quem are equally magnificent,- the mightiest of Christian thrones being the one, the mightiest of pagan the other. And the grandeur of these two terminal objects is harmoniously supported by the romantic circumstances of the flight. In the abruptness of its commencement and the fierce velocity of its execution, we read the wild, barbaric character of those who conducted the movement. In the unity of purpose connecting this myriad of wills, and in the blind but unerring aim at a mark so remote, there is something which recalls to the mind those almighty instincts that propel the migrations of the swallow and the lemming, or the life-withering marches of the locust. Then, again, in the gloomy vengeance of Russia and her vast artillery which hung upon the rear and the skirts of the fugitive vassals, we are reminded of Miltonic images,- such, for instance, as that of the solitary hand pursuing through desert spaces and through ancient chaos a rebellious host, and overtaking with volleying thunders those who believed themselves already within the security of darkness and distance.

(DE QUINCEY: Revolt of the Tartars)

MACBETH'S FEAR

(Macbeth):

To be thus is nothing;

But to be safely thus.- Our fears in Banquo

Stick deep; and in his royalty of nature

Reigns that which would be fear'd: 'tis much he dares;

And, to that dauntless temper of his mind,

He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valor

To act in safety. There is none but he
Whose being I do fear: and, under him,
My Genius is rebuked, as, it is said,

Mark Antony's was by Cæsar. He chid the sisters
When first they put the name of king upon me,
And bade them speak to him: then prophet-like
They hail'd him father to a line of kings:
Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown,
And put a barren sceptre in my gripe,
Thence to be wrenched with an unlineal hand,
No son of mine succeeding. If't be so,
For Banquo's issue have I filed my mind;
For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered;
Put rancours in the vessel of my peace
Only for them; and mine eternal jewel
Given to the common enemy of man,

To make them kings, the seed of Banquo kings!
Rather than so, come fate into the list,

And champion me to the utterance!

(SHAKESPEARE: Macbeth)

SELF-RELIANCE

There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better for worse as his portion; that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on that plot of ground which is given to him to till. The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried. Not for nothing one face, one character, one fact, makes much impression on him, and another none. This sculpture in the memory is not without preëstablished harmony. The eye was placed where one ray should fall, that it might testify of that particular ray.

We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of us represents. It may be safely trusted as of proportionate and of good issues, so it be faithfully imparted, but God will not have his work made manifest by cowards. A man is relieved and gay when he has put his heart into his work and done. his best; but what he has said or done otherwise shall

give him no peace. It is a deliverance which does not deliver. In the attempt his genius deserts him; no muse befriends; no invention, no hope.

Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Accept the place the divine providence has found for you, the society of your contemporaries, the connection of events. Great men have always done so, and confided themselves childlike to the genius of their age, betraying the perception that the absolutely trustworthy was seated at their heart, working through their hands, predominating in all their being. And we are now men, and must accept in the highest mind the same transcendent destiny; and not minors and invalids in a protected corner, not cowards fleeing before a revolution, but guides, redeemers and benefactors, obeying the Almighty effort and advancing on Chaos and the Dark.

(EMERSON: Self-Reliance)

CHAPTER XII

FORCE (RANGES)

As is the case of pitch, force may also be divided into three ranges; normal or moderate, greater than normal, which may be termed energetic; and less than normal, which may be termed subdued. Each range includes, of course, several degrees of force. In the preceding chapter we considered the almost constant change in the amount of force employed while speaking,- this change being due to the varying importance of the words used. Whether one is speaking in the moderate, the energetic, or the subdued range, the variation of force will be observed, but it will be least marked in the subdued range, and most marked in the energetic range. Another essential preliminary observation is that speech in any one range may from time to time, as occasion requires, change into another range. With these facts in mind, we shall consider the special functions of each of the three ranges.

Moderate Force

Naturally, the normal or moderate range is the one most frequently used, since it expresses ordinary facts and ideas, and all those states of feeling which do not, as we say, "grip the soul," such emotions, for example, as a moderate degree of happiness, displeasure, or affection. It is a mistake to suppose that normal

force, or normal quality, pitch, and rate, are to be used only for expression which is absolutely unemotional.

To set anything like definite limits to the three ranges of force is even more difficult than to fix pitch boundaries. Some voices are stronger than others, and each individual can best determine when he is using his moderate, subdued, and energetic, respectively. In establishing his moderate range, the speaker should realize that in public address, people, as a rule, use too little volume rather than too much. However, a voice which is firm, not flabby, tremulous or breathy, does not need to be loud even in a good-sized auditorium. As has been suggested before, a moderate rate and clear utterance count more for audibility than mere loudness. The cultivation of a firm, moderate volume will be of great advantage since, with occasional variations into the subdued and energetic, this is the most commonly used range. For practice in moderate force, the selections used for the practical application of stress, normal quality, and moderate rate are well adapted.

The Energetic Range

We may now consider those cases wherein energetic force, with, perhaps, occasional changes into the moderate, becomes the prevailing range throughout a larger or smaller part of an address. A very large audience, a noisy vicinity, or some other physical circumstance, may call for more than normal force. So may a sustained climax or peroration. Another reason for the use of the energetic range is excitement or intensity of feeling, which naturally manifest themselves with more than ordinary physical force. For example, in narrating or describing an exciting incident, energetic expression