contract reformed, and may be set up in some cases as a defense; but a mere mistake as to the legal effect of a deed or contract is in general not regarded as a ground for redress. When money has been paid by a mistake as to some important fact, it may be recovered back from the party to whom it was so paid by an action for money had and received; but if the mistake was made in a matter of law, it cannot be recovered back.

MISTAKE (ante), in law, is defined by Story as some unintentional act, omission, or error, arising from ignorance, surprise, imposition, or misplaced confidence. In courts of equity, as of law, the maxim applies, Ignorantia facti excusat; ignorantia juris non ercusat-ignorance of the fact, not of the law, excuses. Thus where one word has by clerical mistake been substituted for another, equity will remedy the mistake; but where the parties have knowingly used a certain form of language believing that its legal effect is different from what it is in reality, they have no such remedy. If the parties be ignorant as regards a fact and aware of their ignorance, yet intend to risk the result, or, knowing the facts, intend to compromise both the law and the facts, then courts will not regard the fact that one party profited less by the contract than he had expected. Where an estate was supposed by both vendor and vendee to belong to the vendor under the law of real property, and was sold in that belief, the court, notwithstanding that the mistake seemed to be one of law, ordered the purchase-money to be refunded. A mistake as to the law of a foreign country is considered to be of fact and not of law, as public policy does not make it necessary that a citizen should be acquainted with the laws of other countries than his own. A trifling or immaterial mistake will not be regarded as ground for disturbing a written agreement. Specific performance will not be enforced when it is clear that the defendant through a mistake not resulting from mere carelessness has entered into a contract materially different from what he had intended. The instrument or contract may be ordered to be re-executed, or may be rescinded altogether. Thus where a solicitor, in writing a conveyance, inserted double the sum intended as purchase-money, he was compelled to re-execute the deed. award of arbitrators based on a mistake of fact will be rescinded by a court; and even when based on a mistake in law, if the questions of law were not especially referred to them. An important exception to the rule that mistake of law does not excuse exists in those cases where the defendant has voluntarily entered into a promise to perform some act, such as paying a note or accepting a bill of exchange, because he supposes himself legally bound to do so, the fact being that he is not. That is to say, no mere waiver of a legal defense, ignorantly made, will compromise the rights of the maker. Often an instrument may be so construed by the court as to carry out the intentions of the parties, but in such case the construction must be supported by the instrument itself and not by external evidence; thus where there is a deed of certain land, it is allowable to explain what is meant by the description of boundaries or the relative ownership of several vendees; but if it be alleged that one piece of property has been mistakenly described in place of another, the deed cannot be rectified by mere construction of a court of law, but special action must be had in equity. Where there is any element of fraud or surprise involved, or where the case is one connected with trusts, equity will go very far in correcting the results of mistakes.

MISTASSINI. See page 881.

An

MISTLETOE (Anglo-Sax. misteltan, Ger. mistel; the tan of the Anglo-Saxon name means a tine or prong, a shoot of a tree; mistel is of uncertain etymology, but probably the same, in meaning at least, as the Latin viscus), a genus (viscum) of small parasitical shrubs of the natural order loranthacea. This order is exogenous, and contains more than 400 known species, mostly tropical and parasites. The leaves are entire, almost nerveless, thick and fleshy, and without stipules. The flowers of many species are showy. The calyx arises from a tube or rim, which sometimes assumes the appearance of a calyx, and is so regarded by many botanists; what others deem the colored calyx being viewed by them as a corolla of four or eight petals or segments. Within this are the stamens, as numerous as its divisions, and opposite to them. The ovary is onecelled, with a solitary ovule; the fruit one-seeded, generally succulent. The only British species of this order is the COMMON MISTLETOE (V. album), a native also of the greater part of Europe, growing on many kinds of trees, particularly on the apple, and others botanically allied to it, as the pear, service, and hawthorn; sometimes, also, on sycamores, limes, poplars, locust-trees, and firs, but very rarely on oaks (contrary to the common belief). It is very plentiful in some parts of the south of England, its evergreen

leaves giving a peculiar appearance to the orchards in winter, when the bushes of mistletoe are very conspicuous among the naked branches of the trees; but it is very local. It is not a native of Scotland, though found naturalized in various places. The stems are dichotomous (i.e., divide by forking); the leaves are opposite, of a yellowish-green color, obovate-lanceolate, obtuse. The flowers are inconspicuous, and grow in small heads at the ends and in the divisions of the branches, the male and female flowers on separate plants. The berries are about the size of currants, white, translucent, and full of a very viscid juice, which serves to attach the seeds to branches, where they take root when they germinate, the radicle always turning toward the branch, whether on its upper or under side. The mistletoe derives its nourishment from the living tissue of the tree on which it grows, and from which it seems to spring as if it were one of its own branches. The berries are a favorite food of thrushes. Bird-lime is made from them and from the bark. The mistletoe was intimately connected with many of the superstitions of the ancient Germans and of the British Druids. In the northern mythology, Balder is said to have been slain with a spear of mistletoe. Among the Celts the mistletoe which grew on the oak was in peculiar esteem for magical virtues. Traces of the ancient regard for the mistletoe still remain in some old English and German customs, as kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas. The mistletoe was at one time in high repute as a remedy for epilepsy and convulsions, but it seems to possess no decided medicinal properties.— Loranthus Europaus, a shrub very similar to the mistletoe, but with flowers in racemes, is plentiful in some parts of the south of Europe, and very frequently grows on oaks.— L. odoratus, a Nepaulese species, has very fragrant flowers.

MISTRAL, MISTRAOU, or MAESTRAL, the Provençal designation of the caurus or corus of the Romans, is a n.w. wind which at certain seasons of the year prevails on the s. coast of France. Its approach is heralded by a sudden change of the temperature from the most genial warmth to piercing cold; the air is felt to be purer and more easily inhaled, the azure of the sky is undimmed by cloud, and the stars shine by night with extraordinary and sparkling brightness; this last appearance is an infallible prognostic. The mistral then comes in sudden gusts, struggling with the local aërial currents, but its fast-increasing violence soon overcomes all opposition. In a few hours it has dried up the soil, dispersed the vapors of the atmosphere, and raised a dangerous tumult among the waters of the Mediterranean. The mistral blows with its greatest force from the end of autumn to the beginning of spring, and causes much damage to the fruit-trees in blossom, and often to the field-crops. It is a terror to the mariners of the gulfs of Lyons and Valence, and even the most hardy seaman makes all haste to a harbor of refuge. The most probable cause of the mistral is the derangement of atmospheric equilibrium produced by the cold condensed air of the Alps and Cevennes rushing in to supply the vacuum produced by the expansion of the air in the warm southern provinces of France and on the surface of the Mediterranean. This wind is very appropriately denominated by the Italians maestro.

MISTRAL, FRÉDÉRIC, b. in Provence, near Saint-Remy, 1830; son of a rich farmer; educated at the colleges of Avignon and Montpellier, and student of law, but not thereafter practicing it. His fame rests on his devotion to the revival of Provençal literature, especially poetry. Co-laborer in 1852 on the journal Li Provençalo, he became known at once both as critic and poet. His poems are La Belle d'Août; La folle Avoine; l'Ode au Mistral; Amertume; La Course de Taurreau; Mireio; and Calendau,

MISTRET TA, a t. of the island of Sicily, 67 m. w.s. w. of Messina, capital of a district. Pop. '81, 13,132. It occupies a healthy situation near the northern coast in the vicinity of the river Nebroden.

MITAKSHARÂ is the name of several commentatorial works in Sanskrit, for instance, of a commentary on the text-book of the Vedanta philosophy, of a commentary on the Mimânsâ work of Kumârila, of a commentary on the Br'ihadâran'yaka (see VEDA), etc. The most renowned work, however, bearing this title is a detailed commentary by Vij. nânes'wara (also called Vijnânanâtha), on the law-book of Yajnavalkya (q.v.); and its authority and influence are so great that "it is received in all the schools of Hindu law from Benares to the southern extremity of the peninsula of India as the chief groundwork of the doctrines which they follow, and as an authority from which they rarely dissent" (cf. two treatises on the Hindu law of inheritance, translated by H. T. Colebrooke, Calcutta, 1810). Most of the other renowned law-books of recent date, such as the Smriti-Chandrikâ, which prevails in the s. of India, the Chintâman'i, Viramitrodaya, and Mayukha, which are authoritative severally in Mithila, Benares, and with the Mahrattas, generally defer to the decisions of the Mitâksharâ; the Dâyabbâga of Jimûtavâhana alone, which is adopted by the Bengal school, differs on almost every disputed point from the Mitâksharâ, and does not acknowledge its authority. The Mitâksharâ, following the arrangement of its text-work, the code of Yajnavalkya, treats in its first part of duties in general; in its second, of private and administrative law; in its third, of purification, penance, devotion, and so forth; but, since it frequently quotes other legislators, expounding their texts, and contrasting them with those of Yajnavalkya, it is not merely a commentary, but supplies the place of a regular digest. The text of the Mitakshara has been edited several times in India. An excellent translation of its chapter "On Inheritance" was published by Colebrooke in the work above referred to; and its expla

nation of Yajnavalkya is followed by the same celebrated scholar in his Digest of Hindu Law (3 vols. Calcutta and London, 1801), when translating passages from this ancient author.

MITAU. See MITTAU.

MITCHEL, JOHN, 1815-75; b. Ireland; son of a Unitarian minister; graduated in 1836 at Trinity college, Dublin; and having been admitted to the bar, practiced for several years, when he removed to Dublin and became editor of the Nation. He now began to display a rebellious spirit, and wrote articles of a revolutionary tendency, thus falling under the suspicion and displeasure of the government. He was at this time in partnership with Gavin Duffy, but quarreled with him, and about 1847 originated the publication entitled The United Irishman, which was suppressed after a brief existence, and Mitchel was sent to Australia under sentence for 14 years. He escaped from the penal colony Jan. 3, 1852, and succeeded in getting transportation to New York, where he founded a weekly newspaper called the Citizen. He suffered from the climate, and afterwards took up his residence in Tennessee, publishing there a paper called the Southern Citizen, which became notorious from its open advocacy of the re-establishment of the slave trade. During the rebellion he was in Richmond, Va., where he edited the Examiner newspaper. He returned to New York at the close of the war; made a visit to Ireland; and, in 1875, after he had again settled in New York, was returned to parliament from Tipperary, but being disqualified, did not take his seat. He once more went to Ireland, however, where he died. He published several works upon Irish subjects.

MITCHEL, ORMSBY MCKNIGHT, LL.D., 1809-62; b. Ky.; received an excellent education when very young, being a good Greek and Latin scholar and mathematician when only 12 years of age. He entered West Point as a cadet in 1825, and after graduating in 1829, acted as assistant professor of mathematics in the military academy during the succeeding two years. He practiced law in Cincinnati from 1832 to 1834; and for the next ten years was professor of mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy in the Cincinnati college. In 1836 and 37 he was chief engineer of the Little Miami railroad. He interested himself greatly in astronomy, and took an important part in procuring the erection of an observatory in Cincinnati, of which, when completed, he became the director, combining with this position, in 1859, the directorship of the Dudley observatory in Albany. On the outbreak of the rebellion he entered the military service, being commissioned a brig.gen, of volunteers in Aug., 1861, and ordered to take command of the department of Ohio. He received his promotion to a major-generalship on account of a brilliant movement in April, 1862. He made a forced march into Alabama, and after a sharp engagement near Bridgeport, captured the railroad between Corinth and Chattanooga. In September he was ordered to the command of the department of the south, but before he had time to commence active operations, was attacked by yellow fever, and died. Gen. Mitchel had obtained a high reputation as an astronomer, and was remarkably successful as a mechanician in the construction of astronomical apparatus and instruments of precision. He made several important astronomical discoveries, including, with exactness, that of the period of rotation of the planet Mars. He wrote The Planetary and Stellar Worlds, and a Popular Astronomy; and, as early as 1846, published an astronomical periodical entitled The Sidereal Messenger. See Life, by his son, 1887.

MITCHELL, a co. in s. w. Georgia, having the Flint river on the w. and n.w.; 500 sq.m.; pcp. '80, 9,392. It is intersected by a division of the Atlantic and Gulf railroad. The soil is generally fertile and the surface level. Productions are Indian corn, oats, sweet-potatoes, butter, cotton, and sorghum molasses. Co. seat, Camilla.

MITCHELL, a co. in n.e. Iowa, bounded on the n. by Minnesota; 431 sq.m.; pop. '80. 14,361. It is crossed by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Minnesota railroad. The soil is fertile, producing liberally of wheat, Indian corn, oats, barley, potatoes, and hay. There are manufactories of carriages and wagons, and agricultural implements; and woolen, saw, and flour mills. Co. seat, Mitchell.

MITCHELL, a co. in n. central Kansas, watered by the Solomon river; 720 sq.m.; pop. '80, 14,913. The surface comprises prairie land, very fertile; principal product, Indian corn. Co. seat, Beloit.

MITCHELL, a co. of n. w. North Carolina, bounded on the w. and n. w. by the Unaka mountains, which separate it from Tennessee, and on the s.w. by Nolichucky river: 530 8q.m. pop. '80, 9,435. This county is important for its rich mines of mica, the working of which forms a most valuable industry. Iron and asbestus are also found; and forests of various kinds of timber cover the mountains. The productions are Indian corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, wool, and butter. Co. seat, Bakersville.

MITCHELL: co., Tex. See page 881.

MITCHELL, CHARLES LE MOYNE. See page 881.

MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT, b. Conn., 1814; educated at Yale, and called to the bar. He made a European tour, and published the fruits of his observations in 1847, under the title of Fresh Gleanings; or, a New Sheaf from the Old Fields of Continental Europe. This work appeared with the pseudonym of "Ik Marvel," which the author has since retained. He visited Europe during the revolutionary movement of 1848, which suggested his next book, The Battle Summer, which came out in 1849. The next year he published anonymously, The Lorgnette, a mild social satire. In the same year appeared his Reveries of a Bachelor, his most successful book, and which has been trans