MONTILLA-MONTPELLIER. France, afforded to M. a subject for his poem, La Basvilliana. His two succeeding poems, the Musogonia and the Feroniade, contained the bitterest invectives against France and Bonaparte; but on the appearance of a French army before Rome, M., with the inexcusable inconsistency which characterised his political conduct throughout, hastened to espouse the cause of France, and to invoke the protection of Bonaparte. M. was shortly after appointed secretary of the Cisalpine Directory; and in 1789 repaired to France, where he undertook the translation of Voltaire's poetical works. On returning to Italy, he was appointed professor in the university of Pavia; and in 1805, on Bonaparte being proclaimed king of Italy, M. was appointed state historiographer. On the fall of the Empire, M. became the eulogist of the Austrian possessors of his country. In the midst of all these political vicissitudes, he pursued with vigour his studies of the classics, and accomplished one of his greatest works, the translation of the Iliad into Italian verse. M. died at Milan, 13th October 1828, of an apoplectic stroke, and was sincerely lamented, notwithstanding the many opponents his hasty susceptibility had created in life. The best editions of his works are those of Milan (1825-1827, 8 vols.), and his Opere Inedite e Rare (Milan, 1832-1833, 5 vols.). M. had a warm admiration of Dante, and partook, in some degree, of the spirit of the great master. His chief works are distinguished by sustained grandeur of imagery and diction, by daring Hights of imagination, and by the delicacy, elevation, and fire of the sentiments expressed. They are too numerous for separate notice, but the best of them rank among the noblest productions of Italian genius. MONTILLA, a town of Spain, in the modern province of Cordova, and 20 miles south-south-east of the city of that name. It stands on a hillside rising from the south bank of a tributary of the Xenil Manufactures of coarse linen and earthenware are carried on, and oil-mills are in operation. A famous wine is grown in the vicinity. M. is the birthplace of Gonzalo de Cordova, the 'Great Captain.' Pop. 12,100. MONTJOIE ST DENIS, the war-cry of the old kings of France, said to be as ancient as the days of Clovis, and from which the king-of-arms, Montjoie, who had exclusive jurisdiction in France, derived his title. MONTLUCON, a town of France, department of Allier, is picturesquely situated on the slope of a hill on the right bank of the Cher, at the southern extremity of the Canal de Berri, 40 miles westsouth-west of Moulins. It has some coarse cloth manufactures, and trade in corn, wine, and fruits. Pop. 13,293. At a distance of 10 miles are the wells of Néris-les-Bains, celebrated in the time of the Romans who have left many traces of their presence there, and still much frequented by invalids. many; and the suspicions of the king having been aroused against him, he was suddenly banished from court in 1541, and passed ten years on his estates, till the accession of Henry II.. when he came again to the head of affairs. In 1557, he commanded the French army which suffered the terrible defeat of St Quentin, in which he was taken prisoner. During the minority of Charles IX., M., with the Duke of Guise and the Marshal St André, composed the famous triumvirate which resisted Catharine de' Medici. In 1562 and 1567, he commanded the royal army against the Huguenots, and in both wars gained victories over them, but received a fatal wound at St Denis, and died at Paris on the following day, 12th November 1567. 6 MONTMORENCY, HENRI, second DUC DE, grandson of the famous Constable de Montmorency, born at Chantilly, 30th April 1595. His godfather was the great Henri Quatre, who always called him his son.' When he was 17 years of age, Louis XIII. made him Admiral, and he defeated the Huguenots in Languedoc, and took the Isle of Ré from those of Rochelle. He afterwards gained other victories over them, and in 1630 received the chief command of the French troops in Piedmont, where he defeated the Spaniards, for which he received a marshal's baton. Unhappily for himself he ventured to oppose Richelieu, who had always been his enemy, and espoused the cause of Gaston, Duke of Orleans; for this he was declared guilty of high treason, and Marshal Schomberg being sent against him, defeated him at Castelnaudary, and took him prisoner. M., although almost mortally wounded, was carried to Toulouse, sentenced to death by the parliament, and notwithstanding his expressions of penitence, and the most powerful intercession made for him-for example, by King Charles I. of England, the pope, the Venetian Republic, and the Duke of Savoywas beheaded, 30th October 1632. M. was distinguished for his amiability and the courtesy of his manners, as well as for his valour. MONTO'RO, a town in the Neapolitan province of Principato Ulteriore, built partly on the slope and partly around the base of a hill, 12 miles north of Salerno. Pop. 6200. It forms the central point of several villages, and has large markets and some linen and cloth manufactures. MONTORO, a pleasant town of Spain, in the modern province of Cordova, built on a rocky ridge around which winds the Guadalquiver, 26 miles east-north-east of Cordova. It contains one of the best hospitals in Andalusia. Hardly any drinkable water can be obtained within the town. The heights in the vicinity are clothed with olive plantations, and oil is largely exported from this quarter. Woollens and earthenware are manufactured. Pop. 10,500. MONTPELIER, the capital of Vermont, United States of America, is on the Winooski_River, 215 miles north-north-west of Boston. It is a picturesque village, with a handsome state-house, 5 churches, 3 banks, 5 newspapers, iron-foundry, flour-mills, and manufactures of carriages, hats, lumber, &c. Pop. about 3000. MONTMARTRE. See PARIS. MONTMORENCY, ANNE, first DUC DE, Marshal and Constable of France, born March 1493, belonged to one of the oldest and greatest of the noble families of France. He received, it is said, the name of MONTPELLIER (Lat. Mons pessulanus or Anne from his godmother, Anne of Brittany. puellarum), a city of France, in the department of He distinguished himself by his gallantry and mili- Hérault, in 43° 36′ N. lat., and 3° 50′ E. long. Pop. Seen from a tary skill in the wars between Francis I. and the (1862) of the town alone, 39,605. Emperor Charles V., and was taken prisoner along distance, M. has an imposing appearance, from with his sovereign in the battle of Pavia, which the number of its towers, steeples, and cupolas; was fought against his advice. He afterwards but although its suburbs are clean and well built, became the leader of the French government, the interior of the old town disappoints expecta shewing great ability in matters of finance and tion, being chiefly remarkable for its crooked, dark, diplomacy, and was made Constable in 1538; but narrow, and dirty streets. The public walks, his rough manners made him an object of dislike to known as those of the Peyrou, and some of 551 MONTPELLIER-MONTREAL the other more elevated points, afford glorious Erie Canal. But even at present, while navigaviews, embracing the Mediterranean, the Alps, tion is open, an extensive daily traffic is carried on, the Cevennes, and the Pyrenees. The most note- by steamers and sailing-vessels of every description, worthy buildings are the cathedral, the theatre, the with Lake Ontario and the Ottawa district, as well exchange, the Hall of Justice, the prefecture, the as with the Lower St Lawrence; and the ships of observatory, and the university. The last, which the Montreal Ocean Steam-ship Company, by aid of was founded in 1196, is composed of three faculties a subsidy from the Canadian government, keep up a -that of medicine, founded in the 12th c. by Ara- weekly communication with Liverpool, while at bian physicians, and still ranking among the best in the same time the harbour is constantly crowded Europe that of the exact, and that of the physical with vessels from other foreign ports. After the sciences. M. has a botanical garden, the oldest in navigation of the St Lawrence is closed, the oceanEurope; a public library of 35,000 volumes, and a steamers find a harbour at Portland, Maine, which pharmaceutical school; admirable museums, natural is connected with M. by a railway of 292 miles. history and fine art collections, &c. The industrial This line belongs to the Grand Trunk Railway products of M. are pigments and other chemical Company, and crosses the St Lawrence at M. by preparations, brandy, liqueurs, perfumes, soap, the celebrated tubular Victoria Bridge, the length corks, sugar, cotton, woollen, and fine leather goods; of which, including its two abutments and 24 piers, and the trade, which is very important, includes, is above a mile and three-quarters. By the lines of besides these articles, wine, seeds, olive-oil, and the same company, M. has railway communication fruits. Railways to Marseille, Cette, and other with Upper Canada and the western states, and ports, besides various canals, facilitate commercial with Lower Canada as far eastwards as Rivière du and social intercourse, and few cities of the empire Loup, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Several other hold out greater attractions in regard to intellectual lines afford direct communication with all the culture than Montpellier. Its geographical position important cities and towns in New York state and has led to its being selected as a place of residence the states of New England. The position, therefor consumptive patients; but the extreme clearness, and even sharpness of the air in the more elevated parts of the town, the occasional occurrence of the icy wind known as the Mistral, and the sudden accession of overpowering heats, would seem very materially to counteract some of its long reputed advantages. MONTREAL, the largest city of Lower Canada and of British America, lies in lat. 45° 31' N., long. 73° 35′ W., on the left bank of the St Lawrence, 180 miles above Quebec, and 200 below Lake Ontario, 400 from New York, and 2750 from Liverpool. Its eastern suburb, which is now an incorporated village, called Hochelaga, was originally the site of an Indian village of the same name, discovered in September 1535 by Jacques Cartier; and it is from his admiring exclamation at the view obtained from the neighbouring hill, that M. (corrupted from Mont Royal) derives its name. The westernmost permanent settlement which the French obtained in Canada, it was under them merely an outpost of Quebec, and continued to be such under British rule till 1832, when it became a separate port. Since then, the rapidity of its progress has been astonishing. By the deepening of the shallower parts of the river above Quebec, M. is now accessible to vessels of over 1800 tons burden, and drawing from 19 to 22 feet. Its harbour, lined with wharfs for a mile and a quarter, at which 125 ships could lie at one time, is, from its inland position (90 miles above the influence of the tides), perfectly safe. Situated at the head of the oceannavigation of the St Lawrence, M. has naturally become the dépôt for the exports and imports of all the Canadas. At the same time, the obstruction to vessels sailing further up the river, caused by the rapids, has been surmounted by magnificent canals. The canals connecting M. with Lake Ontario have locks of 200 feet by 45, with 9 feet of water on the sills; the locks of the Welland Canal are rather smaller. As M. lies also near the confluence of the Ottawa and St Lawrence, it is in immediate connection with the vast lumber-country adjoining the former river and its tributaries; while a canal has been projected to connect the Ottawa, through Lake Nipissing, with the Georgian Bay in Lake Huron, which, if carried out, will probably bring the produce of the north-western states, as well as of Western Canada, through M., as it would give them an outlet to the ocean between 200 and 300 miles shorter than by the fore, of M. as a centre of commerce is perhaps The most conspicuous building in M., which is The MONTREAL-MONTROSE. of 148,286 tons, entered and cleared. a new cathedral, which is very chaste in style, a seaport naturally gives rise. In 1862, 1421 vessels, though somewhat small for a metropolitan see. St There are Andrew's Church, the most important belonging to the Church of Scotland, is also a very chaste specimen of Gothic architecture, and cost about £10,000. At about the same cost, the Methodists have built a handsome church in the florid Gothic style. Besides the Roman Catholic college in College Street, St Mary's College of the Jesuits, and a Baptist college, M. possesses an important university under the name of M'Gill College. Founded by a bequest of the Hon. James M'Gill in 1811, erected into a university by royal charter in 1821, and reorganised by an amended charter in 1852, it has now, besides its principal, the distinguished naturalist, Dr Dawson, a staff of 20 professors, and was attended in 1862-1863 by 296 students. M. is supplied with water by magnificent works, which cost about £120,000. The water is brought from the St Lawrence above the Lachine Rapids by an aqueduct five miles long to a pond, from which it is forced up by power derived from part of its surplus waters into reservoirs capable of containing 20 millions of gallons, and situated 200 feet above the level of the river. Along the side of the Mountain,' there is a line of mansions, which command the view that astonished J. Cartier, and which may compare with the suburban mansions of the wealthiest cities in Europe or America. M. returns three members to the provincial parliament. MONTREAL, the large and fertile island on which the city of the same name is built, is 30 miles long, 10 miles at its greatest breadth, and contains 197 square miles. Formed by the separation of the two channels by which the Ottawa issues into the St Lawrence, its surface, except at Mount Royal, is only diversified by gentle undulations, which run from north-east to south-west, and are named Coteaux. The island forms a county, divided into two ridings, the East, or Hochelaga, and the West, or Jacques Cartier, each of which returns a member to the provincial parliament. MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, first MARQUIS Or, belonged to a family that can be traced back to the year 1128. Its first notable member was SIR JOHN GREME of Dundaff, who fell at the battle of Falkirk, 22d July 1298. Early in the 15th c., Sir William Graham married for his second wife a daughter of Robert III. ROBERT, the eldest son of this marriage, was ancestor of the Grahams of Claverhouse. The third Lord Graham, created Earl of Montrose by James IV., fell at Flodden; his eldest son at Pinkie. The next in succession became viceroy of Scotland after James VI. had ascended the throne of England. His eldest son, John, who succeeded to the earldom in 1616, married Lady Margaret Ruthven, eldest daughter of William, first Earl of Gowrie, and sister of the unfortunate nobleman who gives name to the Gowrie Conspiracy. The issue of this union was five daughters and one son, James, the 'great Marquis,' who was born in 1612, according to tradition, in the town of Montrose. His mother died in 1618, his father in 1626. In the following year, the boy was sent to the university of St Andrews by his guardian and brother-in-law, Archibald, Lord Napier, son of the famous inventor of logarithms. He was an apt, if not an ardent student, and during the two or three sessions of his attendance at college, acquired a very respectable amount of classical knowledge, besides exhibiting a genuine predilection for literature, which the stormy character of his after-life never quite destroyed. In his 17th year, he married Magdalene Carnegie, daughter of Lord Carnegie of Kinnaird, on which occasion he had his portrait painted by Jameson, the pupil of Van Dyck. For the next three years he lived quietly at Kinnaird Castle, pursuing his studies. On attaining his majority, he left Scotland, to travel on the continent, visited the academies of France and Italy, and perfected himself in all the accomplishments becoming a gentleman and a soldier. On his return, he was introduced to King Charles I., but owing, it is said, to the machinations of the Marquis of Hamilton, was coldly received by that monarch, and had no sooner reached Scotland, than he joined the ranks of the king's opponents, which at this period comprehended the majority of Scotchmen. M. came back in the very year (1637) when the tumults broke out in Edinburgh on the attempt to introduce the Prayer-Book. Whether his conduct at this moment was the result of chagrin, or whether he was carried away by the prevailing enthusiasm, or by the persuasions of craftier persons than himself, is difficult to say. Baillie speaks of his having been 'brought in' by the canniness of Rothes,' a phrase which appears to Mr Mark Napier to indicate that he was trepanned with difficulty into joining the League. At anyrate, the youthful nobleman soon became to appearance one of the most zealous of the Covenanting lords. He was one of the four noblemen selected to compose the 'Table' of the nobility, which, along with MONTRO ́SE, a royal and parliamentary_burgh and seaport of Scotland, in the county of Forfar, at the mouth of the South Esk, about 80 miles north-east of Edinburgh, and 40 miles south-southwest of Aberdeen. It stands on a level peninsula between the basin of the Esk-a kind of shallow lake 3 miles long by 2 miles broad, which is filled and emptied with every rise and fall of the tide-and the North Sea. A suspension-bridge, 432 feet long, connects the burgh with the suburb of the Inch, on the south side of the river. Between the town and the shore on the east are the 'Links,' or downs, of considerable extent, on which horse-races used to be held, and which affords one of the best fields for golfing in Scotland. The harbour at the mouth of the river, indicated by two light-houses, is lined with quays, wet docks, and docks for ship-building, and is one of the best on the east coast. It is accessible for vessels of large size, there being 18 feet on the bar at low-water of spring-tides. Besides the usual public buildings, there are two lunatic asylums, containing together 541 patients. Among its numerous educational institutions, the Academy is the chief. Flax-spinning is the chief manufacture, there being 4 mills, of 325 horse-power in the aggregate, employing upwards of 2000 hands, to whom above £50,000 are paid in wages, and consuming 100 tons of flax weekly. Bleaching is carried on on a considerable scale a few miles the other Tables of the gentry, of the burghs, and off. There are 2 saw-mills, one of them on a great scale, employing from 300 to 400 hands. Ship and boat building are also carried on to a considerable extent, and various other trades to which · of the ministers, drew up the famous National Covenant (see COVENANTS), sworn to by all ranks at Edinburgh in the spring of 1638. M. was appointed in the following summer to agitate for subscriptions MONTROSE. in Aberdeenshire, where the influence of the Marquis of Huntly was exercised on the side of the king. He did not, however, meet with great success. In 1639, he made three military expeditions to Aberdeenshire to overawe the royalists. The latter were in considerable force under the Marquis of Huntly, but owing to the timid, if not treacherous orders of the Marquis of Hamilton, then governor of Scotland, they were always forced to disband. M. twice took the city of Aberdeen. On the first occasion (29th March), he compelled the inhabitants to subscribe the Covenant, but did no injury to the city. His 'too great' humanity is even lamented by Baillie. On the second (25th May), he imposed on the city a fine of 10,000 merks; but though his soldiers pillaged the place, he honourably resisted the importunities of the zealots among the Presbyterian clergy, who wished to expose it to the horrors of conflagration. Baillie again complains of his 'too great lenity in sparing the enemy's houses.' The arrival at Aberdeen by sea of the Earl of Aboyne-Charles's lieutenant of the north-with some reinforcements, induced M. to retreat, who was followed by the earl and the Gordon Highlanders. At Meagra Hill, near Stonehaven, a battle was fought (15th June) between the two armies, in which M. obtained a complete victory; four days later, he was again master of Aberdeen, after a fierce struggle at the passage of the Dee. The citizens were stricken with alarm, expecting some bloody punishment for their wellknown Episcopalian leanings, but M. agreeably disappointed their fears. At a subsequent period, he was upbraided by the Committee of Estates for not having burned the town on this occasion. News of the pacification of Berwick' now arrived in Aberdeen, and terminated the struggle in the north. Charles invited several of the Covenanting nobles to meet him at Berwick, where he was then holding his court, and to consult with him about Scottish affairs. Among those who went was M., and the Presbyterians dated what they regarded as his apostasy from that interview. Be that as it may, his political position was certainly different after his return. In the General Assembly which met, August 13, 1639, under the presidency of the Earl of Traquair, as royal commissioner, he shewed symptoms of disaffection towards the Covenant, and was the object of much popular obloquy. One night he is said to have found affixed upon his chamber-door a paper bearing these words, Invictus armis, verbis vincitur. The dissolution of the parliament, in June 1640, led to an open rupture between the king and the Covenanters, and both parties prepared to decide their quarrel by force of arms. The former assembled at York an army of 21,000 horse and foot; the latter another of 26,000, which, under the command of Leslie, crossed the Tweed, 21st August 1640. M. was the first man that forded the stream. The successes of the Scots, as is well known, soon forced Charles to summon a new parliament for the settlement of the national grievances. Meanwhile M., along with several other influential nobles, had entered into a secret engagement at Cumbernauld, for the purpose of frustrating what they regarded as the factious designs of the extreme Covenanting leaders. His conduct in England, too, had been suspicious. It was accidentally discovered that he had been secretly communicating with the king; and when the parliament assembled (November 1640), he was cited to appear before a committee. The affair of the Cumbernauld Bond, discovered by the ingenuity of Argyle, was brought up; but M. defended his conduct and that of his colleagues; and nothing came of it, though some fiery spirits among the clergy, says Guthrie, 'pressed that their lives might go for it.' In the following June, M. and some others were accused of plotting against Argyle, and were confined in Edinburgh Castle, where they remained till the beginning of 1642, when they were set at liberty in return for the concessions which Charles had made his Scottish subjects. Although they had been frequently examined, nothing definite had been proved against them. The accusation that M. had offered to the king to assassinate Argyle, is not historically substantiated, and is intrinsically improbable. During the next two or three years, he kept aloof, outwardly, from public affairs, but he had finally broken with the Covenanters, and had privately ranged himself on the side of the king. The civil war in England had now broken out, and was being carried on with dubious success. Charles and his advisers resolved to crush the Presbyterian leaders in Scotland, who were abetting the efforts of the English Parliamentarians. In the spring of 1644, M., now raised to the rank of marquis, left Oxford, where he had been residing with his sovereign, and proceeded to Scotland to raise the royalists in the north. The battle of Marston Moor for a moment paralysed him, but his resolution speedily returned. He threw himself into the Highlands, and after skulking about the hills for some time in disguise, met at Blair-Athol some Irish auxiliaries and a body of Highlanders under Allaster Maccoll Keitache Macdonald, better known as Colkitto, who had forced their way thither from the Western Isles in hopes of joining him. M. instantly placed himself at their head, and the clans quickly rallied round his standard. Marching south, he fell suddenly (1st September) on the Covenanting army commanded by Lord Elcho, at Tippermuir, near Perth, and gained a complete victory. Not a single royalist was slain. The same night, M. entered Perth, where he remained for three days, levying a fine of 9000 merks on the inhabitants. He then set out for the north, defeated a force of Covenanters under Lord Burleigh at Aberdeen (September 13), and took possession of the city, which was abandoned for four days to all the horrors of war. The approach of Argyle, at the head of 4000 men, compelled M., whose forces were far inferior in numbers and discipline, to retreat. He now plunged into the wilds of Badenoch, recrossed the Grampians, and suddenly appeared in Angus, where he wasted the estates of more than one Covenanting nobleman. Having obtained fresh supplies, he once more returned to Aberdeenshire, with the view of raising the Gordons, narrowly escaped defeat at Fyvie in the end of October, and again withdrew into the fastnesses of the mountains. Argyle, baffled in all his attempts to capture or crush M., returned to Edinburgh, and threw up his commission. His opponent, receiving large accessions from the Highland clans, planned a winter campaign, marched south-westward into the country of the Campbells, devastated it frightfully, drove Argyle himself from his castle at Inverary, and then wheeled north, intending to attack Inverness, where the Covenanters were posted in strong force under the Earl of Seaforth. The Estates' at Edinburgh were greatly alarmed, and raising a fresh army, placed it under the command of General Baillie, a natural son of Sir William Baillie of Lamington. After consulting with Argyle, it was arranged that he should proceed by way of Perth, and take M. in front, while Argyle should rally his vast array of vassals, and attack him in the rear. The royalist leader was in the great glen of Albin-the basin of the Caledonian Canal-on his way to Inverness, when he heard that Argyle was following him. He MONTSERRAT-MONZA. proceeded to Caithness; but neither the gentlemen nor the commons would rise at his call. He forced his way as far south as the borders of Ross-shire, where his dispirited troops were attacked and cut to pieces at a place called Corbiesdale, near the pass of Invercarron, by a powerful body of cavalry under Colonel Strachan. M. fled into the wilds of Assynt, where he was nearly starved to death, when he fell into the hands of M'Leod of Assynt, who delivered him up to General Leslie, by whom he was brought to Edinburgh. Condemned to death as a traitor to the Covenant, he was executed, 21st May 1650. His demeanour in his last moments was very noble and dignified. MONTSERRAT, one of the Lesser Antilles, belonging to Britain, lies 43 miles north-west of and St Kitts. It is about 11 miles in length, 7 in Guadeloupe, and at a similar distance from Antigua breadth, and contains an area of 47 English square miles. The population in 1859 was 7053, the females the surface is mountainous and barren, the rest is exceeding the males by 735. About two-thirds of well cultivated. The chief products are sugar, rum, and molasses; but cotton, arrow-root, and tamarinds are also exported. The island forms a portion of the government of the Leeward Isles, and is directly ruled by a president, aided by a council and house of assembly. The chief town is Plymouth, amounted to £3333, and the expenditure to £3243. and 194 vessels of 7450 tons cleared its port; and In the same year, 203 vessels of 7825 tons entered, the total values of imports and exports were respectively £20,060 and £17,043. on the south coast. The revenue of M. in 1860 instantly turned on his pursuer, fell upon him a small force, and after the lapse of three weeks, unexpectedly at Inverlochy, February 2, 1645, and utterly routed his forces. Fifteen hundred of the Campbells were slain, and only four of M.'s men. He then resumed his march northwards, but did not venture to assault Inverness--his wild mountaineers being admirably fitted for rapid irregular warfare, but not for the slow work of beleaguerment. Directing his course to the east, he passed-with fire and sword-through Elgin and Banff into Aberdeenshire, which suffered a similar fate. Baillie, and his hieutenant, Hurry, were at Brechin, but M., by a dexterous movement, eluded them, captured and pillaged the city of Dundee (April 3), and escaped safely into the Grampians. On the 9th of May, he attacked and routed Hurry at Auldearn, near Nairn; and after enjoying a short respite with his fierce veterans in Badenoch, again issued from his wilds, and inflicted a still more disastrous defeat on Baillie himself at Alford, in Aberdeenshire (July 2) There was now nothing to prevent his march south, and about the end of the month, he set out with a force of from 5000 to 6000 men. He was followed by Baillie, who picked up reinforcements on his way, and on the 15th of August again risked a battle at Kilsyth, but was defeated with frightful loss-6000 of the Covenanters being slain. The cause of Charles was for the moment triumphant; M. was virtually master of the country. The king formally appointed him lieutenant-governor of Scotland, and commanderin-chief of the royal forces. All the principal cities in the west hastened to proclaim their fidelity, and laid the blame of the recent troubles on the unfortunate Presbyterian clergy. But affairs soon took a very different turn. Great numbers of the Highlanders returned home--we might even say, deserted -burdened with multifarious plunder; and the Earl of Aboyne withdrew with all his cavalry. M.'s position in a district teeming with enemies, was growing critical, and on the 4th of September he broke up his camp at Bothwell, and marched for the eastern counties, where Charles had informed him that the Earls of Traquair, Home, and Roxburgh were ready to join him. In this he was disappointed, and on the 13th of the same month he was surprised at Philiphaugh, near Selkirk, by David Leslie, who fell upon the relics of M.'s army and his raw levies with 6000 cavalry-the flower of the Scottish forces then serving in England who had been hurriedly despatched home on the news of M.'s startling successes. Leslie completely annihilated his opponent. On Philiphangh,' says Sir W. Scott, M. lost the fruit of six splendid victories.' Escaping from the field of battle, he made his way to Athol, and again endeavoured, but in vain, to rouse the Highlands; and at last Charles, now beginning to get the worst of it in the civil war, was induced to order him to withdraw from the kingdom. On the 3d of September 1646, he sailed for Norway, whence he proceeded to Paris. Here he endeavoured, but in vain, to induce Henrietta Maria to bestir herself on behalf of her husband. The queen coldly received all his suggestions, and at last M., in despair, betook himself to Germany, in hope of service under the emperor, but soon after returned to Holland, and entered into communications with the Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II. It was here that news of Charles I.'s execution reached him. M. fainted on receipt of the dreadful intelligence, and gave way to the most passionate regrets. Charles II. now re-invested him with the dignity of lieutenant-governor of Scotland, and M. undertook a fresh invasion on behalf of the exiled monarch. In March 1650, he arrived at the Orkneys with MONTSERRAT (Lat. Mons Serratus, so named from having jagged ridges like the teeth of a saw), a mountain of Catalonia, in the north-east of Spain, about 30 miles from Barcelona. Its height is 3919 feet. Its outline,' says Ford (Handbook for Spain, vol. i. p. 419), is most fantastic, consisting of cones, pyramids, buttresses, nine-pins, sugarloaves, which are here jumbled by nature in a sportive mood.' The pious Catalonians aver that it was thus riven and shattered at the Crucifixion. Every rift and gorge is filled with box-trees, ivy, and other evergreens. From the topmost height, the eye wanders over all Catalonia, and from the sea the ridge looks like an immense wall with seven pyramidal peaks. The mountain, however, owes its celebrity not to its extraordinary appearance, but to the Benedictine Abbey built upon it, at an elevation of 1200 feet, and to the 13 hermitages formerly perched like eagles' nests on almost inaccessible pinnacles. In 1811, the French, under Suchet, plundered the abbey, burned the library, shot the hermits, and hung the monks (who had given shelter to their emigrant brethren at the Revolution). The place suffered still more in 1827, when it became the stronghold of the Carlist insurrection. MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum, from moneo, to remind), anything durable made or erected to perpetuate the memory of persons or events. The chief kinds of monuments are described under their special names. See CAIRN; CROMLECH; SEPULCHRAL MOUNDS; PILLAR; OBELISK; PYRAMID; ARCH, TRIUMPHAL; BRASSES; TOMB; STUPA; MausoLEUM, &c. MO'NZA (anc. Modetia), chief town of a district in the province of Milan, stands on the river Lambro, 10 miles north-north-east of Milan, with which it is connected by railway. Pop. above 20,000. It is essentially a town of Lombard growth, and under the Lombard sovereigns was capital of their kingdom. |