excess of water to pass through it more easily, and it also retains a larger supply within it for the wants of vegetation when the weather is dry. Land that is tiled in autuma may be left open, rough, and cloddy, as the frost of winter will loosen and pulverize it by spring. In a dry and warm climate, the desired state of the soil is secured by abundant plowing, rolling, and other operations. In a wet and moist climate, these must be more sparingly resorted to, as a moderately rough-mold facilitates the draining away of excessive rains, and prevents the soil from becoming consolidated by such excess. See illus., CANNON, vol. III., p. 392, figs. 1, 16, 17.

CULTIVA'TOR, a farm implement. See GRUBBER.

CULTRIROS TRÉS (Lat. knife-billed or plowshare-billed), a tribe of birds of the order grallatores; distinguished by a long, thick, stout, and generally pointed and trenchant bill, and containing cranes, herons, bitterns, storks, adjutants, etc.

CUL'VERIN, among the earlier forms of cannon, was a very long gun. It was generally an 18-pounder, weighing 50 cwt.; the demi-C. was a 9-pounder, weighing 30 cwt. A C. of especially large dimensions is still in existence at Dover castle, where it is known by the name of queen Elizabeth's pocket pistol.

CULVERT is the name given to an arched channel of masonry for the conveyance of water under-ground.

CU'ME, an ancient city on the coast of Campania, founded conjointly by colonists from Chalcis in Euboea, and from Cymæ in Asia Minor. According to Strabo, it was the earliest of all the Greek settlements either in Italy or Sicily, but the precise date of its foundation is a matter of dispute. It soon attained to wealth and power, built several harbors or port-towns of its own, kept a tolerably large fleet, extended its influence over the native tribes of the neighboring territories, planted a colony at Neapolis (Naples), and for 200 years (700-500 B.C.) was indisputably the most important and civilized city in southern Italy. Subsequently, it was repeatedly but unsuccessfully attacked by the Etruscans and Umbrians. In 474 B.C., its ally, Hieron, king of Syracuse, defeated the combined fleets of the Etruscans and Carthaginians, who had attacked it by sea. Yet there can be no doubt that these conflicts both lessened its resources and weakened its influence, for in 420 B.C., the Samnites conquered the city, murdered or enslaved the most of the citizens, and forcibly married their wives and daughters. A Samnite colony was now established in C., which rapidly degenerated into a second-rate Campanian town. In 338 B.C., it was admitted to the Roman franchise, and from this period steadily adhered to the fortunes of Rome. In the second Punic war, Hannibal tried to capture it, but was repulsed by Sempronius Gracchus. Towards the close of the republic, it became the municipal capital of the district in which the Roman nobles had their villas and sea-coast residences. It continued to exist as a "quiet" place down to the close of the Roman empire, but reassumed a momentary importance during the wars of Belisarius and Narses. Its strong fortress, garrisoned by the Goths, was the last place in Italy that held out against the Byzantine army. Few remains of the ancient city exist.-C. is famous as the residence of the Sibyl (q.v.), whose cave-a vast subterranean grotto hewn out of the eastern side of the rock on which stood the citadel-is described by Justin Martyr, who visited it. It was destroyed by Narses in a vain attempt to undermine the fortress.

CUMANA, the department of which the below mentioned city is the capital, forms the most easterly section of the northern coast of the republic, touching the Orinoco on the s., and meeting Caracas on the west. Besides the capital, it comprises the city of Barcelona, and the towns of Cariaco, Carapano, Aragua, and El Pao. Pop. 73, 55,476.

CUMANA', the oldest European city in the new world, having been built by Diego Castellon in 1521, and originally named New Toledo. It is in the province of the same name, in Venezuela, South America, and stands at the mouth of the Manzanares, on the gulf of Cariaco, a long and narrow arm of the Caribbean sea. Lat. 10° 30' n., and long. 64° 15' w. Though it was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake in 1853, yet in 1873 it numbered, including several suburbs, 9,427 inhabitants. It has a good roadstead, which is commanded by a fort on an adjacent height. It has but few edifices of any note, for the houses, in order to guard against the evil already mentioned, are generally low built. It carries on a tolerably large export trade in cattle, smoked meat, salt-fish, cocoa, and other provisions.

CUMANIA, GREAT and LITTLE, districts in Hungary. Great C. is a low plain subject to inundation, with a pop. of about 70,000. Little C. has an area of 1000 sq.m. and a pop. of about 85,000.

CUMBERLAND, a river, rises in Kentucky, United States, and after a course of 600 m., of which the lower half is navigable for vessels of 400 tons, enters the Ohio at Smithland from the left, a few miles above the point where the Tennessee also joins the Ohio from the same side.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in s. Illinois, intersected by the Embarras river and three or four railroads; 310 sq.m; pop. '80, 13,762. Agriculture is the main business. Co. seat, Prairie City.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in s. Kentucky, on the Tennessee border; 375 sq.m.; pop. '80, 8,891-1565 colored. Productions agricultural. Co. seat, Burksville.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in s.w. Maine, on the ocean; traversed by several railroads, and bounded on the n.e. by the Androscoggin river; 990 sq.m.; pop. '80, 86,360. The soil is fertile and well cultivated. Co. seat, Portland.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in s.w. New Jersey, on Delaware bay; intersected by the West Jersey and Vineland railroads; 480 sq.m.; pop. '80, 37,694. Productions chiefly agricultural. Co. seat, Bridgeton.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in North Carolina, intersected by Cape Fear river; 1680 sq.m.; pop. '80, 23,836-11,244 colored. Lumber and turpentine are the staples. Co. seat, Fayetteville.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in s. Pennsylvania, in the Cumberland valley; traversed by three or four railroads; 545 sq.m.; pop. '80, 45,978. Productions agricultural. Co. seat, Carlisle.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in Tennessee; 700 sq.m.; pop. '80, 4,538-42 colored. It is hilly and mountainous. Co. seat, Crossville.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in central Virginia on the Appomattox and James rivers; 310 sq.m.; pop. '80, 10,430-7,419 colored. Productions mainly agricultural. Co. seat, Cumberland Court-house.

CUM BERLAND, the north-westmost co. of England, bounded n. by Scotland and the Solway firth, w. by the Irish sea, s. by Lancashire, e. by Westmoreland, Durham, and Northumberland. It is eleventh in size of the English counties; greatest length, 74 m.; greatest average breadth, 22; 75 m. of coast: area, 1523 sq.m.; being cultivated, and in mountain and lake. The surface is mountainous in the s. w. and e.; the middle consists of hills, valleys, and elevated ridges; and the n. and n.w. districts, including the vale of Carlisle, are low, flat, or gently undulated. The mountains in the s. w. are high, rugged, and sterile, with deep and narrow valleys, lakes, rivers, water-falls, and woodlands. The chief mountains are Sca Fell Pike, 3,210 ft.; Sca Fell, 3,162; Helvellyn, 3,118; Skiddaw, 3,054. From the latter are seen the German ocean and the Irish sea. The Pennine chain, the great backbone of the n. of England, skirts the n.e. border of C., and rises in Cross Fell, 2,929 feet. C. has 15 lakes, the largest one, Ulleswater, being 9 m. by 1. Six of the chief water-falls are 60 to 156 ft. high. The chief rivers are the Eden, running 35 m. n. w. into the Solway firth; the Esk, running s. into the same; and the Derwent, which collects the water of six lakes and several tarns, and runs 33 m. n. w. and n. into the Irish sea. The great west or Carlisle and Lancaster railway route from Edinburgh to London, crosses the n.e. part of Cumberland.

The lake district, or nearly the s. w. half of C., consists of Silurian slates, with protrusions of granite and trap rocks, and with new red sandstone along the coast s. of St. Bees Head. In the n. is a semicircular strip of carboniferous limestone; then follow strips of coal strata and permian rocks; then the new red sandstone plain of Carlisle, with carboniferous limestone on the n.e., including a trap-dike 30 m. long, parallel to and on the e. side of the Eden, and crossing to the w. near Ainstable. C. abounds in mineral wealth-silver, copper, lead, iron, plumbago, gypsum, limestone, coal, slates, marbles, marl, and several of the more rare minerals.

In the mountainous parts, the climate is cold, wet, and variable, especially from July to Oct.; on the coast, it is mild. There is a fall of 50 in. of rain annually at Whitehaven, and of 68 at Keswick; while at some places among the mountains the fall sometimes reaches 100 inches. Half of the cultivated soil consists of dry loam. Much of the subsoil is wet clay. The chief crops are wheat, barley, oats, turnips, and potatoes. There are many small dairies. Many sheep and cattle are reared in the mountains. The estates are generally small, and farmed by the owners, or held under the lords of the manors by customary tenure. Many of the small or peasant proprietors have had their lands in their families for centuries, and have a high spirit of independence. There are manufactures of woolens-much being domestic-cottons, linen, earthenware, and glass. C. is divided into five wards or hundreds, 104 parishes, and nine poor-law unions. The chief towns are Carlisle, Cockermouth, Whitehaven, Workington, Maryport, Wigton, Penrith, Keswick, Egremont. Pop. '81, 250,630. In the year 1880 the number of electors was 24,560. Its rental, in gross, was £1,900,700. C. returns eight members to parliament-four for the county, two for Carlisle, one for Cockermouth, and one for Whitehaven. C. formed part of Cumbria (q. v.). Many Roman relics have been found, such as altars, inscriptions, coins, instruments, utensils. During Saxon times, it was under Danish law. Henry III. united it to England. For three centuries before the union of England and Scotland, C. was the constant scene of war and devastation, from incursions of the English and Scotch into this, a debatable tract between the two kingdoms. It was again devastated in the civil wars of the 17th c., and in 1715 and 1745. C. had formerly several monasteries and hospitals; and on the borders, many towers or peel-houses; and it has still some old Norman and Gothic churches.

CUMBERLAND, a co. in Nova Scotia; 1600 sq.m.; pop. '81, 27,368. Agriculture, lumbering, and ship-building constitute the chief branches of industry. Chief town, Amherst.

CUMBERLAND, a township of Rhode Island, U. S., on Blackstone river, and Providence and Worcester railway, 10 m. n. of Providence, containing extensive manufactories of iron, machinery, cotton, boots and shoes, etc. Pop. '80, 6,445.

CUMBERLAND, a city of Maryland, U. S., on the left bank of the Potomac river, at the foot of the Alleghanies, the eastern terminus of the National road, and the western of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 179 m. w. by. n. from Baltimore. C. is a station on the Baltimore and Ohio railway. It contains county buildings, eight churches, three newspapers, flour-mills, etc. The C. semi-bituminous coal is supplied from this region. Pop. '70, 8,056; in '80, 10,666.

CUMBERLAND (ante), a city and seat of justice of Alleghany co., Md., on the n. branch of the Potomac, at the w. terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal; pop. estimated at 13,000. The city is on the outer edge of the great coal basin of the same name, with which it is connected by the Cumberland and Pennsylvania railroad, and the Cumberland coal and iron company's road. The city has gas and water, and being 600 to 700 ft. above the river, is free from miasma. There are 16 churches, a Carmelite college, two academies, and many public and private schools. Among the manufactories are steel-rail mills, other railroad-bar mills, a blast-furnace, two iron foundries, steel works, cement mills, steam tanneries, locomotive works, railroad car and machine shops, flour mills, furniture works, etc.

CUMBERLAND, Dr. RICHARD, was b. in London, July 13, 1632. Educated at St. Paul's school and at Cambridge, he was appointed to the rectory of Brampton, Northamptonshire, in 1658; in 1667, to the living of All Hallows, Stamford; and in 1691, to the bishopric of Peterborough. C. was a man of great acquirements and piety. He was the author of several works, but he is now chiefly remembered on account of his Inquiry into the Laws of Nature, issued in reply to Hobbes; and his Essay on Jewish Weights and Measures. As an instance of his insatiable thirst for knowledge, it is mentioned that he learned Coptic after the age of 83. He died, Oct. 9, 1718.

CUMBERLAND, RICHARD, a dramatic writer and essayist, was b. on the 19th Feb., 1732, in the lodge of Trinity college, Cambridge. He was the great-grandson of the bishop of Peterborough, and grandson, by the mother's side, of Dr. Richard Bentley. He was placed at the public schools of Bury St. Edmunds and Westminster, and at the age of 14, was entered at Trinity college, Cambridge, where he took his degree in his 18th year, and two years after was elected fellow. Having been appointed private secretary to the earl of Halifax, he gave up his intention of entering the church, and passing through several subordinate offices, was appointed secretary to the board of trade, holding that office till 1782, when the board was suppressed. Having obtained a compensation allowance, C. retired to Tunbridge Wells. Here he devoted himself to literature, and wrote farces, tragedies, comedies, pamphlets, essays, and novels. Many of his comedies were successful at the time of their appearance, although they have not kept possession of the stage. C. is best known as an essayist, and as a translator from the Greek poets. His memoirs were published in 1806, and he died in 1811.

CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, Duke of, second son of George II., was b. in 1721. He adopted a military career, was wouuded at Dettingen in 1743, and defeated at Fontenoy by marshal Saxe in 1745. In 1746, he defeated the young pretender at Culloden. In 1747, he was again defeated by Saxe (at Lafeldt), and in 1757 had to surrender and disarm his army at Klöster-Zeven. On his return to England, he felt compelled to resign his commissions, and died in 1765. See Life (1776) and General Orders of 1745-47 (1876). The latter seems to show that his severity after Culloden has been exaggerated.

CUMBERLAND GAP, a pass through the mountains between Kentucky and Tennessee, an important strategic position in the war of the rebellion.

CUMBERLAND ISLAND, a large island with Davis strait on the e., Hudson bay on the w., Hudson strait on the s., and on the w. a small strait separating it from Cockburn island.

CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS, a spur of the Appalachian chain, partly in s.e. Kentucky, though the main portion is in Tennessee. Its formation is coal, slate, and carboniferous limestone. It is a plateau in places nearly 2,000 ft. above tide, and nearly 50 m. in width, with steep descent on both sides. A few hills in the plateau rise 700 or 800 ft. higher. There are some valuable coal mines, and the main portion is well timbered with white ash, hickory, chestnut, etc.

CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIANS, a religious denomination having its origin in a revival of religion which commenced in 1797 in the s. western part of Kentucky, under the preaching of rev. James McGready, a Presbyterian of Scotch-Irish descent, who had

been educated at Jefferson college in western Pennsylvania. The revival, at first, was of slow progress, but soon received a great impulse, and became one of the most important religious movements in the United States, as it did much to establish faith in Christianity among the people of the Mississippi valley. The number of congregations into which the converts were organized was so large that it was impossible to supply them with ministers educated in the thorough manner usually required by the Presbyterian church, and, by advice of rev. David Rice (q.v.), several young men of good abilities and earnest piety were encouraged to prepare themselves by a shorter course. Three of them applied for licensure to the presbytery of Transylvania, but exception was taken both to their limited education and their opinions concerning the doctrines of the atonement and the divine decrees. They were, however, licensed, and, soon after, were set off to the presbytery of Cumberland (formed, 1802, by a division of the presbytery of Transylvania), and two or three of them were ordained by it. This independent action caused great discussion, and in 1805 the synod of Kentucky appointed a committee to inquire into the matter. Its first demand was that those who had been licensed or ordained should submit to a re-examination. This they refused to do, and were, therefore, prohibited from exercising their ministry until they complied with the demand. They who had been thus proscribed, and the members of presbytery who supported them, in Dec., 1805, organized themselves into a council for the management of their own church and revival work. They sent a memorial to the general assembly, but that body sustained the synod, yet directed it to review its proceedings. On complying with the direction, the synod confirmed what had been done, and in 1806 dissolved the Cumberland presbytery and re-annexed to the presbytery of Transylvania the members who had not seceded. After a fruitless attempt at reconciliation, the 2 ministers who had been silenced, Finis Ewing and Samuel King, together with Samuel McAdow, who had aided them in their "irregularities," organized, Feb., 1810, an independent body under the old name of the Cumberland presbytery. From that time the progress of the movement was much more rapid than its originators looked for; and though the churches starting from it spread both east and west, the local name, Cumberland Presbyterians, continued to be applied to them. In 1813 the presbytery was divided into 3, and the Cumberland synod was constituted. In 1816 an edition of the Westminster confession and catechisms was published, altered to suit their system, which tries, it is said, to steer between Calvinism and Arminianism. It rejects the doctrines of eternal reprobation, limited atonement, and special grace, teaching that the operation of the Holy Spirit is co-extensive with the atonement. Other points of Calvinism, as the necessity of the Holy Spirit's work in regeneration, and the perseverance of the saints, are retained. Revivals and campmeetings are earnestly advocated. In May, 1884, 27 synods were reported, extending from the lakes to the gulf, and from the Appalachian mountains to the Pacific, and comprising 116 presbyteries, 1505 ministers, 249 licentiates, 214 candidates, 2462 congregations, 9373 elders, 3104 deacons, 122,240 communicants, 55,541 persons in Sunday-schools. The value of church property reported was over $2,000,000; the amount of contributions for the year, $500,000. In 1887 26 synods were reported, 1538 ministers, and 150,000 communicants. The chief institutions of learning are the Cumberland univ., founded in 1826 at Princeton, Ky., and removed in 1842 to Lebanon, Tenn., and having the leading law school of the south; also a theological school; Coll. of West Tennessee; Waynesburg coll., Pa.; Lincoln univ., Ill.; Trinity univ., Texas; and Cane Hill coll., Ark. The board of publication is at Nashville, Tenn., and the board of missions at St. Louis. The first denominational newspaper was published at Princeton, Ky., in 1830. There is a separate organization of colored members of the denomination. See Cossit's Life and Times of Finis Ewing (Nashville, 1853); Davidson's History of the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky (N. Y., 1847); Crisman's Origin and Doctrines of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (Nashville, 1871).

CUMBERLAND and TEVIOTDALE, Duke of, titles borne by the king of Hanover, a prince of the blood-royal of Great Britain, and first cousin of queen Victoria. He was born in 1819, and is now blind.

CUM BRAYS, or GREAT and LITTLE CUMBRAY, two small isles in the firth of Clyde, between Bute isle and Ayrshire, and included in the county of Bute. They consist of old red sandstone, with trap-dikes intersecting it. Great Cumbray lies 3 m. e. of Bute, is 34 m. long by 2 broad, has a pop. of (1881) 1856, contains Millport and Newton villages, and is a great summer resort of the inhabitants of Glasgow. Little Cumbray lies nearly a mile to the s. of Great Cumbray, is one mile long by half a mile broad, and rises 780 ft.; it contains many caves, excavated by the sea in the stratified rocks. Pop. '81, 23.

CUM BRÉ, LA, the Spanish for top or height, is one of the principal passes across the Andes, on the high-road between Santiago in Chili and Mendoza in the Argentime republic. The altitude of its crest is 12,454 ft., fully one half higher than the pass of the Great St. Bernard in the Alps.

CUM BRIA, an ancient British principality, comprising Cumberland in England, and that part of Scotland which is now divided into the shires of Dumbarton, Ren

Cundinamarca.

frew, Ayr, Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, Roxburgh, and Dumfries. It was governed by its own kings-who had their seat at Dumbarton, Glasgow, and elsewhere-until about the middle of the 10th c., when it became a tributary principality held of the king of the English, by the heir of the king of the Scots. See the article BRETTS AND SCOTS.

CUM'BRIAN MOUNTAINS, a great knot of mountains, nearly 50 m. in length and breadth, in the n.w. of England, occupying part of Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire. This tract, the English lake district, has much of the physical character of Wales, and being unsurpassed in the British isles for picturesqueness and beauty, it is much frequented by tourists. The central and southern parts consist of Silurian, granite, and trap rocks, rising in lofty rugged mountains, which inclose deep valleys and large lakes. There are 25 mountain-tops upwards of 1500 ft. high, including Sca Fell Pike, 3,210 ft.; Sca Fell, 3,162; Helvellyn, 3,118; and Skiddaw, 3,054. Four passes cross these mountains at the height of from 1100 to 1250 feet. The deep valleys between the mountains contain 14 lakes, 1 to 10 m. long. The largest of the lakes are Windermere, Ulleswater, Conistone Water, Bassenthwaite Water, and Derwentwater. A semicircular strip of carboniferous limestone skirts the n. of the Silurian tract. On the higher C. M., snow lies six or eight months in the year, but on the neighboring coasts rarely above a few days. Many eminent persons have resided among the lakes, the beauty of which has inspired some of the finest writings of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey, prof. Wilson, De Quincey, Arnold, and Harriet Martineau.

CUMIA NA, a t. of north Italy, in the province of Turin, 7 m. n. of Piñerolo, nea the right bank of the Cisola. Pop. 5,700.

CUMING, a co. in n.e. Nebraska, crossed by the Omaha and Northwestern railroad, 400 sq.m.; pop. '80, 5,569. Agriculture is the chief business. Co. seat, West Point.

CUM MIN, or CUM'IN, Cuminum, a genus of plants of the natural order umbellifera, containing only one known species (C. cyminum), a native of Egypt and the neighboring countries; an annual, with branched stem, much divided thread-like leaves, general and partial involucres resembling the leaves, umbels of small white or pink flowers, and fruit about two lines long. The fruit (seeds) has an odor resembling that of caraway, but stronger and less pleasant. It is employed as a carminative in many parts of the world; in Germany, it is often put into bread; in Holland, sometimes into cheese. It is also used in medicine, particularly with resin for discutient plasters, but its use is now chiefly confined to veterinary practice. It contains a peculiar volatile oil (oil of cummin). C. is cultivated in the s. and middle of Europe, India, etc. C. seed is brought to Britain mostly from Sicily and Malta.-The fruit of lagoecia cuminoides, another umbelliferous plant, a native of the Levant, is similar in its qualities and uses to that of cummin. The BLACK C. of the ancients is believed to be a species of nigella (q.v.). Both are perhaps included in the name C. in Scripture.

CUM MING, JOHN, D.D., a popular preacher and author, was b. Aberdeenshire, 10th Nov., 1810; educated at King's college, Aberdeen, where he took his degree of M. A. in 1827, and, in 1833, was ordained to the Scotch church, Crown Court, Covent Garden. London, officiating till about 1880. His popularity as a preacher was very great, especially among "fashionable" circles. In 1837, C. made his first prominent appearance in public in connection with the voluntary controversy between Drs. Wardlaw and Chalmers. His views were strongly in favor of establishments. Afterwards Dr. C. figured prominently on the platform, particularly as the " champion" of the anti-popery class of Protestants. But the chief source of his popularity was his gift of apocalyptic interpretation. His exposition of the book of Revelation though not convincing to men who are moderately impressed with the grandeur, complexity, and mystery of the divine Providence; but was greatly relished, and greedily swallowed by that large portion of the community who love to see all things, even the "oracles of God," presented under melodramatic aspects. He d. 1881.

C.'s works are very voluminous: the chief are Voices of the Night; Voices of the Day; Voices of the Dead; Apocalyptic Sketches; Expository Readings in the Old and New Testa ment; and The Seventh Vial.

CUMMING, ROUALEYN GORDON, 1820-66; the "lion hunter;" a Scotchman educated at Eton, who served in the English army in India. In 1843, he began his five years of a hunter's life in South Africa, where he had many remarkable experiences.

CUMMINGS, JOSEPH, D.D., LL.D.; b. Me., 1817; a Methodist preacher; in 1857, chosen president of the Wesleyan university at Middletown, Conn., from which position he retired a few years since; 1886, pres. Northwestern university, Evanston, Ill.

CUMMINGTON, a t. in Hampshire co., Mass., on the Westfield river; pop. '80, 881. The poet William Cullen Bryant was born here.

CUMMINS, GEORGE DAVID, D.D., b. Del., 1822; graduated at Dickinson college; entered the Methodist ministry; took orders in the Episcopal church, 1845; rector of several Episcopal churches in Virginia, Washington, and Chicago. He was chosen