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is celebrated as the locality of the exploits of the Lancashire witches. The main street runs along the ridge of the eminence, and at its s. end are the ruins of a castle, founded in the time of William Rufus by the Lacys. C. has print works, cotton manufactures, and limekilns. It sends lime to all parts of the kingdom. About 5 m. w. of C. lies Stonyhurst college, the principal seat of the Jesuits in England. Pop. '81, of the parliamentary borough, 14,463. It returns one member to parliament.

CLITUMNUS (now CLITUMNO), a small river in Umbria, Italy, celebrated for the clearness of its waters and the beauty of the cattle raised upon its banks. Its source is near Spoleto, and after a course of 9 m. it takes the name of Timia. It was once so famous that Caligula, Honorius, and other great people made special visits to its banks. Near the river was a grove of cypresses, and close above the water was a temple to Clitumnus, supposed to be the same now occupied as a Christian chapel. The white cattle peculiar to the valley of the Clitumnus were held in great demand for sacrifices to the gods.

CLITUS, or CLEITUS, foster-brother of Alexander the Great, who saved Alexander's life at the battle of Granicus 334 B.C. when, with a blow of his sword, he severed the arm of Spithridates which was stretched out to slay the king. He held high positions in Alexander's armies, and in 328 was made satrap of Bactria; but on the night before he was to leave for his satrapy a feast was given by Alexander in honor of the Dioscuri. Both the king and Clitus became excited with wine, and a wrangle ensued in which Alexander thrust him through with a spear and killed him.

CLIVE, ROBERT, Lord, Baron of Plassey, one of the greatest warrior-statesmen of whom England can boast, the founder of British supremacy in India, was b. at Styche, in Shropshire, 1725. At school he exhibited little aptitude for learning, but was noted for his mischievous propensities and his fearless disposition. The monotony of a clerkship in the India Civil Service at Madras, where he arrived in 1744, had literally nearly been the death of him; it was with great joy, therefore, that he abandoned the pen for the sword, when, some three years after his arrival, the troubles accumulating upon the English in India gave him an opportunity of doing so. C. had now found his true sphere. The bold, fearless character had now scope enough for its development; the intellect which, chained to the desk, had seemed of the dullest and most common place kind, in the freedom of the field became at once quick, comprehensive, and original. When C. grasped the sword, English influence in India was almost extinct; the French and their allies had scarcely left them even a material footing. Yet, in less than a halfa dozen years after, C. had, in Aug., 1751, with 200 English infantry and 300 sepoys, marched out of Fort St. David, on his hazardous enterprise to attack Arcot, a city of 100,000 inhabitants, and garrisoned by 1,200 or 1,500 of Chunda Sahib's best troops, amply supplied with artillery, the decisive battle of Plassey had been fought, and English power established on the ruin of that of France and the native princes. The daring displayed in the capture of Arcot, and the intrepidity and fortitude exhibited in its defence by C. and his little band, reduced to 200 men, against an army of 10,000, was the foundation of England's subsequent greatness and glory in India. C.'s name henceforward was a tower of strength in India, where he was surnamed by the natives Sabat Jung, or "the Daring in War." Victory marched with him alike against native warriors, French, and Dutch. Unscrupulous as to his means, he would undoubtedly have found himself involved in many difficulties had not his questionable actions been invariably crowned, and thus-in the lax political notions of the time-justified, by success. Nothing remaining for him to do in India, he returned to England in 1760, and received the warm thanks of the company and an Irish peerage from the government for his services. His wealth, arising from shares in various spoils, presents, and grants of territory from native princes, was enormous. After his departure from India, the company's affairs, through the dishonesty of its servants, high and low, fell into a state of the greatest confusion, and C., in 1764, was chosen to set them right. He proved himself as competent an administrator as he was a warrior. Uncompromising and resolute, he bore down every opposition to his plans, all the more sternly that he found it in some cases assuming the form of threats. In less than 18 months, he had “restored perfect order and discipline in both the civil and military services, and brought back Prosperity to the well-nigh ruined finances of the company." He returned to England in 1767, and was received with the distinction to which his important services entitled him. But the energetic way in which he had righted matters in India, gave offence to those who suffered from the suppression of dishonest practices, many of whom were not without considerable influence in the mother-country. This influence they employed to stir up ill-feeling against C.; and his proceedings in India were made the subject of animadversion in parliament in 1772, and, in the following year, matter for the inquiry of a select parliamentary committee; who, however, failed to find that C. had acquired his great wealth by abuse of power, as his enemies had asserted. The form of acquittal, however, was not quite satisfactory to C., who never got over the disgrace implied in the trial; and ended his life by suicide, Nov. 22, 1774.

CLOA'CA. See the article BIRDS. A similar anatomical arrangement is found in one order of mammals, the monotremata (q. v.), in all reptiles, and in many fishes.

Clogher.

CLOACA MAX'IMA. This was a subterranean passage of vast extent, by which the whole, or a great part, of the filth of ancient Rome was conveyed to the Tiber. Drains from the lower parts of the city around the forum, and from the other valleys, were commenced by Tarquinius Priscus; but the construction of the C. M. is attributed by Livy to Tarquinius Superbus. Niebuhr is of opinion that it was at first intended to drain the valley of the forum; but it appears to have been subsequently extended, and connected with the smaller cloaca. Running from the forum past the temple of Vesta, it terminated at the Tiber, where the mouth of it is still visible. It consisted of 3 large arches, one within the other. The space inclosed by the innermost vault was upwards of 13 ft. in width, and of a corresponding height. The arches were built of large blocks of stone, fixed together without cement, of the uniform size of rather more than 5 ft. 5 in. long, and 3 ft. high. The species of stone used bears evidence to the antiquity of the construction, being the material which was employed in the most ancient public edifices. The sewer was kept in a state of efficiency by a continual stream of superfluous water from the aqueducts. Large portions of this and of the other cloacæ remain, in some places still visible, but generally buried, by the accumulation of soil, at a considerable depth below the present level of the streets. During the republic, the surveillance of the Roman cloaca was one of the duties performed by the censors. The C. M. was subjected to repair by Cato and his colleague in the censorship. Agrippa, when ædile, obtained praise for his exertions in cleansing and repairing the cloace, and is recorded to have passed through them in a boat. Under the empire, officers called curatores cloacarum urbis were appointed for their supervision. So thoroughly was the city undermined by these large sewers, that Pliny calls it urbs pensilis, a city suspended in the air rather than resting upon the earth. Drains of the same description, but of smaller dimensions, existed in some others of the ancient Roman cities.

CLOACI'NA, in Roman mythology, the goddess of sewers, mentioned in very early times. Pliny derives the name from a verb which meant to wash or purify. See CLOACA MAXIMA.

CLOCK BELL-METAL is principally an alloy of copper and tin with smaller quantities of bismuth, antimony, lead, and zinc. A common alloy is 80 parts of copper, 10 tin, 5 zinc, and 44 lead. The bismuth and antimony make the bell more brittle, but they communicate a better tone; and where the proportion of tin rises as high as 20 per cent., or 1 part of tin to 4 of the other metals, a very much more sonorous bell is obtained.

tem.

CLOCKS, CURIOUS. Among remarkable clocks, one of the best known is that in the Strasbourg cathedral. Another, illustrating the elaborateness to which clock-work is sometimes carried, was placed on exhibition in New York in the summer of 1880. It is the work of Felix Meier, who spent more than 10 years on its construction. It is 18 ft. high, 8 wide, and 5 deep. It has 2,000 wheels, runs by 700-lb. weights, and is wound up once in 12 days. Above the main body of the clock is a marble dome, upon which Washington sits in his chair of state, protected by a canopy which is surmounted by a gilded statue of Columbia; on either side of Washington is a servant in livery, guarding the doors, which open between the pillars that support the canopy; on the four corners of the main body of the clock are black walnut niches; one of the niches contains the figure of an infant, the second the figure of a youth, the third of a man in middle life, the fourth of an aged graybeard, and still another, directly over the center, contains a skeleton, representing father Time. All of these figures have bells and hammers in their hands. The infant's bell is small and sweet-toned; the youth's bell larger and harsher; the bell of manhood strong and resonant; that of old age diminishing in strength, and the bell of the skeleton deep and sad. A figure of William C. Bryant, and another of prof. Morse rest upon the pillars that support the planetary sysThe astronomical and mathematical calculation, if kept up, would show the correct movement of the planets for 200 years, leap years included. When the clock is in operation it shows local time in hours, minutes, and seconds; the difference in time at Chicago, Washington, San Francisco, Melbourne, Pekin, Cairo, Constantinople, St. Petersburg, Vienna, London, Berlin, and Paris; the day of the week, calendar day of the month, month of the year, and seasons of the year, the signs of the zodiac, the revolutions of the earth on its own axis, and also around the sun; the revolutions of the moon around the earth, and with it around the sun; also, the moon's changes from the quarter to half, three-quarters, and full; the correct movement of the planets around the sun, comprising Mércury, which makes the revolution once in 88 days; Venus, once in 224 days; Mars, once in 686 days; Vesta, once in 1,327 days; Juno, once in 1,593 days; Ceres, once in 1,681 days; Jupiter, once in 4,332 days; Saturn, once in 10,758 days; Uranus, once in 30,688 days. There is, therefore, a movement in this wonderful piece of machinery which cannot regularly be repeated more than once in 84 years. But the inventor has a crank attachment to the clock, by means of which he can hasten the working of the machinery, in order to show its movements to the public. By turning continuously 12 hours a day, for 16 days and 8 hours, a perfect revolution of the planet Uranus around the sun would be made. At the end of every quarter hour the infant in his carved niche strikes with a tiny hammer upon the bell which he holds in his hand. At the end of each half hour the youth strikes; at the end of three-quarters

Clogher.

of an hour the man, and at the end of each hour the graybeard, death then follows with a measured stroke to toll the hour. A large music box, manufactured at Geneva expressly for this clock, begins to play at the same time that the skeleton strikes the hour, and a surprising scene is enacted upon the platform beneath the canopy. Washington slowly rises from his chair to his feet, extending his right hand, presenting the declaration of independence; the door on the left is opened by the servant, admitting all the presidents from Washington's time, including president Hayes. Each president is dressed in the costume of his time. Passing in file before Washington, they face and raise their hands as they approach him, and walking naturally across the platform disappear through the opposite door, which is promptly closed behind them by the second servant. Washingington retires into his chair, and all is quiet, save the measured tick of the huge pendulum, and the ringing of the quarter hours, until another hour has passed.

CLOCKS. See HOROLOGY.

CLODIUS PULCHER, PUBLIUS, (real name, PUBLIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER), appears in history, 70 B.C., serving under Lucullus in Asia, and in civil affairs in 69, when he impeached Catiline for extortion in Africa; but Catiline bribed the accuser and escaped. Clodius appears to have been avaricious and unscrupulous. Near the close of the year 62, Clodius was said to have had an intrigue with Pompeia, wife of Julius Cæsar, on the occasion of the celebration of the Bona Dea in Cæsar's house. Clodius was tried for violation of the sacred mysteries, but was acquitted, it was charged because he had bribed the judge. He was elected tribune in 59, and one of his first acts was to exile Cicero, who had refused to defend him in the trial for sacrilege, but the great orator was soon afterwards recalled in spite of Clodjus's opposition. He went on from bad to worse, gathering around him the worst elements of the people, until he became a candidate for the prætorship (53 B.C.) in opposition to Milo. Both candidates worked with the energy and recklessness supposed to be characteristic only of modern times. The contest was ended in an unexpected manner, Jan. 20, 52 B.C. Milo set out on a journey to Lanuvium. On the way he met Clodius, who was on his road to Rome. Both were accompanied by armed followers, but passed each other without disturbance. However, some of the men in the rear guard of each party began to quarrel, a fight followed, and Clodius was killed.

CLOG AL'MANAC, the name given in England to a primitive kind of calendar or almanac, called also a "rim stock" and "prime staff." In Scandinavia it was called a "Runic staff," from the Runic characters used in its numerical notation. It was generally of wood (whence its name of "clog," i.e., log or block), but was sometimes of brass, of bone, or of horn. When of wood, it was most commonly of box; but elm, fir, and oak, were also employed. "This almanac" says Dr. Plot, in his Natural His tory of Staffordshire, written in 1686, when it was still in use among the common people of that county-"is usually a square piece of wood, containing three months on each of the four edges. The number of days in them are expressed by notches; the first day by a notch with a patulous stroke turned up from it, and every seventh by a large-sized notch. Over against many of the notches are placed on the left hand several marks or symbols, denoting the golden number or cycle of the moon. The festivals are marked by symbols of the several saints issuing from the notches. Some are perfect, containing the dominical letters as well as the prime and marks for the feast, engraven upon them, and such are our primestaves in the museum at Oxford; others imperfect, having only the prime and the immovable feasts on them, and such are all those I met with in Staffordshire; which yet are of two kinds also, some public, of a larger size, which hang commonly here at one end of the mantle-tree of their chimneys, for the use of the whole family; and others private, of a smaller size, which they carry in their pockets." Examples of the C. A. may be seen in the British museum (one cut apparently towards the end of the 17th c.); in the Ashmolean museum, and the Bodleian library, at Oxford; in St. John's college, Cambridge; and in the Cheetham library, at Manchester. The Flemish antiquary, Gruter, delineates one at Rome, which he believes to have been used by the Goths and Vandals; but there is no reason to suppose that the C. A. was known to any European nation before its conversion to Christianity. It is described by the Swedish historian, Olaus Magnus, in the 16th c.; and by the Danish antiquary, Olaus Wormius, in the 17th c. It has been found in France and elsewhere. In Denmark it seems to have been generally flat, divided into six columns; but six-sided examples are not unfrequent. Some of the clog almanacs show a peculiar numerical notation. The first four digits are marked by dots; the fifth, by a sign like the Roman numeral V; the next four, by this sign and additional dots; and the tenth, by the sign +.

CLOGHEEN', a t. in the s.w. of Tipperary co., 14 m. w.s. w. of Clonmel, in lat. 52° 17 N., and long. 7° 57′ W. Pop. '71, 3,176. The rich limestone soil of Tar vale produces fine wheat crops, and there are extensive flour-mills here. Six m. n.w. of C. are the famous limestone caves of Mitchellstown, with beautiful limestone concretions. The caves consist of galleries and vaults, 800 by 570 feet. Pop. '81, 2924.

CLOGH'ER, a decayed episcopal city of Ireland, in the south of Tyrone, on the Launy, a tributary of the Blackwater, 104 m. n.n. w. of Dublin. The see is now united

to that of Armagh. St. Patrick is said to have been the first bishop of C., in 444. Pop. '71, 1515; '81, 1397.

CLOISTER (Fr. cloître, claustrum, an enclosure), a covered passage, or ambulatory, running round the walls of certain portions of monastic and collegiate buildings. The C. usually surrounded, or ran along three sides of a quadrangular area, which was called the C. garth. The roof of the C., which was often vaulted, was supported on the side next to the quadrangle by pillars and arches, which were frequently ornamentally combined like trifolial arches, and, like them, occupied by tracery. The upper portions of these arches above the mullions were often glazed; and sometimes latterly even the whole arches, so that they became a row of windows, as at Gloucester. Cloisters were used for exercise and recreation by the inmates of the religious houses. Occasionally, when wholly glazed, they had cells or stalls for study on the inner side; and very frequently a stone-bench may still be seen, which runs along the same side. Many of the larger monasteries had more cloisters than one; and so characteristic were they of the religious houses, that the term C. came to be used in a general sense for the whole establishment, which is still the sense of the word kloster in German. See MONASTERY. For type, see illus., Rome, vol. XII., p. 724, fig. 1.

CLONAKIL TY, a t. in the south of Cork co., Ireland, at the head of a small inlet, 26 m. s. w. of Cork. Its chief export is grain. Pop '81, 3,676.

CLONES, a market t. of Ireland, in the co. of Monaghan, 12 m. w. from the t. of that name. It is situated on a rising ground on the high-road between Monaghan and Belturbet, and near the Ulster canal, and is in general well built, and has some ancient remains, including the ruins of a monastery, dating, it is said, from the 5th c., and of a round tower. It has manufactures of linen, flour, and beer. Pop. 1871, 2170.

CLONMEL' (Vale of Honey), a parliamentary and municipal borough in the s. of Tip perary co., with a little in Waterford, on both banks of the Suir, and two islands. 14 m. s.s.e. of Cashel. It chiefly stands on the Tipperary side of the Suir, and on one of the isles in the river. One of the bridges over the Suir has 20 arches. The main street is a mile long, and parallel to the river. Pop. '71, 10,112, of whom 8,729 were Roman Catholics, 1,119 Protestant Episcopalians, and the rest of other denominations. C. returns one member to parliament. It has manufactures of cotton, and large flour. mills. The chief exports are agricultural produce and cattle. Barges of 20 to 50 tons ply on the Suir to Waterford. C. had formerly wails, of which one gate remains. In 1650, Cromwell besieged the town, and demolished the castle. C. gave birth to Sterne and Lady Blessington, and was the chief scene of O'Brien's attempted rising in 1848. Here Mr. Bianconi first established the cheap and rapid car traveling over the southwest of Ireland; and C. is now a great center for Irish tourists. Pop. 1881, 10,112.

CLONTARF', a t. of Ireland, in the co. of Dublin, about 3 m. e.n.e. of Dublin city. It is much frequented during the summer months for sea-bathing, and there are many handsome villas in the vicinity. C. is celebrated in history as the place where, in 1014, Brian Boroimhe (q.v.) won a great victory over the Danes. Pop. '81, 4,210.

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CLOOTS, JEAN BAPTISTE, Baron, better known as Anacharsis Cloots, was perhaps the most singular of all the enthusiasts brought to the surface of society by the French revolution. He was born near Cleves in 1755, and from his 11th year was educated in Paris. Through ardent study of the ancients, his imagination, naturally extravagant, became so heated with the political constitutions of Greece, that he undertook the mission of spreading the democracy of Sparta and Athens throughout the world; and with this view he traveled through most of the countries of Europe, under the name of Anacharsis, every where expending upon his philanthropic schemes large sums of his very considerable private fortune. The union of all nations in one family was the ultimate aim of all his cosmopolitan schemes. The breaking out of the French revolution brought his enthusiasm to a head, as he saw in it the fulfillment of his dreams and plans. He returned to Paris, constituted himself the "orator or advocate of the human race,' and presented numerous petitions to the national assembly. On the 19th of June, 1790, he appeared at the bar of the assembly at the head of a number of strangers, dressed in the costumes of different nations, as the representatives of the whole earth, and presented an address of thanks for the stand made against the tyrants of the world, and a request that all the strangers then in Paris should be made French citizens. As a member of the constituent assembly, he offered to raise a Prussian corps, to be called the vandal legion; proposed to lay a price on the head of the duke of Brunswick; called the king of Prussia the Sardanapalus of the north; and eulogized count Ankarstrom for having assassinated the king of Sweden. What is singular is, that these extravagances were received often with storms of applause. He called for the apotheosis of Gutenberg in the Pantheon, as the "creator of the word," and also for that of an apostate priest. On the occasion of the general armament of France, he deposited 12,000 francs on the altar of the country. In 1792, he was elected a member of the convention, and continued to weary the house with his extravagant motions. He hated Christianity no less than roy. alty; declared himself the enemy of its founder; and, as an adherent of the worship of reason, preached downright materialism. At the trial of Louis XVI. he gave his vote for death "in the name of the human race," and took occasion at the same time to pass

sentence on the king of Prussia. Some time after, on the motion of Robespierre, he was excluded from the club of the Jacobins, on the ground that he was wealthy and a nobleman. Robespierre hated and feared the enthusiast; and when St. Just brought his impeachment against Hebert and his adherents, C. was involved in it, and was condemned to death, and executed Mar. 23, 1794. He heard his sentence with the greatest composure, comforted the companions of his fate, and continued to preach materialism to his friend Hebert on the way to the place of execution. At the foot of the scaffold, he requested that his turn might be last, in order that he might have time to establish a few more principles, while the heads of the others were falling. He then laid his head with equanimity on the block, after asserting his innocence, and protesting against his sentence, in the name of the human race.' He left a number of writings, all of the same extravagant character, of which we may mention here Certitude des Preuves du Mohammédisme (Lond. 1780); L'Orateur du Genre Humain (1791); and Base Constitutionale de la Republique du Genre Humain (1793).

CLOQUET, HIPPOLYTE, 1787-1840; a physician of Paris distinguished as a teacher of anatomy. He wrote valuable works on descriptive and comparative anatomy, and on odors and the sense of smell. In his later days, he was afflicted with mental imbecility.

CLOQUET, JULES GERMAIN, b. 1790; brother of Hippolyte, and also a physician and surgeon; eminent especially in the latter science. He was for many years professor

of surgery in the faculty of Paris. Among his works are one on the human anatomy, in three volumes, profusely illustrated; others are on hernia, on calculi, and diseases of the urinary organs; on the preparation of skeletons, on the lachrymal apparatus in serpents, and on the anatomy of intestinal worms. He made many new surgical instruments, and invented improved methods of performing operations. In 1860, he received the cross of the legion of honor, and in 1867 was made a baron. He d. 1883.

CLOSE, in heraldry. When the wings of a bird are down and close to the body, it is described as close. The term is used only with reference to birds addicted to flight, such as the eagle, falcon, etc. Of dunghill cocks, and other domestic fowls, it is understood that their wings are in this position. Barnacles, and bits for horses, are said to be close when they are not to be understood as extended,

CLOSE -HAULED, in seamanship, is the mode in which the sails are arranged, in order to make the ship move in a direction the nearest possible towards that point of the compass from which the wind blows. Fore and aft vessels, especially cutters, sail closer to the wind than square-rigged ones. Ships of some sizes and shapes can attain this result better than others; but it is a quality scarcely to be calculated beforehand.

CLOSET, in heraldry, the half of the bar (q.v.).

CLOSSE, RAPHAEL LAMBERT, d. 1662; a Canadian pioneer famous for fighting Indians. He came from France in 1642, and was made serg.maj. of the garrison at Montreal. He had many severe contests with the aborigines, on one occasion engaging 300 Iroquois with only 34 men, killing 50 and wounding 37 of them, with the loss of only one man killed and one wounded. In 1655, he acted as governor of Montreal. He was killed in a fight with Indians in 1662.

CLOTAIRE I. AND II., Kings of the Franks. See MEROVINGIANS.

CLOTHES-MOTH, a name common to a number of species of small moths of the genus tinea, the larvæ or caterpillars of which are extremely destructive to woolen clothes, furs, stuffed quadrupeds and birds, etc. Tinea destructor is one of the most annoying of these insect pests. It is of a satiny buff color, the wings deflexed when at rest. The larva is about a quarter of an inch long, with only a few hairs, white, with a slate-colored line down the back, an ocherous head, and 16 legs. T. tapezana has the upper wings black at the base, the rest of the wing white. T. sarcitella is another very common species of a silky gray color; the head, thorax, and base of the superior wings white; the wings folded flat on the back when at rest. The larva is covered with scattered hairs. These moths are most abundant in the warmer seasons of the year, but their larvæ carry on their destructive operations even during winter. Guided by instinct, the female moth lays her eggs where the larvae may find their appropriate food, consisting of substances indigestible to almost every other creature; and the larvæ being furnished with minute but strong and sharp jaws, not only begin to eat as soon as they are hatched, but to cut the fibers of the substances on which they feed into little bits, and to unite them by means of a glutinous silk of their own producing, so as to form for themselves cases, lined internally with silk; and in these they constantly abide, adding to them at the anterior end as their own increase of size requires, and also widening them, by slitting them down the middle, and mending them with additional materials. All this may be beautifully observed by transferring the same moth-larva to different pieces of flannel in succession, of different colors. The larva of tinea tapezana works its way through Woolen stuffs in an arched gallery, carrying its little case with it. T. pellionella makes similar tunnels in furs. T. granella is destructive to books as well as to grain. See CORNMOTH. The best means of preventing the ravages of moths are perfect cleanliness, frequent inspection of articles, and their exposure to light and air. Spirit of turpentine is used

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