Dalriada.

DALMATIA, a narrow strip of territory, extending along the Adriatic sea, and bounded on the n. by Croatia, on the e. by Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro. Lat. 42° 15' to 44° 54′ n., long. 14° 30' to 19° e. It forms, with its adjacent islands, the most southern crownland of the Austrian empire. Area, 4,881 sq.m.; pop. '80, 476,107. The coast of D. is everywhere steep and rocky, and the adjacent series of islands, divided by picturesque straits and channels, are of a like character. Numerous bays intersecting the coast form excellent havens and landing-places. Offsets from the Dinaric Alps traverse the interior, and attain in Mt. Orien, the highest culminating point, an elevation of 6,332 ft.; the Velebich mountains, separating D. from Croatia, and which belong to the Julian Alps, have a height of more than 5,000 ft. The mountains of D., for the most part composed of limestone, present a bleak and barren aspect, with many romantic chasms and fissures, through which dash impetuous mountain-streams. The chief rivers -none of which, however, are of any importance-are the Zermagna, Kerka, Cettina, and Narenta, the second and third of which are broken in several places by beautiful cascades and falls. The lakes are numerous, but, with the exception of Lake Vrana -which is separated from the Adriatic by only a narrow tongue of land, and the waters of which are brackish-they are periodical, drying up in summer, and filling their beds in late autumn. A large part of the whole area of D. consists of moor and morass, yet in summer there is often a great scarcity of water. The climate is in general warmer than that of any other part of Austria, the African sirocco being occasionally felt on its shores. The minerals are limestone, coal, gypsum, etc. Agriculture is in a backward tate. About one ninth of the land is arable, and produces wheat, barley, oats, maize, rye, and potatoes. Wine and olives are also produced. More than half of the land is in pasture, and wood occupies about a fifth. The islands are not very fertile, but supply good timber for ship-building. Cattle-rearing, sea-faring, and the fisheries on the coast, are the chief kinds of industry. The live-stock in 1872 consisted of 673,600 sheep, 280,650 goats, 6,000 mules, 16,000 asses, 17,000 horses, and 26,300 pigs. The annual value of the exports and imports is £1,500,000. The exports consist principally of wine, oil, brandy, hides, wool, wax, honey, and fruits. Of the whole population it is computed that about 55,000 are Italians, 1000 Albanians, 1000 Germans, 500 Jews, and the remainder consists of southern Slavonians-chiefly Dalmatians and Morlaks. The Dalmatians are a fine race of men-bold and brave as seamen and soldiers-and formerly were the main support of the military power of Venice. But it must be added that they are deceitful and rapacious, while the love of independence is extreme. They speak the IllyrianServian or Herzegovinian dialect; but the language used in the government offices, especially in Spalatro, is the Italian. The Morlaks--who inhabit the interior, the mountainous district, and the Turkish sanjak of Hersek-are also good soldiers, hospitable and faithful to their engagements, lovers of independence, but it is said they are addicted to robbery and drunkenness. D. is divided into four circles-Zara, Spa latro (or Spalato), Ragusa, and Cattaro. These are also the names of the chief towns.

In ancient times, D. was a considerable kingdom, and, after many unsuccessful attempts, was first subjugated by the Romans in the time of Augustus. After the fall of the western empire, D., which had formed the most southern part of the province Illyricum, was captured by the Goths, from whom it was taken by the Avari (490), who in their turn yielded it to the Slavonians about 620. The state founded by the Slavonians continued until the beginning of the 11th c., when king Ladislaus of Hungary incorporated a part of D. with Croatia, while the other part, with title of duchy, placed itself under the protection of the Venetian republic. The Turks afterwards made themselves masters of a small portion; and by the peace of CampoFormio (1797), the Venetian part of D., with Venice itself, became subject to Austrian rule; and when Austria, in 1805, had ceded this part of D. to Napoleon, it was annexed to the kingdom of Italy; afterwards (1810) to Illyria. Since 1814, D. forms part of Austria; the commune of Spizza being added by the congress of Berlin in 1878.

DALMATIC (dalmatica), the deacon's robe, in the Roman Catholic church. It was originally of linen, but it is now generally made of the same heavy silk as the planeta (q.v.), worn by the priest.

DAL RIADA, the ancient name of a territory in Ireland, comprehending what is now called "the Route," or the northern half of the county of Antrim. It signifies primarily, "the race of Riada;" and secondarily, "the country of the race of Riada,” i.e., Cairbre Righfada, or "Cairbre of the Long Arm," the son of a chief or prince of the Scots in Ireland, and himself a warrior of note. He lived in the 3d c., and not only obtained an ascendency in the district of Ireland which came to be called after him, but, according to some writers, planted a colony of his Scottish countrymen on the shores of Argyleshire in Alba, or Albany, as Scotland was then called. It is certain that about 506 A.D. some of his descendants, led by Loarn, Fergus, and other sons of Eirc, son of Muinreamhar, passed over to Argyleshire, where they settled themselves permanently, and founded the kingdom of "Dalriada in Albany," or "the Scots in Britain." More than twenty kings of this state are enumerated before Kenneth MacAlpin, who, about 843, united under one scepter the Dalriads, or Scots, and the Picts, and thus became the first king of Albany, which about two centuries afterwards began to be known as Scotia or Scotland.

DAL RIADS, or DALREUDI'NI, the inhabitants of Dalriada (q.v.).

DALRY', a t. of Ayrshire. Scotland, on the Garnock, near the mouth of the Rye, 20 m. s. w. of Glasgow; it is a station on the Glasgow and South-western railway. The vale of the Garnock is naturally beautiful and fertile; but its mineral wealth in coal, lime, and iron has recently caused a great change in its aspect, and it is much disfigured by blast-furnaces, etc., and by vast heaps of refuse from mines. D. was recently a small village, but has of late rapidly increased in population and importance in consequence of the establishment of iron-works at and near it. D. possesses also a large woolen mill, which gives employment to upwards of 400 hands. Pop. '51, 2,706; '61, 4,232; '81, 5,010. It is feared that the increase in population and prosperity will not long continue, as the ironstone is being rapidly exhausted.

DALRYM'PLE FAMILY, a very old and illustrious Scottish family, deriving its name from the lands of Dalrymple in Ayrshire. The principal members are:

DALRYMPLE, JAMES, VISCOUNT STAIR, a lawyer and statesman, son of a small proprietor in Ayrshire, was b. at Drummurchie, in the same county, May, 1619, educated at Glasgow university, and at an early age, entered the army raised in Scotland to repel the religious innovations of Charles I. But the bent of his mind lay towards civil and literary pursuits; and in 1641, he was appointed professor of philosophy at Glasgow. The use which he made of philosophy, however, was rather to aid him in basing lawhis favorite study-on profound and comprehensive principles, than to add another metaphysical system to those already in existence. In short, his wish was to be a philosophic lawyer, rather than a philosopher. In 1648, he entered as an advocate at the Scotch bar, where he rapidly acquired great distinction; in 1649, and again in 1650, he was appointed secretary to the commissioners sent to Holland by the Scottish parliament to treat with Charles II.; and in 1657, was induced-but with difficulty-to become one of the "commissioners for the administration of justice" in Scotland under Cromwell's government. Dalrymple was a conscientious, but at the same time an exceedingly moderate and enlightened royalist; and although appointed one of the new Scotch judges after the restoration, he resigned his seat in 1663, because he could not take the " declaration" oath, which denied the right of the nation to take up arms against the king. His great talents, however, induced the monarch to accept his services on his own terms. Dalrymple was now created a baronet. In 1671, he became lord president of the court of session. As a member of the privy council he was invariably the advocate, though not always successfully, of moderate measures. In 1681, when the infamous "test" oath was under consideration, Dalrymple, with the dexterity of a lawyer, caused John Knox's confession of faith to be introduced as a part of the test; but as this confession inculcated resistance to tyranny as a duty, the one half of the test contradicted the other. Dalrymple's private conscience, however, was more fastidious than his public one, for he himself refused to take the very oath which, by his ingenuity, he had virtually deprived of its despotic character, and in consequence had to resign all his appointments. Before this, he had published the Institutions of the Law of Scotland, which is still the grand text-book of the Scotch lawyer. The disquisitions are both profound and luminous, characterized alike by their philosophic insight and their sound common sense. After some time spent on his estate in Wigtonshire, Dalrymple went to Holland in 1682, to escape the persecution to which he was subjected at home. During 1684-87, he published at Edinburgh-though he himself was then residing at Leyden-his Decisions; and in 1686, at Leyden, a philosophic work in Latin, entitled Physiologia Nova Experimentalis. He accompanied the prince of Orange on his expedition to England. When matters were prosperously settled, William re-appointed him lord president of the court of session, and elevated him to the peerage under the title of viscount Stair. He died 25th Nov., 1695.

DALRYMPLE, JOHN, eldest son of the preceding, held office under James II., and also under William III. While secretary of state for Scotland, he incurred great odium on account of his share in the barbarous transaction known as the "massacre of Glencoe." In 1703, he was elevated to the earldom of Stair. He died in 1707.-Sir JAMES DALRYMPLE, second son of viscount Stair, was the author of Collections concerning Scottish History preceding the Death of David I. (1705), and the grandfather of sir John Dalrymple of Cranstoun, author of Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland, from the Dissolution of the last Parliament of Charles II. until the Sea-battle off La Hogue.-The other sons-Viscount Stair had altogether nine children, five sons and four daughters-were more or less distinguished.

DALRYMPLE, JOHN, second son of the first earl of Stair, and grandson of viscount Stair, was born at Edinburgh, July 20, 1673. He had the misfortune, while young, to kill his elder brother, by the accidental discharge of a pistol. This unhappy circumstance induced the parents, both for their own comfort and that of the boy himself, to educate him away from home. He was placed under the care of a clergyman in Ayrshire, who, by his prudence and kindness, soon developed the excellent qualities of the youth. Dai rymple afterwards went to Leyden, where he had the reputation of being one of the best scholars in the university. He completed his curriculum at Edinburgh. In 1701, he accepted a commission as lieut.col. of the Scottish regiment of foot-guards, and gained the highest distinction in Marlborough's campaigns. When the accession of the

Dalton.

tory ministry, in 1711, put a stop to the brilliant career of the great duke, Dalrymple retired from the army. When George I. succeeded to the throne, Dalrymple-who had become earl of Stair by the death of his father in 1707-was made a lord of the bedchamber, a privy-councilor, and commander-in-chief of the forces of Scotland. Next year, he was sent as ambassador to France, in which capacity he exhibited the highest ability, and was of the greatest service in traversing the schemes for the reinstatement of the pretender; but as he refused to flatter his countryman, Law-notorious in connection with the fatal Mississippi scheme-who was then omnipotent in France, the government was mean enough to recall him. For 22 years he lived in retirement at Newliston, near Edinburgh, devoting himself chiefly to agriculture, which was then bgeinning to improve in Scotland. He was the first to plant turnips and cabbages in the open fields. In 1742, he was sent as ambassador to Holland, and in the following year served under George II., at the battle of Dettingen. Later, he was made commander-in-chief of the forces of Great Britain. He died in 1747. See Annals, etc., of the Viscount and Earls of Stair, by J. M. Graham (1875).

DALRYMPLE, SIR DAVID, a Scottish judge and historical antiquary, commonly known as lord Hailes, was b. at Edinburgh, 28th Oct., 1726. He was the grandson of sir David. Dalrymple, youngest and reputedly the ablest son of viscount Stair. He was educated first at Eton, afterwards at Edinburgh, and finally at Leyden, whence he returned to Scotland in 1746. In 1748, he was called to the Scottish bar, where his success was highly respectable, but not astonishing. D. was a man of extensive culture and classical tastes, of sound judgment, and great industry, but a very indifferent orator; and, in consequence, men of far inferior powers often acquired a greater reputation and a more lucrative practice. In 1766, he was appointed one of the judges of the court of session, and assumed the title of lord Hailes, by which he is chiefly known to posterity. His accuracy, diligence, judicial impartiality, and dignified demeanor, secured him the highest respect in his new office. Ten years after, he was made a justiciary lord. He died 29th Nov., 1792.-Although D.'s official duties were very arduous, he found time to compose numerous works, surpassing in value those of many men whose lives have been wholly devoted to literature. We can afford to mention only a few: A Discourse on the Gowrie Conspiracy (1757); Memorials and Letters relating to the History of Britain in the Reign of James 1. (1762), a curious and interesting volume; The Works of the evermemorable John Hailes of Eton, etc. (1765); Memorials and Letters relating to the History of Britain in the Reign of Charles I (1766); Annals of Scotland from the Accession of Malcolm III., surnamed Canmore, to the Accession of Robert I. (1776); and Annals of Scotland from the Accession of Robert 1., surnamed the Bruce, to the Accession of the House of Stuart (1779). Besides these, D. wrote works on legal antiquities and ancient church history, edited old Scotch poems, and published sketches of the lives of various notable Scotchmen, as specimens of how a Biographia Scotia might be executed.

DALRYMPLE, ALEXANDER, F.R.S., F.S.A., younger brother of the preceding, was b. at New Hailes, the seat of his father, near Edinburgh, 24th July, 1737. In 1752, he obtained an appointment in the East India company's service; but his extreme youth, as well as the imperfect education he had received at home, rendered it necessary, on his reaching Madras, that he should be placed under the store-keeper for a time. Lord Pigot himself, at that time governor of the presidency, condescended to give him lessons in writing; but young D. having, unluckily for his own prospects, fallen upon some papers in the secretary's office relating to the commerce of the Eastern archipelago, became so engrossed with the importance of the subject, that, after some bickerings with his superiors, he relinquished his appointment, and made a voyage of observation among the eastern islands. At Sooloo, in the course of his expedition, he concluded a commercial treaty with the sultan, which might have led to beneficial results; but on his return in 1762, he found political affairs entirely changed, small-pox raging, and most of his influential friends dead. The scheme, in consequence, proved a failure. In 1765, he returned to Britain, to urge its importance on the home-authorities, but did not succeed. In 1775, however, he was sent out to Madras as a member of council, but was recalled in two years, apparently without good reason, for in 1779 he was appointed hydrographer to the East India company, and shortly after received a pension. In 1795, when the admiralty resolved to establish a similar office, it was conferred on D., who held it till within a short period of his death, which occurred 19th June, 1808, at Marylebone, London. D. wrote a vast number of letters, pamphlets, etc., containing plans for the promotion of British commerce in various parts of the world, political dissertations, accounts of geographical expeditions, etc. His library was rich in works of navigation and geography, all of which were purchased by the admiralty. His collection of poetry, also very valuable, was deposited in the library at New Hailes, as a family heirloom.

DALTON, a t. in Whitfield co., Ga., on the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia, the Western and Atlantic, and the Selma, Rome, and Dalton railroads, in a beautiful valley surrounded by mountains; pop. 1870, 4,285-439 colored. It was a place of strategic importance during the rebellion, Pop. '80, 4,485.

DALTON, a t. of Furness, Lancashire, England, on a gentle acclivity, about 3 m. from the sea, and 18 m. w.n. w. from Lancaster. It is connected by railway with the

Damages.

railway-system in Lancashire on the one hand, and with that of Cumberland on the other. There are iron mines and foundries in the vicinity, and malting is carried on, but not to so great an extent as formerly. Near the town are the ruins of Furness abbey, founded in 1127 by Stephen, count of Boulogne, and afterwards king of England, for monks of the Cistercian order. Pop. of township (1881), 13,350.

DALTON, EDWARD BARRY, 1834-72; b. Mass.; a physician in California; graduated at Harvard, 1855, and at the New York college of physicians and surgeons, 1858. He served as medical director in the army of Virginia during the rebellion, and afterwards in the army of the Potomac. In 1866, he became sanitary superintendent of the New York board of health. He died in California. His medical reports are valuable.

DALTON, JOHN, was b. Sept. 5, 1766, at Eaglesfield, near Cockermouth, in Cumberland. He received his early education in the school of his native place, and, after 1781, in a boarding-school kept by a relative in Kendal. Here his love of mathematical and physical studies was first developed. He wrote several mathematical essays, and in 1788, commenced a journal of meteorological observations, which he continued throughout his whole life. In 1793, he was appointed teacher of mathematics and the physical sciences in the new college at Manchester, where he chiefly resided during the remainder of his life, though frequently employed, after 1804, in giving lectures on chemistry in several large towns. In the years 1808-10, he published his New System of Chemical Philosophy, 2 parts (Lond.), to which he added a third part in 1827. In 1817, he was appointed president of the literary and philosophical society at Manchester. He was also a member of the royal society, and of the Paris academy, and, in 1833, received a pension of £150, afterwards raised to £300. In the same year, D.'s friends and fellowtownsmen collected £2,000, to raise a statue to his honor, which was executed by Chantrey, and placed at the entrance of the royal institution in Manchester. D. was also honored by the university of Oxford with the degree of D.C.L., and with that of LL.D. by the university of Edinburgh. He died, universally respected, at Manchester, July 27, 1844. His chief physical researches were those on the constitution of mixed gases, on the force of steam, on the elasticity of vapors, and on the expansion of gases by heat. In chemistry, he distinguished himself by his progressive development of the atomic theory (q.v.), as also by his researches on the absorption of gases by water, on carbonic acid, carburetted hydrogen, etc. His treatises are mostly contained in the Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, the Philosophical Transactions, Nicholson's Philosophical Journal, and Thomson's Annals of Philosophy. Besides these, we have his Meteorological Essays and Observations (Lond. 1793; 2d ed. 1834). D. was unquestionably one of the greatest chemists that any country has produced. Profound, patient, and intuitive, he had precisely the faculties requisite for a great scientific discoverer. His atomic theory elevated chemistry into a science. In his habits, D. was simple; in his manners, grave and reserved, but kindly, and distinguished by his truthfulness and integrity of character.

DALTON, JOHN C., b. Mass. 1825; graduated at Harvard, 1844; and at medical school, 1847. He was prof. at Buffalo, '51-'54; Vt. Med. Coll., '54-57; L. I. Hosp., '59-'61; prof. of the Col. Phys. and Surg., 1855. He made many contributions to medical science. His principal book is a "Treatise on Human Physiology." D. 1889. DALTONISM. See COLOR-BLINDNESS.

DALY, CHARLES P., LL.D., b. New York city, 1816; for many years a leading jurist, being chief-justice of the court of common pleas. He has published History of the Courts of New York, and many legal papers of importance. He is president of the American geographical and statistical society. He retired from the bench, 1885.

DAM, TINKER's, a guard of dough or clay placed by a tinker around a cavity to confine the melted metal until it "sets." It is worthless after use.

DAM (Fr. barrage), a barrier for raising the level of water in a stream, for the purpose of forming a reservoir, or for turning the water in another direction. Several dams are sometimes placed upon a water-course for the purpose of preventing too rapid an escape of water where it is needed for irrigation or for moving machinery. There is also a variety of dam called a coffer-dam, in which an inclosure is bounded by a barrier which prevents exterior water from entering, used generally for the purpose of excavation. Dams constructed for raising the level of water have an important use in the slack-water navigation of rivers. The materials which enter into the construction of dams differ according to circumstances. If the structure be required to bar a narrow gorge and a considerable stream, it must be made very strong, not only to withstand the hydrostatic pressure, but also the force of the current, which often, during freshets, becomes very great. The materials are then generally composed of a combination of wood-work and masonry. Masonry may be principally used when the gorge is so narrow as to allow of the construction of a sufficiently small horizontal arc to resist the pressure. When the dam is very long (across a wide stream), unless a vast amount of stone is used, wooden braces must be employed. Where the body of water to be restrained is not more than 4 or 5 ft. deep and the bottom is firm, a clay or stiff loam embankment 9 or 10 ft. thick, well compacted, will answer the purpose if a gate be provided to keep the water from flowing over the top of the embankment, which would

Damages.

cause it to wear away. It is not always economy to build the dam in the narrowest part of a stream, or where the opposite banks nearest approach each other. This will often cause during a freshet too great a depth of running water over the dam, by which it may be endangered. A point should be selected where the dam can be made of sufficient width to allow the water to pour over it without piling up too much, and where the foundation is good. The line of a dam may be transverse or diagonal to the flow of water. The diagonal is sometimes of advantage in increasing the width of flow, but is liable to interfere with the bed of the stream below more than the transverse line. Where practicable, the form of an arc, the convexity fronting up stream, is the best; but a broken line may sometimes be employed to advantage, the angles pointing up stream acting as braces, while the angles pointing down stream may be held by natural rock formation or heavy masonry, strengthened by bracing. There are a great many large dams in the manufacturing districts of New England, and in freshets, the giving way of some of them through faulty construction, has caused great destruction.

An example of a well-constructed dam is at Holyoke, Mass., across the Connecticut river. It is 1017 ft. long and 30 ft. high. The braces are formed of large square timbers inclined 22° from the horizontal, with the lower ends bolted in the rock, and the upper ends sustaining timber frame-work. The canal for delivering the water, which is received by thirteen gates, is faced with masonry, and is 144 ft. wide at the top, and 22 ft. deep. It is said to be the best water motive-power utilized in the United States. A remarkable dam exists across the river Furens, in France, for protecting the town of St. Etienne from freshets, and also for supplying the town with water. It is 164 ft. high, and 328 ft. wide at the top. The excavations for the foundation were very great and expensive, and the dam was constructed entirely of masonry, the stone laid not in tiers, but so as to produce a unity of mass, and with hydraulic cement, which is the mortar always used. The pressure of the contained water, at the depth of 154 ft., as much as 67 lbs. to the square inch, has sometimes been sufficient on this dam to force water through the pores of the material. In India, dams are constructed for purposes of irrigation, and some of them are of enormous magnitude. One of the longest is on the Godavery river at Dowlaisweram. Its total length is 4,872 feet.

A good example of the mode of constructing a coffer-dam under great difficulties, on account of quicksand bottom, was furnished in the work preliminary to the building of the dry-dock at the Brooklyn navy-yard. There was over 60 ft. of utterly unstable micaceous sand below the mud at the bottom of the river. This of course, under so great pressure, would flow almost like water itself. The area required to be excavated through this material was over two acres at the top and one acre at the bottom, which was 37 ft. below mean high water. The first attempt was a failure, and longer and stronger piles were then used, filled between with stone and coarse gravel. There were six concentric rows of piles, the walls being over 60 ft. thick.

Where the bottom does not admit of pile-driving, crib-work, weighted with stone and sunk in proper position, is used, the crevices being stopped with hydraulic cement. At Blossom Rock, in San Francisco harbor, a combination of crib-work and iron cylinder was used in the construction of the coffer-dam by means of which the excavations were made, preparatory to blasting. An iron cylinder 6 ft. in diameter, armed with thick india-rubber flaps at the bottom, was sunk to the ground and then surrounded with crib-work. Excavation was then made within the cylinder, which was from time to time depressed until the depth was reached necessary to exclude the water. See illus., ENGINEERING, vol. V., p. 426, fig. 7.

DAMAGES, in law, are the pecuniary recompense claimed on account of suffering an injury through the act of another. The peculiar constitution of the English commonlaw courts, which, till lately, prevented them in most cases from giving any other remedy than by way of D., rendered the questions relating to this subject of unusual importance; but the progress of recent legislation has been in the direction of restricting actions for D. to the cases in which the restitution of property or enforcement of a right cannot be otherwise attained. The court of chancery, on the other hand, could not give D., it could only enforce performance of an obligation by personal restraint, and hence, according to the nature of the remedy desired, the suitor resorted to the one or other court. In Scotland, the supreme court has always been able to give redress in either way.

Where a sum ascertained in amount is due, the action is one not properly for D., but of debt. But where the sum is not ascertained, as where an injury has been done to a man's character or property, the action in either country can in general only be for D., the amount of which the injured party estimates, and which is determined by the judgment of the court, or verdict of a jury, subject to certain fixed rules which the courts have laid down, as the principle according to which the estimation is to be made. These, it is obviously impossible to detail here, and reference must be made to the title of the special subjects out of which a claim may arise for such information as it is practicable to give. It may be observed, however, that it is a general rule to restrict the amount of D. to that of the actual pecuniary loss, wherever it can be ascertained; and that neither in Scotland nor England will a stipulated penalty for breach of agreement be accepted as determining the sum due for D.. unless it shall appear, by the use of the