Crew.

the greater part of the land. The streams, with the exception of the C., are insignificant. The climate is moist and variable, and the soil thin and light in the southern hilly district, which is interspersed with stretches of heath and pasture, but better in the lowlands of the n.e. The products are rye, buckwheat, oats, and potatoes; but agriculture is backward and the rearing of cattle forms the chief branch of rural industry. Large quantities of chestnuts and fruit are grown. The minerals are not important. The people of C. are but slightly educated, and use a coarse patois; but are generally industrious, and annually migrate in large numbers to find work in various parts of France. C. is divided into the arrondissements Aubusson, Bourganeuf, Boussac, Guéret, with Guéret for its capital.

CREUTZ, GUSTAF FILIP, Count, b. Finland, 1729–85; a Swedish poet. He was educated at Abo, where he made the acquaintance and friendship of Gyllenborg, and the two became the "Beaumont and Fletcher" of their country. Creutz's best work was Atys and Camilla, a charming idyllic poem. In 1763, Creutz was sent as ambassador to Spain, and afterwards to France.

CREUZER, GEORG FRIEDRICH, a learned German philologer, was b. at Marburg Mar., 10, 1771, and studied there and at Jena. In 1802, he was appointed a professor at Marburg, and in 1804, obtained the chair of philology and ancient history at Heidelberg, which he occupied for 44 years in the worthiest manner. In 1848, he retired into private life, the infirmities of age having forced him to renounce the fatigue of teaching. He died at Heidelberg, 15th Feb., 1858.

C.'s whole life was devoted to the study of antiquity. His first, and probably his greatest work, was Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker, besonders der Griechen (4 vols., Leip. 1810-12). This treatise, which asserted the symbolical character of ancient mythologies, excited a lively controversy, in which Hermann and Voss appeared as the opponents of Creuzer. His next work in importance was a complete edition of the works of Plotinus (3 vols., Oxford, 1835). Along with G. H. Moser, C. edited several works of Cicero De Natura Deorum (1818); De Legibus (1824); De Republica (1826); and De Divinatione (1828), etc. Between 1837 and 1848, he published a partial collection of his writings in 10 vols. (Deutsche Schriften. Leip. and Darms.); the last of which contains an autobiography of C. under the title Aus dem Leben eines Alten Professors. He was also the writer of essays on archæological topics too numerous to be mentioned. In 1854, appeared Friderici Creuzeri Opuscula Selecta.

CREUZOT, LE, a t. of France, dep. of Saone-et-Loire, 12 m. s.s.e. of Autun. It is situated in the midst of a district rich in coal and iron, and possesses large iron foundries, which turn out cannon, anchors, steam machinery, etc., and which employ 10,000 workmen. A short railway connects the town with the canal du Centre, which trayerses the coal-field. There is also a glass manufactory, one of the most important in France. C. has of late increased rapidly in size and importance. The population, which in 1841 was 4,000, in 1881 had reached 15,749.

CRÈVECŒUR (Heart-breaker), the name of a Dutch port in the province of North Brabant, on the left bank of the Meuse, where this river receives the Dieze, about 4 m. n.n. w. of Bois-le-Duc. It figures somewhat prominently in the wars of the Dutch and Spaniards.

CREVECŒUR, HECTOR SAINT JOHN DE, 1731-1813; a French traveler and agriculturist, who settled in New York as a farmer. In the American revolution he was sent to England as a prisoner, was exchanged, and went to Normandy. Afterwards he returned to the United States, and became consul-general for the states of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. He found that his wife was dead and his property destroyed, but his children had been protected by a gentleman of Boston. He wrote Letters of an American Agriculturist; Travels in Pennsylvania and New York; and a paper on the introduction of the potato into Normandy.

CREVILLEN ́TÉ, a t. of Spain, in the province of Alicante, about 20 m. w.s.w. of the city of that name. It is situated at the foot of the hills forming the boundary of Murcia, and has a population of about 8,000, who are chiefly engaged in weaving and in agricultural pursuits.

CREW, of a ship, is a collective name for all the persons employed therein, but usually limited to designate petty officers and seamen only. In men-of-war the entire C. are divided into five groups: 1. Commissioned and warrant officers; 2. Chief petty officers; 3. First-class working petty officers; 4. Second-class working petty officers; 5. Able seamen, ordinary seamen, landsmen, and boys. In the very largest war steamers now afloat, there are upwards of 152 different ranks, grades, or offices among the C., excluding officers and marines.

In a merchant ship, under the new mercantile marine act, the master, before he starts on a voyage, must send a list of his C. to the customs' comptroller at the port of departure, and a similar list within 48 hours after his return. The masters of coasting vessels, however, are required to do this only twice a year. Emigrant officers insist that ships to Australia shall have four seamen as C. to every 100 tons burden, and three to ships bound for America. In the large sea-going steamers, however, the number of

hands is relatively greater, owing to the various duties relating to the machinery; a steamer of 1000 tons will have as many as 60 or 70 hands, if bound for a long voyage.

CREWE, a t. in the s. of Cheshire, forming a central station of five important railways, to which it owes its present importance. Pop. '61, 8,159: '81, 24,372, chiefly employed in the railway stations, and in the manufacturing of railway carriages and locomotives. About the year 1840, there were only two or three houses where C. now stands. The London and Northwestern Railway Company have erected a handsome church, and a large mechanics' institute, containing an assembly room:

CREWKERNE, a t. in the s.e. of Somersetshire, in the fertile valley of the Parret and Isle, 10 m. s.s. w. of Ilchester, and surrounded by a wide amphitheatre of highly culti vated hills. Pop. '81, 4,000. The chief manufactures are sail-cloth, sacking, hair-seating, webbing, and girths. Its weekly markets, and annual fair, which is held on 4th Sept., for sheep, cattle, and horses, are much frequented and well supplied. The word C. means hermitage of the cross."

CRIBBAGE is a game with cards, played by two, three, or four persons, the whole pack being used. When four persons are engaged, they take sides. The value of the cards is : face cards, ten, ace, one, and the rest as marked; but there are no trumps. The number of cards dealt is usually 5 or 6, the mode of playing the game varying slightly with the number of cards used. The points are scored on a board with holes for pegs, and 61 constitutes game. The terms used in the game are as follow: Crib, the cards laid out by each party, the points made by them being scored by the dealer. Pairs are two similar cards, as two aces or two kings; they reckon for two points, whether in hand or playing. Pairs royal are three similar cards, and reckon six points. Double pairs royal are four similar cards, and reckon twelve points. These various points are thus made: If your adversary plays a seven, and you another, a pair is made, which entitles you to two points; if he then play a third seven, he makes a pair royal, and marks six; and if you play a fourth seven, it constitutes a double pair royal, and entitles you to twelve points. When playing the hands, the one whose last card can make it thirty-one scores two points, or the one so near that the following card goes over that number, scores one point. Fifteens.-If any combination, whether of two or more cards, in your hand, or in play, make together fifteen, such as a ten and a five, a two, a five and an eight, etc., you reckon two points. Sequences are three, four, or more successive cards, and reckon for an equal number of points; and in playing a sequence, it is of no consequence which card is played first; for instance, if your adversary plays an ace, and you a five, he a three, you a two, and he a four, he scores five for the sequence. Flush is when the cards are all of one suit, and reckons for as many points as there are cards. A knave of the same suit as the turn-up card counts for one in any hand. If a knave be turned up, it counts two for the dealer.

CRIB-BITING is a bad habit met with especially in the lighter breeds of horses, and those spending a considerable amount of leisure in the stable. The act consists in the animal seizing with his teeth the manger, rack, or any other such object, and taking in at the same time a deep inspiration, technically called wind-sucking. Crib-biting springs often from idle play, may be first indulged in during grooming, especially if the operation is conducted in the stall, and the animal be needlessly teased or tickled; is occasionally learned, apparently, by imitation from a neighbor; and in the first instance is frequently a symptom of some form of indigestion. Its indulgence may be suspected where the outer margins of the front teeth are worn and rugged, and will soon be proved by turning the animal loose where he can find suitable objects to lay hold of. It usually interferes with thriving and condition, and leads to attacks of indigestion. It can be prevented only by the use of a muzzle or throat-strap; but in those newly acquired cases resulting from gastric derangement, means must further be taken to remove the acidity or other such disorder.

CRICE TUS. See HAMSTER.

CRICHTON, JAMES, surnamed the "ADMIRABLE," was a native of Scotland, where he was b. in 1551, or, according to others, in 1560. His father, Robert Crichton of Elliock, in the co. of Perth, was lord advocate of Scotland from 1561 to 1573. On the mother's side, C. was descended from the old Scottish kings, a circumstance of which he used to boast on the continent. He was educated at St. Andrews university. Before. he reached his 20th year, he had, it seems, "run through the whole circle of the sciences," mastered ten different languages, and perfected himself in every knightly accomplishment. Thus panoplied in a suit of intellectual armor, C. rode out into the world of letters, and challenged all and sundry to a learned encounter. If we can believe his biographers, the stripling left every adversary who entered the lists against him hors de combat. At Paris, Rome, Venice, Padua, Mantua, he achieved the most extraordinary victories in disputation on all branches of human knowledge, and excited universal amazement and applause. The beauty of his person and the elegance of his manners also made him a great favorite with the fair; while, as if to leave no excellence unattained, he vanquished, in a duel, the most famous gladiator in Europe. The duke of Mantua, in whose city this perilous feat was performed, appointed him preceptor to his son, Vincentio di Gonzago, a dissolute and profligate youth. One night, during the carnival, C. was attacked in the streets of Mantua by half-a-dozen people in masks. He

pushed them so hard that their leader pulled off his mask, and disclosed the features of the prince. With an excess of loyalty which proved his death, C. threw himself upon his knees, and begged Vincentio's pardon, at the same time presenting him with his sword. The heartless wretch plunged it into the body of his tutor. Thus perished, in the 22d year of his age, the Admirable Crichton."

66

What measure of truth there may be in the hyperbolical eulogies of his biographers, it is impossible to determine.

CRICKET (gryllus; acheta of some naturalists), a genus of orthopterous insects, of the section saltatoria (in which the hinder legs are long, very strong, and formed for leaping), allied to locusts and grasshoppers, and the type of a family gryllida (or achetida). The wings are folded horizontally, and form, when closed, a slender thread-like acumination beyond the wing-covers. It is supposed to be by friction of the wing-covers against each other, and from a peculiarity of their structure, that the males produce the stridulous sound which makes these insects so well known. The antennæ are long and thread-like, inserted between the eyes. The best known species is the HOUSE Č. (G. domesticus), which is about an inch long, with antennæ of almost an inch and a half, of a pale-yellowish color, mingled with brown. It is widely distributed over Europe, particularly the south, and is common in Great Britain. Its very frequent abode is in nooks and crevices of houses, and it sometimes burrows in the mortar; the neighborhood of the fire is very attractive to it, particularly in winter; and its merry note has, accordingly, become associated with ideas of domestic comfort and cheerfulness. Without the heat of fire, it becomes dormant, or nearly so, in winter. It remains quiet during the day, but is lively and active at night, issuing forth to seek its food, which consists both of animal and vegetable substances. Bread-crumbs are very acceptable to it; and for the sake, apparently, both of food and warmth, it very much frequents bakehouses. The larvæ are wingless, the pupae have mere rudimentary wings.-The FIELD C. (G. campestris) is larger, blackish, with the base of the wing-covers yellowish, feeds on herbs and roots, makes a louder noise than the house C., and is not unfrequent in some parts of England, but very rare in Scotland.-A species of C. (G. megacephalus) found in Sicily, makes a noise loud enough to be heard at the distance of a mile.-The MOLE C. (gryllotalpa) will be noticed in a separate article. See illus., BEETLES, ETC., vol. II., p. 386, figs. 12, 13.

.

CRICKET (of doubtful derivation), a well-known game, is of very ancient date. The author of the Cricket Field-one of the best manuals on the subject-believes it to be identical with "club-ball," a game played in the 14th c.; it went originally by the name of "handyn and handoute." C. is a truly national English game. There is hardly a town, village, or school, that does not own its C. ground, and military authorities hold it in such estimation as a healthy recreation, that soldiers are encouraged to occupy their leisure time in its pursuit. Of late years C. has been introduced largely into Scotland and Ireland, and is rapidly becoming naturalized all over the world. The requirements for carrying on the game are-1st, a piece of level turf an acre or two in extent; 2d, a sufficient number of players to form two sides of eleven each, for double wicket, and a lesser number for single wicket; 3d, for double wicket (the mode in which the game is usually played), two bats, two sets of wickets and bails, and a ball. When a match is to be played between two "elevens,” the first thing to be done is to "pitch' the wickets. Wickets consist of six wooden stumps, 27 in. high, and are placed in the ground in sets of three, at a distance of 22 yards apart. On the top of each set of stumps are placed two small pieces of wood, called bails. The rival sides next toss for first innings," and the director of the side that is to go in first, places two of his men at the wickets as batters; while a bowler, wicket-keeper, long stop, and fielders are placed in their several positions by the director of the opposite side. When these arrangements are satisfactorily made, and the markers or scorers are at their post, the umpires take their places, and the game begins. It may be well to mention here that the relative. merits of rival sides are decided by the total number of runs made by each eleven batters during two innings-the side whose players score the most being, of course, victorious.

We may further premise that the bowler's object is to direct his ball, by a swift movement of the arm, towards the opposite wickets, at which one of the batsmen stands, and, if possible, to strike down the stumps or knock off the bails; while the object of the batsman, on the other hand, is to protect his wickets from the bowler's attack, by either stopping the ball when it reaches him (blocking), or driving it out to the field. And much of the beauty of the game depends upon the precision with which the bowler can direct ball after ball in a straight line for the wickets, and the corresponding skill displayed by a good batsman in guarding them.

We will now suppose the two batsmen to be at their places, the bowler at his, ball in hand, and the other players arranged in theirs: at a signal from the umpire the bowler cries "play!" and immediately after, delivers his first ball. If the batsman misses the ball, and it passes the wicket, the wicket-keeper stops it, and returns it to the bowler, who delivers another ball, and so on. When the batsman strikes the ball fieldwards, he immediately runs to the opposite wicket, passing his companion batsman, who crosses to his, and so on, till the ball has been returned by a fielder to the wicket-keeper or

bowler's hand. Thus, if the stroke be a long one, the striker may have time to run per haps three times between the wickets before the ball is thrown up, when three "runs' are accordingly placed at his name by the scorers, on their sheet. If, however, the bowler or wicket-keeper receives the ball, and touches the wickets with it, before the advancing batsman has reached his "ground" or touches it with his bat, the striker is out, and another man takes his place. Besides, if a ball from a stroke of the bat be caught by one of the opposite party before it reaches the ground; or if in striking at & ball the striker hits down his wicket; or if he willfully prevents a ball being caught, or strikes it twice; or if any part of his person stops a ball which would otherwise have hit his wicket, the striker is out. It frequently happens that two skillful batsmen guard their wickets so effectually, and score so many runs, to one particular style of bowling, that a change either of the bowler, or style of bowling, is adopted by the other side. This change, say from swift to slow bowling, or vice versa, generally produces the required results, and leads to the speedy retirement of the hitherto fortunate batsmen. The wicket-keeper's place is a very important one, his principal duty being to stop with his hands every ball the batsman misses, it being allowable to make runs (byes) for balls that elude his grasp. Behind him stands the long stop, who is always on the outlook for balls that escape the wicket-keeper. The fielders, who are posted in various parts of the ground, ought to possess quickness of eye and foot, and skill in picking up with either hand a ball that is running, and instantly throwing it to the wickets. They must also be well skilled in catching balls. Much depends on their judgment of distance between the point at which the ball is picked up, and the wickets, as misconception of this may lead to overthrowing the ball, or throwing it short, while the batsmen are profiting by the error, and scoring additional runs. Fielders usually throw the ball to the wicket-keeper, who returns it slowly to the bowler; this saves the hands of the latter from being unsteadied by catching long balls.

At the end of every four bowls, the bowler, wicket-keeper, long-stop, and fielders, change places, and thus every four balls are delivered from alternate wickets; four balls constitute an "over," which it is the umpire's duty to reckon and announce.

We have said that each side is allowed two innings, but it sometimes happens that one side scores more runs in one innings than the other does in two; thus, A's side, we will suppose, goes in first, and its eleven men score 180; B's side then goes in, and scores, say, 80 the first innings, and 70 the next: in that case, A would be said to have won by an innings and 30 runs.

In England, there are many professional men who make a livelihood by playing matches with amateur clubs, and by instructing the latter in the art. The Marylebone club is the parliament of cricket, and its laws are recognized as the only genuine code all over the world; and for skill and science, the "Eleven of all England," and the "United Eleven" (professionals), excel all other cricketers in the world. The attrac tions of C. are rapidly spreading. In America and Australia, the game is played to a large extent, and with skill almost equal to that of the English players. English elevens have crossed the ocean more than once to compete with the principal American and Australian clubs, and have returned to England covered with laurels. Good works on C. are The Cricket Field (Lond. Longmans), Felix on the Bat, and Lillywhite's Guide to Cricketers (Lond. Kent & Co). See also Captain Crawley's Cricket (1878).

CRICKLADE, an agricultural t. and parliamentary borough, in the n. of Wiltshire, 7 m. s.e. of Cirencester, on the right bank of the Isis. The town of C. consists of one long street. The government is in a high-bailiff, appointed by the town. It has a considerable retail trade; and the market for fat cattle, held on the third Thursday of each month, is well attended. The parliamentary borough called C. includes, besides its own two parishes of St. Mary and St. Sampson, nearly 50 other parishes or parts of parishes, comprising a large and rich agricultural district, which returns two members to the house of commons. Pop. of parliamentary borough (1881), 51,956; of the town, 7.000.

CRIEFF-including the burgh of barony of C. and the burgh of regality of Drummond-a t. on the Earn, 17 m. w. of Perth. It is beautifully situated at the foot of the Grampians, near the entrance to the Highlands. Pop. (1881), 4,469. It has woolen manufactures, besides tanneries. The climate of C. makes it the resort of invalids in summer, and there is a superior hydropathic establishment, with accommodation for 200 visitors. It is eminent for its schools. St. Margaret's college was opened here in 1849, for the education of young ladies of the Episcopal communion. Near is the fine scenery of Glen Almond, with Trinity college, opened in 1847, for Scottish Episcopal students. Morrison's academy-built at a cost of £6,500, and endowed by Thomas Morrison, builder, Edinburgh, with £20,000-was opened in 1860. C. is the terminus of two branches of the Caledonian railway, and since the opening of the first in 1856 it has much improved. The greatest Scotch cattle-market stood here till 1770, when it was removed to Falkirk.

CRILLON, LOUIS DE BERTON DES BALBES, surnamed "LE BRAVE," was b. at Murs, in Provence, in 1541. Under Francis of Lorraine, duke of Guise, then the model of military chivalry, he was trained for war, and, at the age of 16, was accounted an accomplished soldier. In 1558, he gave the first public proof of his valor at the siege of

Crimea.

Calais. Shortly after, he covered himself with glory at the capture of Guines. The whole army celebrated the praises of the young hero, who was introduced by duke Francis in flattering terms to Henry II. As a reward of his numerous heroic deeds, he obtained a multitude of church benefices, which he intrusted to the care of learned clerks. In the religious wars of the 16th c., he fought against the Huguenots, and distinguished himself at the battles of Dreux, Jarnac, and Moncontour. He was likewise present at the battle of Lepanto, in 1571, and, though wounded, was appointed to carry the news of the victory to the pope and the French king. In the atrocities of the St. Bartholomew massacre, C. had no part. In 1573, he took part in the siege of La Rochelle. In 1585, Henry III. made him knight of his orders. He continued faithful to his sovereign in his struggle with the Catholic league. Henry IV. found in him a sincere friend and adviser. After the peace with Savoy, C. retired to Avignon, and, after the fashion of a true Catholic warrior, ended his days "in the exercises of piety and penance," Dec. 2, 1615. The martial fire burned brightly in C., however, even in his last days; in proof of which, there is recorded the rather melodramatic story, that when listening at church one day to an account of the crucifixion, the old hero forgot himself, and, brandishing his sword, cried out, Où étais tu, Crillon?" (Where wert thou, Crillon?)

CRIME, in its legal, as opposed to its moral or ethical sense, is an act done in violation of those duties for the breach of which the law has provided that the offender, in addition to repairing, if it be possible, the injury done to the individual, shall make satisfaction to the community. A private wrong, or civil injury, on the other hand, is an infringement on the rights of an individual merely, for which compensation to him is held, in law, to be a complete atonement. From this definition, which is that generally adopted by lawyers (Stephen's Com., iv. p. 77), it is obvious that legal criminality is not a permanent characteristic attaching to an action, but one fixed upon it arbitrarily, from considerations of expediency. Without changing its moral character, the same action may, and very often is, a C. in one country or in one generation, and no C. in another country or a succeeding generation. Malice, or evil intention, however, is in all cases essential to the character of C., for, though there may be an immoral act which it is inexpedient to punish as a C., it can never be expedient to punish as a C. what is not an immoral act. But it is not necessary that the evil intention shall have had reference to the party injured. If the offender acted in defiance of social duty, and regardless of order, a C. has been committed, though it may not have been the particular C. which he intended. For example, it is murder if A kill B by mistake for C, unless the killing of C would have been justifiable, or excusable. The law can take no cognizance of a bare intention, which has not ripened into any sort of act. How far attempts to commit C. are punishable, is always a question of difficulty. The general rule seems to be, that if such acts can be unequivocally connected with the criminal intention, they are punishable, though not to the same extent as the completed crime. Pupils under seven years of age, and insane persons, as being incapable of design or intention, are regarded in the eye of the law as incapable of C.; but questions as to the responsibility of persons laboring under partial insanity are often surrounded with practical difficulties, which are positively insoluble. The defense of compulsion, or vis major, as it is called by lawyers, if completely established in fact, is generally sufficient in law. See COMPULSION. The subjection of a servant to a master, or of a wife or child to a husband or parent, will be no defense for the commission of an act of the criminality of which the offender was aware, unless it amount to compulsion. Magistrates acting bona fide, and soldiers acting under_their officers in the ordinary line of duty, are not liable to a criminal charge. Extreme want is no excuse for a C. in law, though it furnishes a ground for an application for mercy.

In the technical language of the law of England, the term offense has a wider signification than C., the latter including only such of the former as are punishable by indictment (q.v.). Crimes are divided into misdemeanors (q.v.) and felonies (q.v.), the latter being a higher species of offense than the former.

CRIME, SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF. See page 896.

CRIME'A (anciently, the Tauric Chersonese), a peninsula in the s. of Russia, forming the greater part of the government of Taurida, in lat. 44° 44′ to 46° 5' n., long. 32° 30 to 36° 35' east. It is united to the mainland only by the very narrow isthmus of Perekop, between the Black sea and the sea of Azof, and separated from the isle or peninsula of Taman, on the e., only by the narrow strait of Yenikalé. The C. is thus almost surrounded by water-on three sides, by the Black sea, and on the fourth by the sea of Azof; while a trench, 70 ft. wide and 25 deep, across the isthmus of Perekop, cuts it off from the mainland. The C. is quadrilateral in shape, the four corners pointing to the four cardinal points in the compass; but a long narrow peninsula juts out on the e., which increases the extreme length of the territory from e. to w. to 190 m., the breadth being 110 miles. The whole extent of the C. is between 8,000 and 9,000 sq. miles. The coast is very much broken and indented, particularly on the side of the sea of Azof. The most easterly part of it is a mountainous peninsula, the seat of the ancient kingdom of Bosporus. From the strait of Yenikalé, through this minor peninsula and along the whole southern coast, a chain of mountains extends, which