employing a number of workmen, are in operation. Pop. (1881) 6,112. Monmouth unites with Newport and Usk in sending a member to parliament.

MONMOUTH, a city in Illinois, at the junction of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the St. Louis, Rock Island, and Chicago railroads; pop. '80, 5,000. It is the county seat of Warren co., in a fertile agricultural region, where beds of bituminous coal are found. It is 15 m. s. w. of Galesburg, 28 m. n.e. of Burlington, Iowa, and 47 m. 8. of Rock Island. It is the seat of Monmouth college (United Presbyterian), open to both sexes, organized 1856, having a library of 1850 vols.; also of the theological seminary of the northwest, organized 1839, having a library of 2,442 volumes. It has a commercial college, a public library, an academy, excellent public schools, 5 hotels, 2 national banks, 9 churches, public halls, a court-house, and a fine opera house. There are 3 newspapers, 2 monthly magazines and two grain elevators. It has flour and planing mills. Its leading industries are the manufacture of agricultural implements, woolen goods, machinery, files, furniture for churches and schools, carriages, etc.

MONMOUTH, JAMES, Duke of, natural son of Charles II., was born at Rotterdam in 1649. His mother, Lucy Walters, according to Evelyn, a browne, beautiful, bolde, but insipid creature," came to England with her son in 1656, during the commonwealth. She is said to have been treated as though she had been the king's wife, and was committed to the Tower; but was soon allowed to retire to France, where she died. Charles sought out the boy, and committed him to the care of Lord Crofts, who gave him his own name. On the restoration, Monmouth, then "Mr. James Crofts," came to England with the queen-dowager, and was handsomely lodged at Hampton Court and Whitehall. These honors were, in after years, referred to by his followers as justifying their belief that he was indeed the king's legitimate son. A wealthy heiress, Anne, daughter of the earl of Buccleuch, was selected for his wife; and before he had completed his 16th year, he was married to her, and was created duke of Monmouth. About the year 1670, Shaftesbury put Monmouth forward as the head of the popular party, and rival of the duke of York (afterward James II.). At the period of Titus Oates's plot (1678), rumors that the "Protestant Duke" was indeed the king's legitimate son spread far and wide. The duke of York was compelled to quit the kingdom; and parliament brought forward a bill for excluding him from the succession, when Charles suddenly dissolved it. A document was at the same time issued by the king, solemnly declaring that he had never been married to Lucy Walters. Monmouth was sent into Scotland, in 1679, to quell the rebellion. He defeated the Covenanters at Bothwell Bridge; but his humanity to the fleeing and wounded was so conspicuous, and his recommendations to pardon the prisoners was so urgent, as to bring upon him the violent censures of the king and Lauderdale. He thus became the idol of the English Nonconformists. The return of the duke of York, and the exile of Monmouth, soon followed. In Holland, he allied himself to the leaders of the Nonconformist party, exiled like himself; and when he was allowed to return to London, he was received with such demonstrations of joy, that Monmouth felt that he was the people's choice. In 1680, he made a semi-royal progress through the w. of England, with the design, probably, of courting the Nonconformists, who were more numerous there than in any other part of the country, except London and Essex. In 1682, he traversed some of the northern counties. The king and his brother were alarmed; and Monmouth was arrested at Stafford, and bound over to keep the peace. He meanly confessed his participation in the Rye-House plot, accusing himself and others of a design to seize the king's person, and subvert his government. The king pardoned him, on his solemn promise to be a loyal subject to the duke of York, in case the latter should survive the king. In 1684, Monmouth fled to Antwerp, and remained abroad until the death of the king, when he resolved to embark for England. He landed (June 11, 1685) at Lyme-Regis, and issued a manifesto declaring James to be a murderer and usurper, charging him with introducing popery and arbitrary power, and asserting his own legitimacy and right by blood to be king of England. He was received with great acclamations at Taunton, where he was proclaimed as James II. At Frome, he heard the news of the defeat of Argyle, who, at the head of the Scottish exiles, had attempted to raise an insurrection in Scotland. Money and men were now abundant; but arms were wanting, and thousands went home for want of them. On July 5, he was persuaded, with only 2,500 foot and 600 horse, to attack the king's forces, which, under the command of the earl of Faversham, were encamped at Sedgemoor, near Bridgewater. Monmouth's troops were unable to cross a running stream or wide ditch which protected the camp, and were mowed down by the king's artillery. Their ammunition soon failed; and Monmouth having set a cowardly example of flight, his troops were slaughtered like sheep. About 300 of Monmouth's followers fell in the battle; but 1000 were massacred in the pursuit. Monmouth was found concealed in a ditch, and was brought to London. He made the most humiliating submissions, and obtained a personal interview with James. He clung,' says Macaulay, "in agonies of supplications round the knees of the stern uncle he had wronged, and tasted a bitterness worse than that of death, the bitterness of knowing that he had humbled himself in vain." Even his prayer for " one day more," that he might "go out of the world as a Christian ought," was brutally refused. On June 15, he was brought to the scaffold, and beheaded on Tower Hill; the executioner performing

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his office so unskillfully that five blows were struck before the head was severed. The "Bloody Assize" afterwards commenced under judge Jeffreys, when Monmouth's adherents paid a fearful penalty for their participation in his rash and ill-advised rebellion.

MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF, so-called, though the battle occurred at Freehold, N. J., which is in Monmouth co., and which point sir Henry Clinton had reached, after his evacuation of Philadelphia, when attacked by gen. Washington's little army. The battle took place June 28, 1778, and was opened by gen. Lee, who commanded the advance of the American force, numbering about 4,000 men. Lee's attack was met by more serious resistance than he had anticipated; or, probably, his raw and worn-out volunteers, who had hardly yet recovered from the terrible winter at Valley Forge, were in no condition to fight the British veterans. A rout of the Americans was the result, and they fell back on the main body, which was commanded by Washington in person. The latter was enraged at seeing the disorderly retreat, and upbraided Lee in the most violent and bitter manner. He then took command himself, rallied the fugitives, and a sharp engagement commenced. The American force was advantageously posted on a height, protected by marshy ground, and where they could use their artillery with good effect. Lee was permitted to resume command of his men, and succeeded in holding his position unti ordered at last to retire, which he did in good order. The left of the American line was commanded by lord Stirling, and here some sharp fighting took place, the British making strenuous but inadequate efforts to turn it. Failing in this, they directed their attention to the American right, under Greene, with Wayne posted in good position in an orchard, where he succeeded in keeping up a galling fire upon the enemy, under cover of the trees. The latter made every effort to oust the Americans from this position; and here col. Moncton fell at the head of his grenadiers while making an attack. It becoming evident to the British commander that the Americans were too strongly placed to be dislodged, he ordered his men to fall back. The battle ended with this movement, the Americans not being strong enough to follow up their slight advantage; and during the night the British made a hurried retreat, undiscovered. This was one of the occasions during his life when gen. Washington completely lost his temper; and for the error or cowardice which occasioned this, Lee was court-martialed, and his command was taken from him for one year.

MONNIER, HENRI BONAVENTURE, b. Paris, 1799-1877; educated in Paris, taking up the pencil and pen after essaying trade. In 1825 his pen-sketches had already attracted much attention, and he increased the reputation of his work by its circulation through the then new art of lithography. In 1826 he illustrated the poems of Béranger and the fables of La Fontaine, and increased his reputation for the creation of character types. After becoming famous for this work, he began to write laughable mimicries of humorous scenes in the lives of the people of the street, of which his works published in 1830, entitled Scènes Populaires and Mémoires de Joseph Prudhomme, are examples. In 1831 he became an actor at the théâtre de Vaudeville, where his original humor as an actor made him a great favorite, excelling particularly in the representation of scenes of his own creation, which were introduced in the first play in which he took part, entitled Famille Improvisée. His ambition was soon sated with success as an actor, and his pen resumed work on comedies that needed no stage to enhance their effect, and which have become classic among the French. Among them are: Un Voyage en Hollande; Les Bourgeois de Paris; Roman chez la Portière; Le Bonheur de Vivre aux Champs; Peintres et Bourgeois; and Les Métamorphoses de Chamoiseau, several of which are adapted to the stage.

MONNIER, MARC, b. in Italy, 1828; became a resident of Paris, where he was a student of history, literature, and manners; and published esteemed works both in prose and verse. In later years he was one of the editors of the Journal des Débats. Among his historical works are: La Conquête de la Sicile par les Saracens, 1847; Protestantism en France, 1854; L'Italie, est elle la Terre des Morts? 1859; Garibaldi, Histoire de la Conquête des Deux Siciles, 1861. Of works of another character are: La Vielle Fille; La Tante Jeanne; Les Amours Permise. Of comedies and marionettes are Le Roi Babolein; Le Curé d'Yvetot; La Ligne Droite; Mouche du Coche; and Aïeux de Figaro. A volume of his poems was published in Paris in 1871. He d. 1885.

MONO, a co. in e. California, between Nevada and the Sierra Nevada mountains; 4,176 sq.m.; pop. '80, 7,499-4,081 of American birth. The surface is irregular, intersected by numerous mountain offshoots and hills, between which are arable valleys. Some of the plain country is adapted to grazing. Much of the county is heavily wooded with spruce and pine. Owen's river flows through the s., and the branches of Walker's river through the north. Gold and silver are found in paying quantities in the n.w. part. Wheat is being cultivated with success, and there are saw and quartz mills. Capital, Bridgeport.

MONOCENTRIS JAPONICUS, a species of fish which is an inhabitant of the Chinese and Japanese seas, for which a family, monocentrida, and a genus monocentris, have been created. It belongs to the order teleostic, sub-order acanthopteri. It has a compressed, somewhat oblong body, with large scales in the form of osseous plates; eyes large and lateral; teeth villiform, both on jaws and palate bones; branchiæ large; dorsal

ins two, first one very spiny, having but little connecting membrane; the second dorsal fin opposite the anal, and similar. The ventral fins each have a single strong spine and two or three short rays.

MO'NOCHORD, an apparatus constructed to exhibit the mathematical proportions of musical intervals. It consists of a flat board of 4 or 8 ft. long, better 16 ft. where space can be spared. The breadth of the board is according to the number of the strings, which are from 2 to 6. The board is covered with fine white paper. A straight line is drawn from end to end below each string, and each line is accurately divided into the different proportions into which the full length of the string, as a fun damental sound, harmonically divides itself. See HARMONICS. The string is fixed at one end, and rests on a bridge; while at the other end, where it also rests on a bridge, it Is stretched by a tuning-peg, or by a weight. The sounds from the strings are produced by a violin-bow. The monochord is chiefly used in illustrating acoustical experiments in the proportion of intervals and temperament. See illus., SOUND, vol. XIII., p. 650, figs. 19, 20.

MONOCOTYLED ́ONOUS PLANTS, plants in which the embryo has one and only one cotyledon (q v.). The cotyledon in these plants varies extremely in form, and is often comparatively of great size, but has always a slit, from which, as germination takes place, the gemmule sprouts. The gemmule in elongating assumes an acuminated shape. Monocotyledonous plants are all endogenous (q.v.); except the dictyogens (q.v.), in which the endogenous structure is not perfectly exhibited. They are also endorhizal (Gr. endon, within, rhiza, a root); that is, the radicle is covered with a cellular sheath, and gives rise to fibrils similar to itself in structure. The leaves are generally sheathing at the base, and there embrace the stem; they also generally have simple parallel nerves connected by cross veins, the leaves of dictyogens alone being reticulated. The number of the parts of the flower is generally 3, or a multiple of 3. The floral envelopes, often splendid, as in lilies, tulips, etc., are generally united as a perianth (q.v.), instead of forming a distinct calyx and corolla. The principal natural orders of monocotyledonous plants are grasses, cyperacea, palms, orchids, scitamineæ, musacea, liliacea, and iridacea. The general appearance of monocotyledonous plants distinguishes them almost as perfectly as any structural characters.

Of the fossil remains of the vegetable kingdom, the smallest portion consists of monocotyledonous plants, both acotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants being much. more abundant.

MONOD, ADOLPHE FREDERIC THEODORE, 1802-56; b. Copenhagen. His father, Jean, residing in Paris as pastor of a French Pretestant church, the son was educated at the college Bonaparte, Paris, and then studied theology at the university of Geneva, remaining till 1824. In 1825 he visited Italy, and preached to a small Protestant congregation at Naples until 1827. Returning, he was appointed pastor of Lyons, but, his evangelical and earnest preaching being disliked, he was removed. His congregation then met in a private room, and soon in a spacious chapel, and at the end of 30 years the evangelical church of Lyons had 4 pastors, many evangelists, and 8 chapels. He was appointed by the government professor of theology at Montauban, where he remained 11 years. While filling this office he traveled in southern France, preaching and instructing the people, who were attracted by the power of his discourses. Though holding the views of his brother in regard to the divinity of Christ, he remained in the national church, and in 1849 succeeded his brother as pastor at Paris, being appointed by the consistory of Paris, the government confirming the selection. The large oratoire was filled every Sunday, and the small room was used for Bible lessons, many preferring these to his greater sermons. In 1856 he was suddenly stricken down, and his disease pronounced incurable. He was a man of great spiritual power, a sympathizing heart, highly culti vated mind, and lofty imagination. He was an eloquent preacher. His literary works were chiefly sermons. In 1844 he published a volume of sermons. He is the author of Lucile, ou la Lecture de la Bible; La Femme; Saint Paul.

MONOD, FRÉDÉRIC JOËL JEAN GÉRARD, 1794-1863; b. Monnaz, canton de Vaud, Switzerland; educated at Geneva; entered the ministry in 1820, and succeeded his father as pastor of the national Protestant church of France in Paris. He established in 1824 the Archives du Christianisme, the chief organ of the evangelical French Protestants, and continued its editor until his death. After officiating 12 years as pastor of the oratoire, he united with De Gasparin and others in an attempt to restore a rule of faith in the reformed church which would exclude rationalists, by making an acknowledgment of the divinity of Christ essential to membership. Failing in this, they left the national Protestant church in 1849, and organized independent congregations which resulted in the formation of the Free evangelical church of France. Associated with Monod were Count de Gasparin, E. de Presseusé, and pastor Fisch. The influence of the Free church has been so great that the majority of the state church are now represented to be evangelical. In 1858 Monod visited the United States to interest the churches here in their new movement. He greatly admired American institutions, and referred to this country as evidence of the advantage of entire separation of church and state. During the war of the rebellion, he ardently espoused the side of the national government, and was one of the originators of the address which was signed by the majority of the Protestant

Monophysites..

French ministers, declaring that "the triumph of the rebellion would throw back for a century the progress of Christian civilization and of humanity, raise the hopes of the favorers of slavery and the slave trade, and would give a sad blow to the work of evangelical missions. The address produced a marked change of opinion towards the United States not only in France, but also in England. He published a few pamphlets and several sermons, but most of his writings are in the Archives du Christianisme.

MO'NODON. See NARWHAL.

MONE CIOUS (Gr. monos, one, and oikion, a habitation), the term used in botany to describe those plants which have the male and female parts of fructification (stamens and pistils) in different flowers, but upon the same plant. The flowers of such plants are also said to be monacious. Monoecious plants form one of the classes of the Linnæan artificial system, but many occasional instances of monoecious species are to be found in genera belonging to other classes. Monœcious plants often have the flowers in catkins, sometimes the male flowers only; and often in spikes, the male flowers sometimes occupying the upper, and sometimes the under part of the same spike with the female flowers, and sometimes distinct spikes upon the same plant. Common examples of monoecious plants are the hop, box, birch, beech, alder, oak, and hazel.

MONOGRAM (Gr. monos, alone, and gramma, letter), a character composed of two or more letters of the alphabet, often interlaced with other lines, and used as a cipher or abbreviation of a name. A perfect monogram is one in which all the letters of the word are to be traced. The use of monograms began at a very early date. They are found on Greek coins, medals, and seals, and are particularly numerous on the coins of Macedonia and Sicily. Both on coins and in MSS. it was the practice to represent the names of states and cities by monograms, of which above 500 are known, but some have not been deciphered. Monograms occur on the family coins of Rome, but not on the coins of the earlier Roman emperors. Constantine placed on his coins one of the earliest of Christian monograms, which is to be traced in the recesses of the catacombs, composed of the first and second letters of XPióros (Christus), a monogram which also appeared on the Labarum (q.v.), and was continued on the coins of the succeeding emperors of the east down to Alexander Comnenus and Theodorus Lascaris. We often find it combined with the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet (Rev. i. 8). Another well-known monogram is that of the name of Jesus, IHS, from the first three letters of IHZous.

Popes, emperors, and kings of France during the middle ages were in the practice of using a monogram instead of signing their names. Almost all the coins of the French kings of the Carlovingian race bear their respective monograms, as also do those of Alfred and some of the other Saxon kings of England.

Painters and engravers in Germany and Italy have used monograms to a large extent as a means of distinguishing their works. In these, the initial letters of their names were often interwoven with figures of a symbolical character, so as to form a rebus on the artist's name. The first typographers distinguished their publications by wood-cut vignettes, whose invention is ascribed to the elder Aldus; but besides these, each made use of a monogram or cipher, a series of which, well known to the bibliographer, fixes the identity of the ancient editions, German, Italian, and English, from the invention of printing down to the middle or end of the 16th century. For a detailed account of the monograms of early printers and others, see Brulliot, Dictionnaire des Monogrammes (Munich, 1832-34): Horne's Introduction to Bibliography, vol. ii.; and Herbert's and Ames's Typographical Antiquities.

MONOGRAPH, a work in which a particular subject in any science is treated by itself, and forms the whole subject of the work. Monographs are entirely of recent date, and have contributed much to the progress of science. In botany especially, monographs of orders and genera are very numerous; and some of them are among the most splendid and sumptuous of scientific works.

MONOGUE, PATRICK, D.D. See page 882.

MONO LAKE, in Mono co., Cal.; 14 m. long. Its waters are very alkaline and bitter. It has no outlet.

MONOLITH, a monument, column, obelisk, statue, or other structure formed of a single stone. In India there are examples of monolithic temples, the whole being cut out of the solid rock. MONOMA'NIA has loosely been made to represent every form of partial insanity; but has been more rigidly defined as that mental condition in which a single faculty, or class of faculties or associations, become diseased, the mind generally remaining healthy. Slight and solitary aberrations, such as where a savage antipathy to cats coexists with a love for human kind; where there appears to be an incontrollable tendency to steal, to squander, to drink, to destroy, are of common occurrence, and are supposed to be compatible with the exercise of intelligence, and with the discharge of many of the ordinary duties of life. By a more strict limitation, the term has been confined to such affections as involve the emotions and propensities alone. It is, however, held that, notwithstanding its apparent integrity, the whole mind is involved or influenced by the presence of such morbid conditions, at least while they are predominant. It is undoubtedly difficult to point out in what manner the belief, e.g., that a particular organ has been transmuted into glass, can interfere with or render the memory, or the power of instituting compari