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to indicate the character intended to be personated. In this position matters remained during the time of Shakespeare in England, of Lope de Vega and Calderon in Spain, and even of Corneille, Racine, and Molière in France. Whether a Greek, a Roman, an Assyrian, or a Turk, was represented, the ordinary court-dress of the time was adhered to, and the turban, the helmet, or the laurel-crown was placed on the top of the peruke or the powdered hair. In like manner, shepherdesses and peasant-girls had their hair dressed in turrets like feudal keeps, and long white kid-gloves which covered their hands and arms to the elbow. Towards the middle of the 18th c.,, a reform was introduced by the famous actress Clairon, who acted Electra without hair-powder; but Talma was the first who introduced a C. really true to history. Garrick followed in the footsteps of the great Frenchman, though both he and Siddons, during their earlier period, personated the characters of Shakespeare in what has been called the rococo C.-kneebreeches and periwigs. Schlegel's Hermann, and Goethe's Götz von Berlichingen, were the first plays which were given in Germany with historical costume. See FASHION.

COS TUS, or COSTUS ARAB'ICUS, an aromatic much esteemed by the ancients, and concerning which great doubt long existed, but which seems now to be ascertained to be the dried root of Aucklandia costus, a plant of the natural order composita, sub order cynarocephala. It is a native of the moist open slopes surrounding the valley of Cashmere. The roots are there burned as incense. They have a strong aromatic pungent odor, and are employed in protecting bales of shawls from moths.

COS'WAY, RICHARD, a very noted painter in his day, was b. at Tiverton, Devonshire, in 1740. He early displayed a taste for painting, and between his 14th and 24th year carried off five premiums from the society of arts. As a miniature-painter, he was particularly famous, and gained all the patronage of the nobility of his time. His works, in fact, were the fashion, and all attempts at rivalry were useless. Many of them were distinguished by great delicacy, correctness, and beauty, and his drawings were not unworthy of a place beside some of the old masters. The immense sums of money which he made enabled him to live in the most sumptuous style, and to give musical parties (his wife, on such occasions, being the principal performer), so far surpassing all other efforts of the kind that they formed a feature of the time, and were attended by all the rank, fashion, and intellect of that day. C. died in 1821.

COT, on shipboard, is an officer's hammock. It is made of canvas, in the form of a kind of chest, 6 ft. long, 24 wide, and 1 deep. This receptacle is kept out at full length by means of a square wooden frame. The bed or mattress is placed within the C.; and the arrangement is more comfortable than that of a sailor's hammock; but both are alike slung from the rafters or beams of the cabin.

COT-PIERRE, AUGUSTE. See page 893.

CÔTE-D'OR, a department in the e. of France, formed of part of the old province of Burgundy, in lat. 46° 55' to 48° 10' n long. 4° 2′ to 5 30' east. It has an area of 3,850 sq.m., with a pop. in 1881, of 380,548. The surface is in general rather elevated, and is traversed by a chain of hills forming the connecting link between the Cevennes and the Vosges. A portion of that range, called the Côte-d'Or (“golden slope"), receives its name (which it gives to the department) on account of the excellence of the wines produced on its declivities. See BURGUNDY WINES. A great part of the department is covered with forests. The valleys and plains are fertile, and there is good pastureland; but agriculture is in a backward state. Côte-d'Or is watered by the Seine, which rises in the n. w., and by several of its affluents; by the Saone and by the Arroux, a tributary of the Loire. By means of canals, Côte-d'Or has water communication with the German ocean, Mediterranean, English channel, and bay of Biscay. The climate is temperate; iron, coal, marble, gypsum, and lithographic stones are found, the first in large quantities. Côte-d'-Or, is divided into four arrondissements; viz., Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Dijon, and Semur, with Dijon for a capital.

COTES, ROGER, a scientific man of much promise, was b. at Burbage, near Leicester, July 10, 1682; but death cut him off on the high-road to fame ere he had attained his 34th year; not, however, before he had left some marks of his presence in the history of exact science. He was the author of the admirable preface explaining the Newtonian philosophy, and answering objections to gravitation, which was prefixed to the second edition (1713) of Newton's Principia. Various mathematical papers of his own, tending greatly to the development of logarithms, were published after his death. Short as his life was, his influence on mathematics is clearly traceable. He was held in the highest esteem by the scholars and scientific men of his time; and sir Isaac Newton is asserted to have said of him that, had he lived, "we should have known something."

COTES-DU-NORD (northern coasts), a department in the n. w. of France, forming a part of Bretagne, and bounded n. by the English channel, in which are several small islands belonging to Côtes-du-Nord; lat. 48° 3' to 48° 57' n., long. 1° 53' to 3° 35' w.; area, 2,650 sq.m.; pop. '81, 619,632. The Armoric hills, called also the Montagnes Noires, and the Menez mountains, cross the department from e. to west. They have a breadth of about 16 m., and consist chiefly of granite and clay-slate. These formations give a rude and broken aspect to the coasts. The chief rivers, which are short but navigable, are the Rance, Gouet, Trieux, Guer, and Arguenon. The southern district has the advantage of a considerable length of the canal between Nantes and Brest. Though a great por

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COSTUMES (EUROPEAN).-1, 2. Students' dress (about 1500). 3. People of the upper-classes (about 15 1560. 7, 8. German burgher and wife (1570). 9. Spanish nobleman (1580). 10. French lady

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0). 4. Participants in a wedding-procession (1530). 5. Bride and bridegroom (1550). 6. Costume of 1590). 11. Italian (1590). 12. Hungarians. 13. Turk. 14. Russian (latter half of 16th century).

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