Dace.

mixture of various shades of reddish-brown and yellow: its head and mouth are very small.

DABCHICK. See GREBE.

DABOLL, NATHAN, 1750-1818; a teacher in Connecticut, author of a famous school arithmetic. His son C. L. invented the fog-horn or fog-trumpet.

DA CA PO (Ital. from the beginning), a term in music, frequently placed at the end of a part or movement, indicating that the performer must return to the beginning of the movement, or to some other part of it usually marked with the sign, and finish where the word fine is placed. Scarlatti was the first who introduced the use of the da capo in his opera of Theodora. The words are generally abbreviated, thus, D. C., sometimes D. C. al fine.

DAC CA, the district of which the below mentioned city is the capital, extends in n. lat. from 23° 12' to 24° 17', and in e. long. from 90° 11' to 90° 58', containing 2.897 sq.m., and numbering (1872) 1,852,993 inhabitants. Forming part of the great delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, it is traversed by streams in every direction, being so low and level as to be generally flooded during the rainy season. It is, on this account, admirably adapted to the cultivation of rice. From the character of the country, roadshappily rendered less necessary by the net-work of rivers-are very difficult of construction. In addition to the city of its own name, the district has two principal towns, Narainganj and Islampoor. Though the climate, as a whole, is moist, yet it by no means presents uniformity in this respect, the annual rain-fall varying in different years from 46 to 93 inches. Among commercial crops, cotton-the raw material of the farfamed muslins-once occupied a prominent place. It is now comparatively neglected, being too short in the staple for the coarse fabrics which alone continue to be made in the district. Recent attempts to introduce a better variety from the United States have failed. It was in 1765-the epoch of the cession of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa on the part of the Great Mogul-that D. became subject to England; but down to 1845, the heirs of the native ruler succeeded each other as stipendaries of the East India Company.

DAC CA, a city of Bengal proper, stands about 190 m. to the n.e. of Calcutta, in iat. 23° 43′ n., and long. 90° 25′ east. It is situated on the Burha Gunga, a considerable auxiliary of the Dulasseree, which is itself at once a mingled offset of the Brahmaputra and the Ganges, and an affluent of the lower course of the former stream. The city thus enjoys singular facilities in the way of inland navigation. Down to the close of the 18th c., D. was widely celebrated for the delicate texture of its muslins, which, in the phraseology of the east, were characterized as "flowing water” and “evening dew." and, in connection with this manufacture, the French and the Dutch as well as the English, had extensive establishments in the place. Since 1801, however, these European agencies have disappeared; while the annual value of the elegant fabric, under the influence of British competition, has gradually fallen from £250,000 to nothing at all. The present aspect of the city is in keeping with this utter decay of its staple trade. In many quarters are ruins overgrown with jungle, the haunts of tigers and serpents; and this remark is applicable to numerous splendid edifices, such as the residences of its native princes and the factories of its foreign sojourners. Still D., within a space of 4 m. in length by 1 in breadth, contains, by the census of 1872, 69,212 inhabitants. It seems, of late years, to have partially recovered from the effects of its commercial decline, and produces lac, dye, soap, cheese, and gold and silver ornaments. Some times as many as 300 elephants are for sale in the depots here. There are 180 mosques and 119 pagodas and places of worship belonging to Romanists, Armenians, Greeks, and English, as also a college and several schools. D. is connected with Calcutta by the Eastern Bengal railway. The maximum temperature in 1871 was 89° and the minimum was 54.6°. The rainfall in 1871 was 82 inches.

DACE, DARE, or DART, (leuciscus vulgaris), a fresh-water fish of the family cyprinida (q.v.), and of the same genus with the roach, ide, chub, bleak, minnow, etc. It chiefly inhabits the deep and clear water of quiet streams. It is found in Italy, France, Germany, etc., and in some of the rivers of England, but is very local. It is in form not unlike the roach, but rather more elongated; the mouth is rather large, the scales smaller. The upper parts are dusky blue, becoming paler on the sides, and passing into white on the belly, the cheek and gill-covers silvery white. The D. is gregarious, and swims in shoals. Its flesh is preferred to that of the roach, but is not highly esteemed. The D. is perhaps the liveliest and most active of the cyprinide, and affords the angler fair sport both with fly and bait. It is fished for with a light float and a fine gut line. The float is set so that the bait may almost touch the bottom. At the least symptom of a bite, the angler must strike quickly. The best baits are the red worm, the tail of a lob-worm, gentles, greaves, and flies or grubs of any kind. The best places to fish with bait are moderately sharp streams, of from 2 to 4 or 5 ft. deep. Dace at times take the fly very freely, and show capital sport. Small red and black palmers will be found the most useful flies for the purpose, and their killing properties will be greatly increased if the hook is tipped with a tough gentle, as D. are very apt to follow the fly without taking it, when the gentle overcomes their scruples; a

small piece of the white, tough, inner rind of bacon answers equally well; and even a small piece of wash-leather may be used. Shallows, scours, and by the edge of weedbeds, are the best spots for the fly. D. may be taken also by "dapping" with the natural fly, and those so taken are usually the finest fish. D. seldom exceed a pound in weight, though in some rivers they have been taken up to 14 lb. In the Thames, a fish of half a pound is considered unusual. They spawn in the end of April, or early in May, and soon recover their condition again.

DACE'LO, a genus of the kingfishers, natives of Australia. One specimen is known as the laughing jackass, so called because of its harsh discordant note.

DA CIA, the land of the Daci or Getæ. Its geographical limits were very indefinite until its conquest by the Romans. After that period, it comprised the various countries now known as eastern Hungary, Transylvania, Bukowina, Moldavia west of the Pruth, Wallachia, and the Banat of Temesvár. The Getæ came originally from Thrace, and were divided into various tribes. Their course northward can only be imperfectly traced, but we know that, shortly before the time of Alexander the great (335 B.C.), they had migrated across the Danube. It is not known when or for what reason the Getæ changed their name to Daci. They seem to have been the most valiant of the Thracian barbarians. Curio, the first Roman general who ever penetrated as far n. as the Danube, did not venture to assail them. Julius Caesar, however, is said to have intended their subjugation. In 10 B. C., Augustus sent an army up the valley of the Maros. From this time, there was almost continual fighting between the Romans and the Daci, on the whole, to the advantage of the latter, who actually compelled their civilized enemies, in the reign of Domitian, to pay tribute. In 101 A.D., the emperor Trajan crossed the Theiss, and marched into Transylvania, where he fought a great battle near Thorda. The peasant calls the battle-field to the present day Prat de Trajan (Pratum Trajani, field of Trajan). The Daci, who were commanded by their famous chief Decebalus, were defeated. A second expedition of the emperor's (104 A.D.) resulted in the destruction of their capital, the death of Decebalus, and the loss of their freedom. Roman colonists were sent into the country, a bridge was built over the Danube-the ruins of which are still extant-and three great roads were constructed. In 270-75 A.D., the Romans abandoned the country to the Goths, and the colonists were transferred to Mosia. After a series of vicissitudes, D. fell into the possession of the Magyars in the 9th century.

DACIER, ANDRÉ, a French author, b. of Protestant parents at Castres, in upper Languedoc, 6th April, 1651, studied at Saumur; and in 1672, came to Paris, where he was employed to bring out an edition of the Latin writer Festus, for the use of the dauphin, which he did in 1681. In 1683, he married Anna Lefèvre, also a Protestant, and two years later, both entered the Roman Catholic church. D. subsequently became royal librarian, member of the academie des inscriptions, and perpetual secretary of the "academie." He died 18th Sept., 1722. D.'s principal works, besides his Festus, are Euvres d'Horace en Latin et en Français (Par. 1681-89), an edition of Valerius Flaccus, and numerous translations into French of Greek authors, such as Plutarch and Epicte tus, all of which are of very middling quality, while the expositions and criticisms are extremely shallow.

ANNE DACIER, wife of the preceding, was b. at Saumur in 1651, and after the death of her learned father, who had developed her talent, came to Paris, where she acquired such a reputation by her edition of Callimachus (1674), that the duke of Montausier commissioned her to edit several of the ancient authors for the use of the dauphin. Similarity of tastes and employment led to a marriage between her and André Dacier. Her domestic duties did not, however, weaken her literary ardor. Besides editing various of the classics, she translated the comedies of Terence; the Amphitryon, Epidicus, and Rudens of Plautus, accompanied by an able dissertation on the origin, progress, and mutations of dramatic poetry; Anacreon, Sappho, and the Plutus and Clouds of Aristophanes. Her admiration of Homer was unbounded, and, in spite of her sex, involved her in two learned controversies. Madame D. is generally acknowledged to have possessed a more acute and vigorous mind than her husband. She died 17th Aug., 1720.

DACOITS, the name given to a class of men in northern India, who live by robbery and plunder. They were formerly employed in war by the native sovereigns. It is stated that one tribe alone, between 1818 and 1884, killed 172 persons and obtained plunder valued at $575,000. Much has been done to break up the roaming bands, but they are not yet extinct in Bengal and Burmah.

DACOITS, or DACO'TAH INDIANS, in the United States. See SIOUX and INDIANS. DA COSTA, ISAAK, 1798-1860; a Dutch poet and theologian of Portuguese-Jewish descent, who claimed kindred with the celebrated Uriel d'Acosta. His principal poeti cal works are well known in Holland, and besides these he was the author of many the ological works chiefly in connection with criticism of the gospels.

DACRYD'IUM, a genus of trees of the natural order taxacea, having male and female flowers on separate trees. The species are lofty trees, chiefly natives of Australia and New Zealand. D. Franklin is called HUON PINE, although rather a yew than a pine. Its timber is harder than any Baltic pine, and is excellent for spars for naval purposes.

D. taxifolium, the kakaterra tree of New Zealand, attains a height of 200 ft., and is also very valuable for its timber. A beverage resembling spruce-beer is made from its branches.

DACTYL (Gr. dactylos, the finger), the name of a measure or "foot" in Greek and Latin versification, consisting of a long and two short syllables, as in the word omnibus. It was so called from its resemblance to the finger, which consists of three joints-one long and two short. The same name is sometimes applied to a trisyllabic measure in English verse, consisting of one accented syllable and two unaccented syllables, as in destiny. See VERSE. Dactylic verses consist of dactyle and equivalent feet. See HEXA

METER.

DACTYLIS. See Cock's-FOOT GRASS.

DACTYLOL'OGY, the art of communicating thoughts by the fingers. See DEAF AND

DUMB.

DACTYLOP TERUS. See FLYING GURNARD.

DADE, a co. in s.e. Florida bordering on the Atlantic ocean and Mexican gulf; 4,400 sq.m.; pop. '80, 194-4 colored. It is the wild swampy region of the Everglades. There is one good harbor near, cape Florida. Co. seat, Biscayne.

DADE, a co. in n.w. Georgia on the Tennessee and Alabama border, intersected by the Alabama and Chattanooga railroad; 160 sq.m.; pop. '80, 4,703-1085 colored. It is a rough region, having iron, coal, and other minerals. Co. seat, Trenton.

DADE, a co. in s. w. Missouri, on the Sac river; 498 sq.m.; pop. '80, 12,557-247 colored. Agriculture is the main business. Co. seat, Greenfield.

DA DO (Ital. a die), in classical architecture, the term applied to the cubic block which forms the body of a pedestal. It is also applied to the plane face and the series of moldings which, in the interiors of buildings, form, as it were, a continuous pedestal. The interior D. is formed of wood, and, running round the bottom of the walls of a room, serves to protect the plaster or paper from injury. It is generally about three ft. in height, and surmounted by a narrow cornice.

DA'DUR, a t. of Beloochistan, is 5 m. to the e. of the Bolan pass. Though it is in the 30th degree of n. lat., it is said to be one of the hottest places in the world. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants. It is worthy of notice chiefly as the spot where in Nov., 1840, the British troops routed a Kelat force. The neighborhood yields grains of various kinds, pulse, cotton, sugar, madder, and fruits.

DÆDA'LUS, according to the Greek myths, was sprung from the old Athenian race of kings, the Erechtheidæ, and was a contemporary of Theseus and Minos. He was famous for his ability as an artist and mechanician. Among the numberless works which he is said to have executed, may be mentioned the Cretan labyrinth, the Colymbethra, or reservoir, near Megaris in Sicily, the temples of Apollo at Capua and Cumæ, that of Artemis Britomartis in Crete, and an altar sculptured with lions on the Libyan coast. His mechanical genius is clearly celebrated in the poetic fiction of his flying safely over the Egean by means of wings which he had himself made. D. got the credit among the Greeks of having invented carpentry, and most of its tools, such as the saw, the axe, the plumb-line, the gimlet, as also glue. The history of D. is obviously a myth, wherein, as recent criticism has conclusively shown, is embodied that epoch in which the first rude forms of art were thrown aside, and a higher skill and intelligence displayed.

DAENDELS, HERMANN WILHELM, a Dutch gen., was b. in 1762 at Hattem, in Gueldres, took part in the revolutionary disturbances that broke out in Holland in 1787, and was in consequence compelled to seek refuge in France. In the campaign of 1793, he rendered important service to Dumourier, and was elevated to the rank of a gen. of brigade. In 1799, he commanded one of the two divisions of the republican army, which, with a third corps under the orders of gen. Brune, compelled the Anglo-Russian forces to surrender. Circumstances induced him to leave the service in 1803, but in 1806 he was reinstated in his former rank by the king of Holland. He now conquered East Friesland, and was made governor-general of Münster, commander-in-chief of the Dutch cavalry, marshal of Holland, and governor-general of the Dutch East Indian possessions. This last office he held from 1808 to 1811, and discharged its duties with great prudence. He also published a work upon his administration in Java, which was ar important contribution to our knowledge of that island. On the overthrow of Napoleon, his services were secured by the new king of Holland, Wilhelm I., who intrusted him with the organization of government in those colonies on the coast of Africa which had been restored to the Dutch. In this capacity he labored with energy and success until his death in June, 1818.

DAET', a t. of the island of Luzon, Philippines, situated on a river of the same name, which falls into the bay of San Miguel on the eastern side of the island. Some of the houses are built of stone and some of nipa palm. Pop. 7,702.

DAFFODIL (corrupted from Lat. asphodelus), the English name of those species of narcissus (q.v.) which have a large bell-shaped corona. The common D. (N. pseudo-narcissus) is a native of England and of most parts of Europe, growing in woods and hedges. It is naturalized in many places in Scotland, but seems scarcely indigenous.

All the other species are more southerly, chiefly abounding in the countries near the Mediterranean. Some of them, as N. minor, have become naturalized in some places in England, having been long known as ornaments of gardens, in which double-flowered varieties are also cultivated. They are favorites, not so much for their beauty, which is not of the most delicate kind, as on account of their large yellow flowers, which are produced early in spring. The bulbs are purgative and emetic. The mode of cultivation is the same as for other species of narcissus.

DAG, a thick clumsy pistol, used in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the Spanish Tragedy, published in 1603, one of the characters shoots the dag.

DAGGER, a weapon resembling a sword, but considerably smaller, being used for stabbing at close quarters. Daggers are generally two-edged, and very sharp towards the point. Originally, it had no guard for the hand, and was worn at the girdle in a sheath. It is now regarded as a general military weapon in European countries.

DAGGETT, DAVID, LL.D., 1764-1851; b. Mass.; graduate of Yale, 1783. He was a jurist of eminence, held a number of local offices, and was chosen United States senator. In 1832, he was chief-justice of the supreme court of Connecticut.

DAGGETT, NAPHTALI, 1727-80; b. Mass.; graduate of Yale, and professor of divinity in the college. He was president pro tem. for a year. When the British attacked New Haven in 1779, he was so badly treated by them that he never recovered. He published an account of the famous "Dark Day in New England."

DAGGETT, OLIVER ELLSWORTH, D.D., son of David; b. Conn., 1810; a graduate of Yale; Congregational pastor for 28 years in Canandaigua, N. Y.; then for three years professor of divinity in Yale college; afterwards pastor of the Second church, New London, Conn. He was one of the compilers of the Connecticut Hymn Book, and he wrote many articles in the New Englander. He d. 1880.

DAGHESTAN' (Tartar, Tagh stan, signifying mountainous country), a province of Asiatic Russia (called also Derbend), between the Caucasus and the w. coast of the Caspian sea. Area about 10,000 sq. miles. Pop. '80, 482,000. The surface is generally mountainous, being traversed by offsets from the Caucasus, but there are, however, valleys and level tracts of great fertility. The inhabitants are chiefly Lesghians (fanatical Mohammedans). Until 1812, the country belonged to Persia. Since its annexation by Russia, the Lesghians have fought desperately for independence (see SHAMYL and CAUCASUS). The chief town is Derbend (q.v.).—See Daghestan, by A. Cunynghame.

DA'GO, an island in the Baltic sea, forming a part of the Russian government of Esthonia, situated near the entrance of the gulf of Finland. The narrow channel called Sele-sund separates it from the island of Oesel on the south. Its length is estimated at about 34 m., and its breadth at 15 miles. The soil, a mixture of sand and chalk for the most part, is not fertile, the coasts are rocky, and shoals make navigation dangerous. The population, Esthonians mostly, number about 10,000, and are chiefly employed in fishing and cattle-rearing.

DAGOBA, or DAHGOPA (according to Wilson, from deha, the body, and gopa, what possesses, because it contains the hair, teeth, etc., of Buddha; according to others, from dhatu, a relic, and gabba, a shrine), are monumental structures containing relics of Buddha. Dagoba seems to be the common Singhalese term for such monuments; but the more general name is stupa or tope (q.v.).

DAG'OBERT I., one of the early Frankish kings, d. 638 A.D. He was a son of Clotaire II., and after the death of his father he reigned over the whole of the Frankish dominions. His court was remarkable for magnificence, rivaling that of Constantinople. But he was noted for debauchery.

DA'GON (Heb. dag, a fish), the national idol of the Philistines, is frequently men. tioned in Scripture; in profane history, the name by which it is known is Derceto. It is always represented on ancient medals as half-fish, half-woman, but the Hebrew writer or writers speak of it as a masculine being. Some scholars have attempted to show that the word D. comes from the Phoenician dagan, wheat; and that it is not the name of a fish-god, but of a god of agriculture. It is possible, however, to combine both notions, by supposing that D. was a deified mortal who had come in a ship to the coast, and taught the people agriculture and other useful arts. Ancient history abounds with such mythological personages, one of whom was called by the Babylonians Odakon, and is regarded by the learned Selden as identical with the fishy idol of the Philistines. See illus., NINEVEH AND ASSYRIA, vol. X., p. 638 fig. 3.

DAGUERRE, LOUIS JACQUES MANDÉ, 1789-1851; a French painter, in early life a revenue officer. He was especially successful as a scene painter for the opera, and afterwards in panoramic views on a large scale. He also opened a diorama in Regent's park, London. He lost heavily by a conflagration, but speedily re-established his fame on a secure basis by the invention of the daguerreotype, in which he was aided by Nicephore Niepce. Daguerre became an officer of the legion of honor. The progress of his invention-forming permanent pictures on prepared surfaces by the chemical

action of light-was for a long time slow and tedious; but improvements came, until now the photograph may be taken in an instant, and even a horse under full run is portrayed as if not in motion.

DAGUERRE OTYPE PROCESS, the name given to the original photographic process, as introduced by its inventor, M. Daguerre, in 1839. Notwithstanding that it has now become so unpopular, on account of the very circumstance which gives such perfection to the result-viz., the polish of the plate-it is a process which yields to none in point of microscopic perfection of detail and perfect gradation of shade. The pictures it yields are positive or direct, as given in the camera, though they also appear as negative when viewed at certain angles, and are the result of the successive action of the vapors of iodine, bromine, and mercury upon a highly polished surface of chemically pure silver. The manipulations involved in conducting the process are-1. Cleaning and polishing the plate; 2. Rendering the plate sensitive; 3. Exposing it in the camera; 4. Developing the latent image; 5. Fixing the picture.

A copper plate of moderate thickness is coated with silver by the electrotype or other suitable method, and then polished to the utmost possible extent, so as to obtain, though by mechanical means, a chemically pure surface; it is then exposed first to the vapor of iodine, and then to the vapor of bromine for a length of time, ascertained in practice by watching the beautiful succession of prismatic colors which begin to appear with the first contact of the vapo The length of exposure in the camera which follows is determined by the amount of light at the time of operating, and the relation between the diameter and focal length of the lens employed. The development of the latent image, which is the next operation, is effected by exposing the plate in a suitable box to the vapor of mercury, which attaches itself to the various parts of the picture in proportion to the more or less intense action of the light. Those portions of iodide and bromide of silver unacted on by light, are next removed by immersing the plate in a solution of hyposulphite of soda; and the picture is subsequently fixed and intensified by pouring over its surface a solution of hyposulphite of gold, and applying heat; by which means it is coated with a thin film of metallic gold, and thereby rendered so permanent that it cannot be rubbed out by ordinary means, but requires a chemical solvent for its removal. It may be mentioned, in conclusion, that though M. Daguerre published, in 1839, the first practicable process for taking pictures by the agency of light, his experiments would seem to have been suggested by the researches of M. Niepce, who, in 1820, obtained impressions on silver plates rendered sensitive by exposure to the vapors of sulphur and phosphorus.

D'AGUESSEAU, HENRI FRANÇOIS, 1668-1751; chancellor of France. When little more than 21 years of age he was appointed one of the three advocates-general, and the eloquence and learning which he displayed in his first speech gained for him great reputation. In 1700, he was made procurator-general, and in 1717, advanced to chancellor. A year afterwards he was deprived of his office because of his firm opposition to the wild schemes of John Law. When more than 80 years of age, he retired from the duties of chancellor, still holding its rank.

DAHL, JOHANN CHRISTIAN CLAUSEN, a Norwegian landscape painter, b. at Bergen, 24th Feb., 1788, was at first intended for the church, but afterwards devoted himself to art. He studied painting for six years under the direction of prof. J. G. Moller. His first attempts were in genre and miniature. They did not exhibit much genius; but public attention was at length excited by a work which he exhibited in Dresden, in 1819, entitled "Cascade among Rocks in Norway." Next year, he went to Italy, where Thorwaldsen and the Prussian consul-general, Bartholdy, commissioned him to execute several works. In 1821, he was appointed professor of painting at Dresden, where he subsequently resided. D. was fond of reproducing on his canvas the picturesque scenes of his native country, which he often revisited. Among his more famous works are a "View of Naples,' "Winter in Zeeland," View of Bergen, 'Scene from the Environs of Christiania," and a 'Winter Scene on the banks of the Elbe," the last two of which attracted great attention at the Paris exhibition of 1855. D., who was a member of several academies, died at Dresden, 14th Oct., 1857.

DAHLGREN, JOHN ADOLF, 1809-70; b. Philadelphia; a distinguished officer in the U. S. navy, a midshipman in 1826. He served in Brazil and in the Mediterranean squadron, and on the coast survey, being commissioned as a lieut. in 1837. Somewhat later he was engaged in the ordnance department, where he procured the adoption of the Dahlgren gun. He was the inventor of a rifled cannon, and introduced bronze howitzers. In 1855, he was made commander, and when the war of the rebellion began, he was in command of the Washington navy yard. In July, 1862, he was appointed capt., and chief of the bureau of ordnance. The next year, he rose to rear-admiral, and had command of the s. Atlantic and subsequently of the s. Pacific squadron. In 1869, he again took command of the Washington navy yard.

DAHLGREN, ULRIC, 1842–64; son of John Adolf; an early volunteer in the union cause when the war of secession broke out. He performed brave and distinguished services, and was killed in an effort to rescue the union soldiers confined in Libby prison.