DAIRY (ante). Late statistics for the U. S. are (1880): 12,443,120 cows; 806,672,071 lbs. butter made; 243,157,850 lbs. cheese made; 2,000,000,000 galls. milk sold; total value of stock and products, $408,000,000. This table is below the truth. The milch cows in the U. S., 1885, probably number 15,000,000. The value of cows, 1879, was estimated at $312,000,000, which sum must certainly be doubled to represent the present value. Further statistics are: butter made on farms, 1879, 777,250,287 lbs.; cheese, 27,272,489 lbs.; capital represented in the butter, cheese, and condensed milk factories, $9,604,803; no. of factories, 3932; hands employed, 7968; wages paid, $1,546,495; milk used, 2,747,427,449 lbs.; value of materials, $18,363,579; value of products, $25,744,510. These figures have increased proportionately since the last census. The estimates are based upon the milk given by the common cow, which is the kind most in use, and which should yield at least 500 lbs. of cheese and 175 lbs. of butter every year. Of late there has been considerable demand for Holland, Jersey, and Guernsey cattle; and these breeds, crossed with the common cow, are said to yield the best results. Winter dairying has met with success in the west. The cows come to milk in the fall, feed richly in winter, and rest in summer during the drought. It is claimed that winter is the best season for the manufacture and transportation of butter, and that the market is more favorable then than in summer. Mr. Boies, of Ill., the originator of winter dairying, says that he gives his cows, every morning, 4 qts. meal, and milks them while they are eating, A small amount of salt is then administered, with a quart of oilcake meal to assist digestion. The cows then drink warmed water, and if the weather is mild, are allowed to bask in the sun during the forenoon. When brought in, they are fed with early-cut hay; and at 5 P. M., each cow receives 5 qts. corn and oat-meal mixed together, after which she is milked. The stable must be protected from draughts; but there is more danger from an overabundance of heat than of cold. The difference in the milk to the pound, between winter and summer butter, is 25 per cent in favor of the former; and fresh winter butter from the west has damaged the market for eastern butter made in summer. Our principal hotels are supplied with the winter product, which seldom sells for less than 45 cts. a pound. Butter dairying has made rapid progress, and the factories have raised the quality of the butter, most of which is consumed at home. There are many methods of setting milk, as e. g., the “pooland-pail," the "shallow-pan" and the "Swartz" systems. This latter is named from the inventor, who discovered that milk, when set in ice water, would rapidly throw off its cream. There are also many systems of cream-gathering. The Fairlamb" plan is to gather only the cream for the factory, setting the milk at the farm. The cans for collecting the cream are so nicely graduated that, when properly worked, one inch of cream represents the making of one lb. of butter. This system, which is popular in the west, saves the labor and expense of carrying milk, which is sometimes injured by jarring. A complete creamery for 500 cows may be fitted up for about $5000; a Fairlamb" factory costs only half that sum. The "centrifugal creamer" is a machine for separating the cream from the milk directly after it is drawn. By the centrifugal law, the heaviest portion, which is the skimmed milk, is sent to the circumference, leaving the cream near the center. Danish Weston centrifugal milk separator" separates 1200 lbs. of milk per hour. The number of cheese and butter factories in the U. S. in 1889 was estimated at 5000. By means of this co-operative principle farmers are enabled to employ the best trained operators, and purchase the best machinery and appliances for securing a uniformly good sample, representing a large bulk. Since 1872 oleomargarine (q.v.), known in Gt. Britain as margarine and butterine, has been used in the U. S., and has become a formidable competitor with the true dairy product, the amount of butter displaced by it in 1886 amounting to one-fifth of the total product. Its use in adulterating both butter and cheese led to the passage in several states of laws restricting its use and sale. Oleomargarine factories are often associated with butter factories, and another part of the work of many of the latter is the manufacture of skim-milk into cheese, after adding some pure oil to it to make up for the loss of butter fat. Leading states in the products of the dairy are New York, Ohio, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Iowa.

66

The "

DA IS (Fr.). This term was used with considerable latitude by medieval writers. Its most usual significations are the following: 1. A canopy over an altar, shrine, font, throne, stall, chair, statue, or the like. The term was applied to the canopy without regard to the materials of which it was composed, which might be cloth, wood, stone, metal, or other substance. 2. The chief seat at the high table in a hall, with the canopy which covered it, from which probably the word in all its significations was introduced, its French meaning being a canopy. 3. The high table itself. 4. The raised portion of the floor, or estrade, on which the high table stood, and by which the upper was divided from the lower portion of the hall; and 5. A cloth of state for covering a throne or table. In old writings, the word occasionally takes the form of dois, and more rarely

that of dez or detz.

DAI'SY, Bellis, a genus of plants of the natural order composita, sub-order corymbi fera. The common D. (B. perennis), plentiful throughout Europe, flowers almost all the year in pastures, meadows, and grassy places. What are called double varieties, with flowers of various and often brilliant colors, are very commonly cultivated in

gardens, the flowers consisting entirely of florets of the ray. A variety called the henand-chickens, D., frequent in cottage gardens, has the flower (head of flowers) surrounded by smaller ones, the short stems of which grow from the summit of the scape or leafless stem. The D. (gowan of the Scotch) has long been a favorite with poets and lovers of nature, characteristic as it is of many of the fairest summer scenes, its blossoms gemming the pastures, and recommended also by its frequent appearance during the severer seasons of the year. Its flowers close at night. It is not found in America. A species of bellis is, however, found in the United States (B. integrifolia), but it is confined to Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and the s.w. states. Europe produces some species unknown in Britain, but of little interest; and species of the nearly allied genus bellium are also found in the s. of Europe. The flower commonly called D. or ox-eye D. in the United States is a species of chrysanthemum (C. leucanthemum). In the days of chivalry, the D. was the emblem of fidelity in love, and was frequently borne at tournaments both by knights and ladies.

DAISY, MICHAELMAS. See ASTER.

DAK, or DAWK, the mail post of India; also traveling by palanquin (q.v.). See BUNGALOW.

DAKAR, a t. in the French colony of Senegal, Africa, situated about 1 m. n. of Gorée and on the extreme point of cape Verd. It is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and of an extensive mission establishment. Pop. 3400.

DAKKEH, a village of Nubia, situated on the left bank of the Nile. It was anciently called Pselcis, and contains a temple of the Ptolemaic era.

DAKOTA, a co. in s. e. Minnesota, on the Mississippi, intersected by four or five railroads; 550 sq.m.; pop. 1880, 17,391. The productions are chiefly agricultural, and the soil fertile. Co. seat, Hastings.

DAKOTA, a co. in n.e. Nebraska, bordering on S. Dakota and Iowa, and bounded e. by the Missouri; 400 sq.m.; pop. 1880, 3213. The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. Co. seat, Dakota.

DAKOTA, or JAMES, a river of the n.w., rises near Devil's lake, N. Dakota, and flows in a southerly direction, joining the Missouri in the vicinity of Yankton, S. Dakota. Including its numerous curves and bends, it is about 500 m. long, but is not navigable. The valley it drains is of great width and contains rich farming lands. This stream was called rivière à Jacques by the French.

DAKOTAS. See SIOUX.

DAKSHA, or DUкSHA, a deity of the Hindus, represented as wearing a goat's head, and regarded as an avatar (or possibly a son) of Brahma. He committed some offense for which he was put to death by Siva, but was afterward restored to life. His head, however, had been accidentally burned up, and Siva replaced it with that of a goat. DALAI-LA'MA. See LAMAISM.

DALAMOW, a city of Oude, on the left bank of the Ganges, in lat. 26° 4' n., and long. 81° 7' east. It is 68 m. above Allahabad. Pop. 1881, 6000, of whom only 250 are said to be Mohammedans. D. has long been regarded as a holy place in connection with its sacred river, having two antique temples of Siva on the margin of the stream, and an ancient ghat or stair for aiding the ritual ablutions of the pilgrims.

DALARADIA, the ancient name of a territory in Ireland which comprehended what is now the southern half of the county of Antrim, and the greater part of the county of Down. It was sometimes also called Cric na Cruithne, "the region of the Picts," from the Irish name of its inhabitants, otherwise called the Dal Araidhe, "the race of Fiacha Araidhe," a chief or prince of Ulster, who is said to have lived about 236 A.D. The name continued in use till the end of the 12th century. It must not be confounded with Dalriada (q.v.).

DALBEATTIE, a town of Kircudbrightshire, near Urr Water, 15 m. s. w. of Dumfries. Founded in 1780, it owes its importance to the neighboring Craignair granite quarries (now to a large extent exhausted) and to its polishing works, which furnished granite for the Liverpool and Odessa docks, the Thames embankment, and many more works at home and abroad. Pop. 1881, 3861.

DAL BERG (formerly, DALBURG), the name of an ancient and noble German family, of which several members held, by hereditary right derived from the oldest times of the middle ages, the office of chamberlain to the archbishopric of Worms. So great was the renown of the D. family, that at every coronation of a German emperor the royal herald exclaimed: "Is there no Dalberg here?" whereupon the representative of the family kneeled, and received from the new emperor the dignity of "first knight of the empire.' Several members of this family have been celebrated as patrons of literature and art, of whom the most distinguished is

DALBERG, KARL THEODOR, BARON VON, Chamberlain of Worms, and archbishop of Regensburg, b. at Hernsheim, Feb. 8, 1744. He studied at Göttingen and Heidelberg, and, after some time passed in travel, devoted himself to the church. At Erfurt, of which he was appointed governor, 1772, he was active and generous as a patron of literature and art, and also contributed greatly to the social and commercial welfare of the

little state placed under his control. After holding several high offices in the church, D. was sent to Paris (1804), in order to assist in adjusting several ecclesiastical affairs with Napoleon and pope Pius VII. He died at Regensburg, Feb. 10, 1817. D. was as highly respected as a ruler and a scholar as for his private character. During his whole life, he cultivated the friendship of those eminent in literature and art, such as Goethe, Schiller, Wieland, etc. His writings-marked by sound learning and eloquence of style—include a treatise On the Influence of the Arts and Sciences on Social Order (1793), and Pericles, or the Influence of the Fine Arts on the Public Welfare (1806). These were his favorite objects of study; but natural history, chemistry, botany, mineralogy, and agriculture, also engaged his attention.

DALBER'GIA, a genus of trees and climbing shrubs of the natural order leguminosa, sub-order papilionacea, having a stalked membranous pod, which is flat, tapers to both ends, and contains 1 to 3 flat seeds. The leaves are pinnate, with a terminal leaflet. All the species are natives of warm climates. Some of them are valuable timber-trees, particularly the SISSOO of Bengal (D. sissoo), much prized, and more extensively used in the n. of India than any other timber-tree except the sal (q v.). D. monetaria, a native of .Surinam, yields a resin very similar to dragon's blood.

DALE, a co. in s.e. Alabama, on the Choctawhatchee river; formerly (until divided) 900 sq.m.; pop. '80, 12,677-2,121 colored. It is a sandy and unproductive region. Co. seat, Newton.

DALE, DAVID, 1739-1806; a Scottish manufacturer who secured the use of Arkwright's spinning patent, and founded the New Lanark mills, and subsequently other important establishments, becoming very rich, and noted for benevolence. Robert Owen married his daughter and succeeded him in the Lanark mills. Dale was the pastor of a church in_which grew up a peculiar sect of Scotch independents who called themselves "Dalites."

DALE, RICHARD, 1756-1826; an American naval officer, who, after joining the English service in the beginning of the revolution, went over to his own country and served under Paul Jones. He was several times taken prisoner. After independence he was appointed captain, and had command of the squadron sent against Tripoli. He resigned

in 1802.

DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM, D.D. See page 900.

DALECAR'LIA, or DALARNÉ (signifying "valley-country"), an old province of Sweden, now forming the län or county of Fahlun or Falun (q.v.). The Dalecarlians are celebrated for the part they took under Gustavus Vasa in freeing their country from the yoke of Christian II. of Denmark.

DALGAR NO, GEORGE, an almost forgotten but very able author, was b. at Aberdeen about 1626, studied at Marischal college, and afterwards kept a school in Oxford for 30 years, where he d. Aug. 28, 1687. He deserves to be remembered for two remarkable works-the Ars Signorum, Vulgo Character Universalis et Lingua Philosophica (Lond. 1661); and Didascalocophus, or the Deaf and Dumb Man's Tutor (Öxf. 1680). The former is a very ingenious attempt to represent and classify ideas by specific arbitrary characters irrespective of words. It contains the germs of bishop Wilkins' subsequent speculations on a "real character and a philosophical language." Leibnitz has repeatedly alluded to it in complimentary terms. The latter work has for its design, “to bring the way of teaching a deaf man to read and write, as near as possible to that of teaching young ones to speak and understand their mother-tongue.' D. has the great merit of having anticipated, by more than 130 years, some of the most profound conclusions of the present age respecting the education of the deaf and dumb.

DALHOUSIE, Marquis of, JAMES ANDREW BROUN-RAMSAY, Gov. gen. of India, third son of the ninth earl of D., was b. April 22, 1812, at Dalhousie castle, Midlothian. He was educated at Harrow, and graduated at Christ church, Oxford. In 1832, by the death of his only remaining brother, he succeeded to the honorary title of lord Ramsay. In 1835, he contested the representation of Edinburgh, in the conservative interest, against the Whig candidates, sir John Campbell, afterwards lord Campbell, and Mr. Abercromby. He bore his defeat with great good-humor. In 1836, he married the eldest daughter of the eighth marquis of Tweeddale; in 1837, was elected for Haddingtonshire. On the death of his father, in 1838, he succeeded to the earldom of D., and became a member of the upper house. In 1843, he was appointed, by sir Robert Peel, vice-president of the board of trade, and in 1845, succeeded Mr. Gladstone as president of the board. The "railway mania" threw an immense amount of labor and responsibility upon his department; but the energy, industry, and administrative ability he displayed in his office, no less than his readiness and fluency in parliament, marked him out for the highest offices in the state. When sir Robert Peel resigned office in 1846, lord John Russell, who succeeded him, paid the earl of D. the rare compliment of asking him to remain at the board of trade, in order to carry out the regulations he had framed for railway legislation and intercommunication. In 1847, he was appointed gov.gen. of India, as successor to lord Hardinge, and arrived in Calcutta, Jan. 12, 1848 -the youngest gov.gen. ever sent to that country. His Indian administration was not less splendid and successful, in regard to the acquisition of territory, than in the means he adopted for developing the resources of the country and improving the administra

tion of the East Indian government. Pegu and the Punjab were conquered; Nagpore, Oude, Sattara, Jhansi, and Berar were annexed-altogether, four great kingdoms, besides a number of minor principalities, were added to the dominions of the queen under his governor-generalship. Railways on a colossal scale were planned, and partly commenced; 4,000 m. of electric telegraph were spread over India; 2,000 m. of road between Calcutta and Peshawur were bridged and metaled; the Ganges canal, the largest of the kind in the world, was opened; the Punjab canal was undertaken; important works of irrigation all over India were planned and executed; and the official department of public works were reorganized. Among other incidents of his beneficent administration may be cited the permission to Hindu widows to marry again; relief to persons of all sects from the risk of forfeiting property by a change of religion; the improvement of education and of prison-discipline; the organization of the legislative council; the improved training of the civil service, covenanted and uncovenanted; and the reform in the postal service of India, whereby a letter from Peshawur to cape Comorin, or from Assam to Kurrachee, is now conveyed for three farthings, or th of the old charge. These, and many other achievements of his Indian administration, will be found in a minute which he drew up on resigning office, in which he reviewed, with pardonable pride, the events of his eight years' governor-generalship. His constitution had never been strong, and it gave way under the incessant labor and responsibility imposed upon him by his noble ambition. Meanwhile, honors had been showered upon him by his queen and country with no sparing hand: in 1848, he was made a knight of the Scottish order of the Thistle; in 1849, he received the marquisate, the thanks of both houses of parliament and of the East India Company, for the "zeal and ability" displayed in administering the resources of British India in the contest with the Sikhs, immediately previous to the annexation of the Punjab; in 1852, on the death of the duke of Wellington, he was nominated by the then prime minister, the earl of Derby, to the office of constable of her majesty's castle of Dover, and lord warden of the cinque ports. D. sailed from Calcutta in Mar., 1856. On his arrival in England, he was unable to take his seat in the house of lords; and the remainder of his days was spent in much physical suffering and prostration of strength. On the 19th Dec., 1860, he died at Dalhousie castle, in his 48th year, leaving behind him a name that ranks among the highest in the roll of Indian viceroys for statesmanship, administrative vigor, and the faculty of inspiring confidence among the millions subjected to his sway. As he died without male issue, his title of marquis became extinct on his death, the earldom of D. and other Scottish honors reverting to his cousin, baron Panmure, who died in 1875.

DA'LIAS, a t. of Spain, situated in the province of Almeria, 20 m. w.s. w. of the city of that name, and about 4 m. from the Mediterranean. It is badly and irregularly built, and is subject to earthquakes. Pop. 9,000, who are employed chiefly in mining, smelting, and fishing.

DA'LIAS, a t. of Andalusia, Spain, in the province of Almeria, and 20 m. w.s.w. from Almeria, about 9 m. from the Mediterranean, on a small river, which is navigable for boats up to the town. The immediate neighborhood is a dreary sandy plain; but not far off are mountains containing lead and antimony mines, which afford employment to many of the inhabitants of the town. Husbandry and fishing are the other principal Occupations. The streets are mostly irregular, and the town is ill built. It suffered considerably from an earthquake in 1804. Near D., on the sea-side, are mineral baths, much frequented, Pop. 9,000.

DALIN, OLOF VON, 1708-63; a Swedish poet, who, at the age of 24, began his literary career by starting the Argus, a journal in imitation of Addison's Spectator. He published a vast number of sketches, poems, etc. In 1756, he was tutor to the crown prince, and was arrested and tried on suspicion of having taken part in the attempted revolution of that year. He was acquitted, but was exiled for five years. He was afterwards ennobled and made a privy-councilor. His great work was a History of the Swedish Kingdom.

DALKEITH', a burgh of barony, 6 m. s.e. of Edinburgh, stands near the junction of the North and South Esk, and is a station of the North British railway. It chiefly consists of one main street. Pop. '81, 6,931. It has one of the largest corn-markets in Scotland; has a large and commodious market-hall, erected in 1854; manufactures of brushes, woolens, and hats, besides iron-foundries, tanneries, and coal-works. D. arose round an ancient castle, which was long a great stronghold. The regality of D. was successively held by the Grahams, the Douglases, the earls of Morton, and the earls of Buccleuch the latter having bought it from the Mortons in 1642. During the minority of James VI., D. castle was the chief residence of the regent Morton; hence it was called the Lion's Den. Gen. Monk lived in it during his government of Scotland under Cromwell. Dalkeith palace, the chief seat of the duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, built about 1700 on the site of the old castle, is a large square structure overhanging the North Esk, amid fine grounds, in which the two Esks flow and unite. There are about a dozen places of public worship. Besides the old parish church, there is another, a fine cruciform structure in the early English style, built (1840) and endowed by the duke of Buccleuch. An Episcopal chapel stands within the palace grounds. D.

possesses several good public and private schools.

DALKISSORE', a river of Bengal proper, joins the Hoogly from the right at Diamond harbor, about 30 m. below Calcutta. It has a s.e. course of about 170 m., rising in lat. 23° 30′ n., and long. 86° 34' east. In its lower section, the D. assumes the name of the

Koopnerain.

DALL, CAROLINE WELLS HEALEY. See page 900.

DALLAM: : co., Tex. See page 900.

DALLAS, a co. in s. w. Alabama intersected by the Alabama river and two railroads; 890 sq.m.; pop '80, 48,437-40,012 colored. The chief productions are corn and cotton. Co. seat, Cahawba.

DALLAS. a co. in central Arkansas, on Saline river; 700 sq.m.; pop. '80, 6,507— 2,207 colored. The chief productions are agricultural. Co. seat, Princeton.

DALLAS, a co. in central Iowa intersected by two railroads; 576 sq.m.; pop. '80. 18,746. Agriculture is the chief business. Co. seat, Adell.

DALLAS, a co. in central Missouri; mostly wild land; 576 sq.m.; pop. '80, 9,27288 colored. Productions, agricultural. Co. seat, Buffalo.

DALLAS, a co. in n.e. Texas, drained by Trinity river; 900 sq.m.; pop. '80, 33,490 -4,968 colored. It is fertile, well watered, and has good timber. Agriculture is the main business. Co. seat, Dallas.

DALLAS, capital of D. co., Texas; 265 m. from Houston; on the Trinity river and on the Texas and Pacific, Houston and Texas Central, and two other railroads. D. was settled in 1841; pop. '80, 10,358; '84, about 22,500. It contains several banks, two colleges, a medical institute, a merchant's exchange, opera house, and U. S. court house and post office. Several newspapers and many periodicals are published.

DALLAS, ALEXANDER JAMES, 1759-1817; born in the island of Jamaica, died in Trenton, New Jersey; a lawyer of Pennsylvania and author of reports on law cases and decisions. He was the projector of the United States bank at the time when the nation was in great trouble about currency to carry on the war with England. He was also secretary of the treasury, and acting secretary of war, superintending the reduction of the army after peace.

DAL LAS, GEORGE MIFFLIN, an American statesman and diplomatist, was b. at Philadelphia, July 10, 1792. He was educated at Princeton college, where he graduated with high honors in 1810. Soon after he was called to the American bar, he accompanied Mr. Gallatin in his special embassy to St. Petersburg as private secretary. On his return, he resumed the practice of the law, and successively filled the offices of deputy of the attorney-general of Philadelphia, mayor of Philadelphia, and district-attorney of Philadelphia, an office which his father had held. In 1831, he represented Pennsylvania in the senate of the United States, but after two years retired, and resumed his profession. In 1837, he was appointed American minister at St. Petersburg, but was recalled in 1839. In 1844, he was elected vice-president of the United States, and held this office until 1849. In 1856, he succeeded Mr. Buchanan as American minister at the court of St. James. He was empowered to settle the Central American question; but shortly after his arrival, a dispute between the two governments, arising out of the dismissal of Mr. Crampton, the British minister at Washington, by the president of the United States, threatened to bring the diplomatic mission of D. to a premature termination. Through the forbearance of lord Palmerston, he was, however, permitted to remain, and discharged the duties of American minister until 1861, when he was succeeded by Mr. C. F. Adams. In person, he was tall, and of venerable aspect. He diligently studied the politics and institutions of the mother-country, and during his embassy assiduously attended the debates in both houses of parliament. He died in 1864

DALLES, romantic and perilous rapids on the Columbia or Oregon, form, along with the chutes above them and the cascades below them, an almost continuous interruption between the tide-water of the river and its long reach-about 400 m.-of compara tively practicable navigation towards the interior. They are subdivided, reckoning downwards, into the Little D. and the D. proper. On the latter, the basaltic rocks, which, from a considerable distance above, bound the channel, suddenly confine the stream to one third of its width, with a perpendicular wall on either side; while the damming up of the plunging surges fearfully aggravates the difficulties and dangers of the descent.

DALLES CITY, or THE DALLES, the co. seat of Wasco co., Oregon, on the Columbia river, 120 m. e. of Portland. Pop. '80, 2232.

DALLING AND BULWER, Baron. See BULWER, SIR HENRY LYTTON. DALL' ONGARO, FRANCESCO, 1808-73; an Italian poet and dramatic author. He aided in organizing the Garibaldi legion in Rome, and on the capture of the city by the French he went to Ancona, and afterwards to Switzerland. From the latter refuge he was expelled, and spent four years in Belgium. Some years afterwards he returned to Italy and became professor of literature in Milan and Naples. He became noted as a writer of works of fiction.