elongated into a sort of muzzle. A. apricans often does much injury to fields of com. mon red clover, particularly interfering with the production of seed. It lays its eggs among the flowers, and the little grubs eat their way through the calyx into the pod. It is of a bluish-black color, little more than a line long. A. flavipes is attached in like manner to white clover, and other species of clover have their particular weevils.

CLOVES (Fr. clou, a nail) are the flower-buds of the clove-tree (caryophyllus aromaticus). The genus to which this tree belongs is of the natural order myrtacea; the calyx has a cylindrical tube and 4-cleft border; the corolla consists of four petals united by their tips; the stamens are in four clusters; and the fruit is an oblong dry berry with one or two cells and as many seeds. The clove-tree is from 15 to 40 ft. high, with a beautiful pyramidal head. The leaves are large, ovate-oblong, acuminated at each end, ever green: the flowers are small, but produced in great profusion in cymes. Leaves, flowers, and bark have an aromatic odor. The ripe fruit in shape resembles an olive, but is not quite so large; it is of a dark-red color; it sometimes appears in commerce in a dried state, under the curious name of mother clores; it has an odor and flavor similar to C., but much weaker: the broken fruit-stalks are sometimes also used for the same purposes as C.; but the flower-buds themselves are the principal product of the tree. They are gathered, and are dried by exposure to the smoke of wood fires, and afterwards to the rays of the sun, or by the latter alone. When first gathered, they are reddish, but become of a deep-brown color. The unexpanded corolla forms a little round head at the end of the calyx tube, which is about half an inch long, and thus the appearance is not unlike that of a little nail, whence the name. The clove-tree is a native of the Moluccas, and the Amboyna C. are still esteemed the best; but the tree is now cultivated in Sumatra, Bourbon, Mauritius, and some parts of the West Indies, and will probably soon be common in many other tropical countries. The Dutch, in order to secure to their own colonists a monopoly of the trade in this spice, destroyed the trees in the other Molucca islands, and confined the cultivation of them to the isle of Ternate. It is not deemed quite certain that C. are the karyophyllon of the ancient Greeks; but before the discovery of the Spice islands, eastern merchants brought them from Arabia, Persia, and Egypt, to the harbors of the Mediterranean, from which the Venetians and Genoese diffused them over Europe.

The wild clove-tree of the West Indies is myrcia acris. See MYRCIA.

The properties of C. depend chiefly on an essential oil, oil of C., which forms one fifth or one sixth of the whole weight. They are used for flavoring dessert dishes and articles of confectionery. They have a hot taste and a characteristic odor. The oil of C. is obtained by repeatedly distilling C. with water, when two oils pass over, one of which is lighter and the other is heavier than water. The oil has a hot acrid taste, is of a light yellow when pure, and brown red when not so carefully prepared. It has a well-known odor, and is soluble in ether, alcohol, and the fixed oils. It is useful in medicine to check nausea and griping, caused by the administration of purgatives. It is also employed in the scenting of soap, and by the distiller. Tincture of C. is obtained by treating C. with alcohol for several days, and then straining, or by a solution of the oil of C. in spirits of wine. It is added, in medicine, to stomachic, tonic and purgative

mixtures.

CLOVIS (old Ger. Choldwig, i.e., "famous warrior;" modern Ger. Ludwig, Fr. Louis). king of the Franks, was b. 465 A.D., and by the death of his father, Childeric, became king of the Salian Franks, whose capital was Tournay. His first achievement was the overthrow of the Gallo-Romans under Syagrius, near Soissons. He then took possession of the whole country between the Somme and the Loire, and established himself in Soissons. In 493, he married Clotilda, daughter of a Burgundian prince. His wife was a Christian, and earnestly desired the conversion of her husband, who, like most of the Franks, was still a heathen. In a great battle with the Alemanni, at Tolbiac, near Cologne, C. was hard pressed, and as a last resource, invoked the god of Clotilda, offering to become a Christian, on condition of obtaining a victory. The Alemanni were routed, and on Christmas day of the same year, C. and several thousands of his army were christened by Remigius, bishop of Rheims. Most of the western Christian princes were Arians, but C. was strictly orthodox, and, in consequence, was saluted by pope Anastasius as the "Most christian king.' In 507, love of conquest concurring with zeal for the orthodox faith, C. marched to the s. w. of Gaul against the heretic Visigoth, Alaric II., whom he defeated and slew at Vouglé, near Poitiers, taking possession of the whole country as far as Bordeaux and Toulouse; but was checked at Arles, in 507, by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. C. now took up his residence in Paris, where he died in 511. His great aim was the subjugation of all the Frankish princes, and the union of the whole Frankish people into a single powerful kingdom. The means he employed to secure this end were cruel and unscrupulous, but the end itself would have been very beneficial, if he had not frustrated it at his death by redividing the newly organized realm among his four sons, and exposing it to the very perils from which he himself had rescued it.

CLOWES, JOHN, 1743-1831; an English clergyman, one of the first followers of Swedenborg in England. He translated the Arcana Calestia, and published Restoration of the Pure Religion, and two volumes of sermons.

CLOWES, WILLIAM, 1779-1847; the first English printer to use steam presses (in 1823). He was the printer and publisher of the Penny Magazine and the Penny Cyclopædia. The establishment founded by him in London is still one of the largest in England.

CLOYNE, an ancient episcopal t. in the s.e. of Cork co., 15 m. e. by s. of Cork. The see was founded in the 6th c. by St. Colman, the abbey in 707, and the cathedral in the 13th century. Near the cathedral is a round tower, 92 ft. high. About 1430, the see was united to that of Cork, separated in 1678, and reunited in 1835. There are valuable marble quarries near. Berkeley was b. here, and was bishop of C. in 1678. Brinkley, the astronomer, was also bishop of Cloyne. Pop. in 1861 was 1713, but in 1881 had fallen below 1200.

CLUB. The word is probably allied to cleave (Ger. kleben), "to adhere," so as to form one body or mass. Among other significations, it is used to mean a company or association met for some common purpose, whether of hilarity, literature, politics, or economy. C., in its usual English acceptation, means a body of persons meeting for social or recreative purposes, and consisting of members belonging for the most part to some one class or occupation. Occasionally, other meanings are given to the word. Societies for political objects are sometimes called clubs; and benefit clubs are another name for benefit societies. What is known as club-life, as exhibited in London, had its origin in the days of Elizabeth, when the Mermaid tavern, in Fleet street, enlivened by the wit and wisdom of Shakespeare, Raleigh, Ben Jonson, Beaumont, and Fletcher, became the home of a sort of club. Ben Jonson afterwards founded a second C. at the Devil tavern, in the same street. Such clubs were meetings for social recreation, to which all were welcome who could bring wit and humor with them. In subsequent reigns, meetings of a similar racy character were very frequently held in taverns, but without much club formality. In last c., Brooks's and White's clubs, and a few others named after the proprietors of the houses in which the meetings were held, were established by politicians of opposite parties, as the headquarters for parliamentary tactics.

The modern clubs of London, in which the restaurant or dining-room is an important feature, arose after the termination of the great war in 1815. Many naval and military officers, being no longer needed for war, were placed upon half-pay; and this half-pay was insufficient to support them without careful economy. If they could dine together at a C., it would be cheaper than if each maintained a separate establishment. Hence originated the United Service C.; and the success of this speedily led to the founding of others for different classes of society, and for persons of different political opinions. At the present time, there are about 100 such clubs in the metropolis, of which the following may be named: Alpine, Army and Navy, Arthur's, Athenæum, Brook's, Carlton, Civil and Military, Conservative, East India United Service, Garrick, Guards', Junior Carlton, Junior United Service, Naval and Military, New University, Oriental, Oxford and Cambridge, Reform, Travelers', Union, United Service, United University, White's, Whitehall, and Windham's. All these, and some of the others, combine the tavern system with the club system. There are also about 20 workingmen's clubs. Clubs are not confined to the metropolis.

Each principal C. comprises a certain definite number of members; it may be, for instance, 500, 1000, or 1500, and this number cannot be exceeded without a formal change in the rules. In some clubs, the managing committee are empowered to admit distinguished persons to membership; but the general mode of admission is by ballot, each member having a vote. In some clubs, one single black ball or "No" suffices to exclude a candidate; but, generally, the rules are not so stringent. The members pay a sum of money on entrance, and then an annual subscription-the amounts varying much in different clubs. The entrance-money may be required as capital, to assist in building the club-house, etc.; while the annual subscriptions, after paying current expenses, leave a surplus for future contingencies. The more important clubs comprise morning or news-rooms, libraries, coffee-rooms, dining-rooms, drawing-rooms, and a very complete culinary establishment. There are no arrangements for the members to sleep at the club-houses; except at certain establishments called club-chambers, which, however, are not properly clubs. Some of the clubs are furnished with bath-rooms, card-rooms, billiard-rooms, and smoking-rooms. The restaurant department is usually very complete; everything is of the best, and is supplied to the members as nearly as can be at prime cost. In nearly all the clubs, hard drinking is discouraged. It has been ascertained at two or three of them, that the average cost of dinners is about halfa-crown, and that the wine scarcely exceeds half a pint to each diner.

It may here briefly be mentioned, that some of the club-houses rank among the most elegant modern buildings in London. The Carlton, the Reform, the Conservative, and the Army and Navy club houses are especially to be named in this respect.

Before the first revolution, it was attempted to get up political clubs in Paris on the English plan, but they were prohibited by the police. With the meeting of the national assembly, and the outbreak of the revolution, political societies, about 1789, sprang into unwonted activity. These associations mostly assumed the English name-such as the club des Feuillans and the Jacobin club; but they had quite a different character: they were popular societies. In them were concentrated the great political parties of the nation, by means of systematic organization and affiliation. The Jacobin club thus came

77

Clupeida

in the end to embrace all France, and to rule it. Similar associations sprang up in Germany, Italy, Spain, and wherever the revolution took any root. In Germany, these unions were prohibited in 1793 by a law of the empire; and the prohibition of all political unions and meetings was renewed in 1832 by an act of the Germanic confederation. The suppression of the clubs in France followed the extinction of the revolution, and their place has since been taken by secret societies. After the revolution of 1848, clubs revived in great force in Italy and Germany, after the style of the first French revolution, but speedily came to an end along with that which had given them birth.

CLUBBING, in cabbages, turnips, and other plants of the genus brassica, a diseased growth of tubercular excrescences in the upper part of the root or lower part of the stem, caused by the larvæ of the cabbage fly (q.v.), and of other insects, by which the vigorous growth of the plant is prevented, and crops are often much injured. It is common for gardeners to cut away these excrescences, with their contained larvæ, in planting out young cabbages, etc.; and where they are not so numerous that the injury done by the knife is necessarily great, this plan succeeds very well. Dressings of quicklime, wood-ashes, etc., have been recommended, and appear to have proved partially successful in preventing this evil, probably by deterring the parent insect from approaching to lay her eggs; but change of crop, when practicable, is of all things the most commendable. C. is sometimes confounded with anbury (q.v.), from which it is quite distinct.

CLUB-FOOT (Lat. talipes) is a distortion or twisting of the foot by one or more of its muscles being permanently shortened. It may exist from birth, or occur in early childhood after convulsive fits. Surgeons recognize four varieties of C.: turning inwards (varus), outwards (valgus), downwards with elevation of the heel (equinus), or upwards with depression of the heel (calcaneus).

As age advances, the bones alter in form from the pressure exerted upon them, the ligaments shorten, and the foot becomes rigidly molded in its unnatural position. It cripples the person's movements, and in many instances has proved a great affliction. Lord Byron's whole life seems to have been embittered by one of his feet being inverted.

Although Lorenz, in 1784, cut the tendo Achillis to lower the heel in talipes equinus, yet, owing chiefly to the dangers of cutting across tendons, club-foot was practically incurable till 1731, when Dr. Little, of London, having himself a club-foot, after seeking relief from many surgeons at home and abroad, found his way to Dr. Stromeyer, at Erlangen. This ingenious surgeon introduced a narrow-bladed knife, and divided the tendons of the contracted muscles with such a small external wound that scarcely any inflammation resulted. Dr. Little being cured, published a treatise on the subject, and at the present day no deformity of the foot is considered irremediable. However, it must be remembered that the division of tendons must be followed by judicious manipulations, and generally by the application of some suitable apparatus to prevent the foot returning to its former position. Of such apparatus, Scarpa's shoe, as it is termed, may be mentioned as the one most frequently in use.

CLUB-MOSS. See LYCOPODIACEД.

CLUB-RUSH. See SCIRPUS.

The term has also been CLUNCH, a name given locally by miners to any tough indurated clay, such as is sometimes found in the coal-measures, or in the newer strata. applied to the lower and harder beds of the cretaceous rocks, which are sometimes used for the stone-work of the interior of ecclesiastical buildings.

CLUNIACS, or CONGREGATION OF CLUNY, an order founded at Cluny, in France, in 909, by the Benedictines. It spread rapidly, and at one time had more than 2,000 convents. It was suppressed in 1790 by the constituent assembly. Among its great men were Gregory VII., Urban II., and Pascal II.

CLUNY, or CLUGNY, a t. in France, in the department of Saone-et-Loire, 12 m. n.w. of Macon; pop. 4,000. There is considerable agricultural trade, and manufactures of pottery, paper, etc. Its importance lies chiefly in its ancient architecture, including, besides the celebrated abbey, the church of Notre Dame, dating from the 13th c., the church of St. Marcel, with a beautiful spire; the ruins of St. Mayeul; portions of the ancient fortifications; and picturesque houses dating from the 12th c. and onward, all classed among the historical monuments of France. Before the erection of St. Peter's at Rome, the abbey church at Cluny was the largest building of its kind in Europe, being 650 ft. long by 130 wide. During the wars of the 16th c., the buildings were much damaged, and in the revolution (1789) a considerable number were demolished. Large restorations have been made; and now the abbot's palace contains a museum and a library, the cloisters are occupied by a school, and the site of the abbey church affords room for a government stud. The college of Cluny, founded in 1269, has disappeared. CLUPEI'DÆ, an important family of malacopterous (q.v.) fishes, nearly allied to the salmonida, and differing from them chiefly in the want of an adipose fin. They are all None of the fins have any spinous scaly fishes, but the scales are very easily detached. rays. The ventral fins are nearly in the middle of the body. The dorsal fin is always solitary. The gill-openings are very large. The teeth are small, and generally numerous.

Clytie.

The maxillary bones are composed of three pieces, easily separated. The body is generally elongated, and much compressed; the belly thin, and almost reduced to a sharp edge, frequently denticulated by the edges or points of a series of small bones attached to the skin. The air-bladder is always large; the roe consists of a vast number of eggs. The fishes of this family are almost exclusively marine, only a few of them ascending rivers. They generally congregate in shoals, and some of them periodically visit certain coasts in vast multitudes. They are very widely diffused over the world; some of the particular species have a wide geographic range. To this family belong the herring, pilchard, sprat (garvie, kilkie), anchovy, sardine, white-bait, etc. See these articles. The herring may be regarded as the type of the order, and of the genus clupea. But the genera most important in an economical point of view have been very differently distinguished by different ichthyologists.

CLUPESO CIDE, a family of malacopterous fishes, so named from being regarded as exhibiting characters intermediate between those of the clupeida (herring, etc.) and of the esocida (pike, etc.). Some of them are marine, and some are fresh water fishes. They are mostly tropical; none are British, To this family belongs the interesting genus arapaima (q.v.), and the genera heterotis and butirinus, containing fishes of very curious structure and appearance, highly prized for the table.

CLUSERET, GUSTAVE PAUL, b. Paris, 1823; educated in the military school of St. Cyr; in 1848, made a maj. of the garde mobile, participating in the suppression of the insurrection in June of that year. He served in the Crimea, where he was wounded; and against the Kabyles in 1856; resigning his commission in 1858. In 1860, he joined Garibaldi's staff, and commanded the French legion. In 1862, he came to the United States, took service on gen. McClellan's staff, and afterwards served with Fremont. He became brig.gen. of volunteers in 1862, and two years afterwards resigned and became editor of a weekly paper in New York, advocating Fremont, and opposing Lincoln for a second term. He returned to France in 1867, but was expelled for certain publications concerning a great railway project in the United States in which some officers of the French government were interested. In the war with Germany, he opposed Louis Napoleon's government, and engaged in some unimportant insurrectionary attempts in Lyons and Marseilles. Under the commune he was made minister of war, but was suspected of treachery, and for a time imprisoned. He escaped to Switzerland on the downfall of the commune, and in 1872 was formally sentenced to death.

CLU'SIA (named in honor of the great botanist L'Ecluse or Clusius), a genus of tropical trees and shrubs of the natural order guttiferæ (q.v.) or clusiacea, some of which are commonly called balsam trees, from their resinous or balsamic products. They are very often epiphytes, growing on larger trees, over the bark of which their roots spread in search of chinks or decayed parts where they may obtain nourishment; and if it cannot be obtained in sufficient quantity, a root is sometimes sent straight down to the ground, and in due time becomes a kind of stem. The fruit is very curious, a sub-globular capsule, with a number of cells, opening as by meridian lines from top to base. C. rosea, a native of the West Indies and tropical parts of America, yields an abundant resin, which is used as an external application in veterinary medicine, and for covering boats instead of pitch. A great quantity of resin exudes from the disk of the flowers of C. insignis, the WAX-FLOWER of Demerara, which is used to make a gently stimulating and soothing plaster. This is one of the productions of Demerara, to which the colonists, in preparation for the "Great Exhibition" (of 1862), sought to draw general attention.

CLUSIUM. See CHIUSI.

CLUSO NÉ, a t. of Lombardy, northern Italy, situated near the left bank of the Seiro, 17 m. n.e. of Bergamo. It has manufactures of linen, a trade in corn and iron, and in the neighborhood are vitriol works and copper foundries. Pop. 3,000.

CLUSTERED COLUMNS, or, as they are sometimes called, compound piers, form one of the richest features in Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. The columns or shafts are sometimes attached to each other throughout their whole length, sometimes only at the base and capital. When surrounded by floriated fillets, they have been very aptly compared by sir Walter Scott to "bundles of lances that garlands have bound.'

CLUVER, PHILIP, 1580-1623; a German, who traveled in Poland and other countries; first studied law, but forsook it for geography with Joseph Scaliger at Leyden for his teacher. He served two years in the army, visited England, where he married; passed some time in Scotland and France, and returned to Holland, where he published a number of works on geography, all relating to antiquity, except Introductio in Universam Geographiam.

CLWYD, a river of North Wales, rises in the Bronbanog hills, in the s. w. of Denbighshire, and runs 30 m., first s., then e.n.e., and lastly n., through Denbigh and Flint shires, past Ruthin, St. Asaph, and Rhuddlan, into the Irish sea. Below Ruthin, and between barren hills, lies the fertile, populous, and level vale of the C., 15 by 5 to 7 miles. At St. Asaph, the C. receives the Elwy, 20 m. long, from the west, and increases much in size. It then enters the fertile and extensive marsh of Rhuddlan, and falls into

Clytie.

the sea by a small estuary. It is navigable for vessels of 70 tons up to Rhuddlan, a distance of 2 m. from its mouth.

CLYDE, a river in the s. of Scotland, the only great British river, besides the Severn, flowing west. Commercially it is the most important river in Scotland, and the romantic beauty of its scenery is widely celebrated. It rises by several large streams in the semicircular range of the Lead, Lowther, and Moffat hills and drains the shires of Lanark, Renfrew, and Dumbarton. The main and southmost source, the Daer, runs n., and receives the Powtrail, the Clyde (a smaller stream, after junction with which, the main stream is called the C.), and other streams, preserving its mountain character to Roberton, upwards of 20 m. below the source of the Daer. The C. then bends round Tinto hill towards Biggar,* from whence it flows n.w., w., and s. w., to about 4 m. above Lanark, thence pursuing a n.w. course through Lanarkshire, and betveen Dumbarton and Renfrew shires, past Lanark, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, and Dumbarton, near which town it opens into the firth of Clyde. In this course it receives a number of streams, and flows through a rich, fertile, wooded valley, often extending into level plains, and often with bold wooded banks. From 2 m. above to 4 m. below Lanark occur the celebrated falls of the C., a series of cascades and rapids, the largest in Scotland for quantity of water-the total descent, in the course of 6 m., being 230 ft., over old red sandstone rocks, amid very picturesque scenery. Two of the falls are above, and two below Lanark. Bonniton linn, 2 m. above Lanark, is a cascade of 30 ft., with some parts only 4 ft. broad. Corra linn, half a mile below the last, is the grandest fall, forming three distinct leaps-in all, 84 ft. high. Dundaf fall is ten ft. high. Stonebyres linn, 2 m. below Corra linn, forms three distinct falls-in all 70 feet. Below Glasgow, the C. expands into an estuary, navigable by the largest vessels, and at Greenock it attains a breadth of about 4 miles. Opposite this point it communicates with the Gareloch, and a little below, with Loch Long on the north. Its course, which from Glasgow has been w.n.w., now turns suddenly s., in which direction, inclining a little to the w., it continues to flow between Argyle and Bute, and Cantire on the w., and Renfrew and Ayr shires on the e., until it becomes identified with the North channel at Ailsa Craig, where its breadth is about 30 miles. The C. from its source to Glasgow is, by its windings, 75 m. long, and from Glasgow to the south end of Cantire, 48 miles. Its basin occupies 1500 sq.m., and consists of carboniferous strata and trap rocks, the latter chiefly forming the bordering mountains. Floods sometimes raise its waters 20 ft., and it has changed its course at Renfrew, which was once close to it. Clydesdale, or the valley of the C., is noted for its coal and iron mines, orchards, and horses. Bell, in 1812, launched on the C. the first boat in Europe successfully propelled by steam.

CLYDE, a village in the t. of Galen, Wayne co., N. Y., on Clyde river, the Erie canal, and the N. Y. Central railroad, 38 m. w. of Syracuse; pop. 1880, 2,826. It is a place of active trade, and has a considerable manufacturing industry.

CLYDE, LORD. See CAMPBELL, Sir COLIN.

CLYMER, GEORGE, 1739-1813; b. Philadelphia; one of the signers of the American declaration of independence. He was a member of the council of safety, and with four others was appointed to take the place of the Pennsylvania delegation in the continental congress which had refused to sign the declaration of independence. He filled various important positions, both military and civil, until the peace of 1783. Afterwards he was sent to the legislature, and in 1787, was a member of the convention that framed the C. S. constitution. He was also a member of the first federal congress, and held many honorable offices in Philadelphia.

CLYMER, HEISTER. See page 885.

CLYSTER (Gr., from klyzo, I wash out), called also enema, a medicine administered in the liquid form by the rectum, or lower end of the intestine. It is used either for the purpose of procuring evacuation of the bowels, or of conveying stimulating or nourishing substances into the system. For the latter purpose, wine and beef-tea, or milk, in quantities of a few ounces at a time, are employed; for the former, simple warm or cold water in sufficiently large quantity to distend the bowels, and produce evacuation; or in special cases, various cathartics may be used in addition, such as colocynth, aloes, castor oil, or turpentine made into an emulsion with yelk of egg, and sometimes carminatives, to expel air. Narcotic clysters are also employed, but should only be used under medical superintendence. An injecting syringe, with a flexible tube, and a double-action valve, is usually employed for the administration of this remedy.

CLYTEMNES TRA, in Homeric legend, the daughter of king Tyndareus and of Leda, and the twin-sister of Helena, became the wife of Agamemnon, and bore him a son, Orestes, and two daughters, Iphigenia and Electra. During the absence of Agamemnon on his expedition to Troy, she formed a connection with Ægisthus, murdered her husband on his return, and reigned for seven years with Ægisthus, till she was murdered by her own son, Orestes.

CLYTIE, a water nymph in love with Apollo. Meeting with no return for her affection, she was changed to a sunflower. In that form she gazed upon Apollo (the sun),

In very high floods, the waters of the Clyde sometimes overflow in the boggy ground there, and a portion runs into the Biggar Water, and so into the Tweed.

IV.-3a.