CORPULENCE. See OBESITY.

CORPUS CATHOLICO'RUM, a name given in Germany after the peace of Westphalia to the Roman Catholic division of the empire. The elector of Mayence was at the head or president of the corpus catholicorum, which generally held its meetings in a convent of that city in which the diet happened to meet. The corpus catholicorum was extinguished by the abolition of the German empire in 1806.

CORPUS CHRISTI, the seat of justice of Nueces co., Texas, 178 m. s.e. of Austin; pop. '70, 2,140; '80, 3,257. There is a good harbor, with steamboat communication with New Orleans, and considerable trade.

CORPUS CHRISTI, Oxford. This college was founded in 1516 by Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester, under a license from king Henry VIII. The statutes were issued in 1517. The foundation consisted of 20 fellows and 20 scholars; of whom the fellows were to be elected from the scholars, while the scholars were to be elected from certain specified counties. Two peculiarities marked this foundation. First, the usual rules of life and discipline were enforced with peculiar severity; and, second, the object of the college was expressly connected with the studies of the age. Classical literature was

for the first time distinctly mentioned. The subjects of the lectures were enjoined to be, not the old routine of divinity and the two philosophies, but divinity, humanity, and Greek. Incessant industry in these pursuits was inculcated by the founder, and the fellows were even forbidden to accept the proctorship, lest the avocations of that office should interfere with their proper duties. The object and the stringency of these regulations called forth the celebrated encomium of Erasmus, that what Colossus was to Rhodes, what the Mausoleum was to Caria, that C. C. college would be to the kingdom of Great Britain. This prediction has hardly been fulfilled. The rules of the founder have been gradually set aside by acts of parliament, by custom, and by injunctions of the visitor. Of the three university lectureships contemplated by the founder, one was never founded at all, and the other two were merged in the college fellowships and tutorships. Aud, lastly, the college has suffered greatly from the severe restrictions imposed by statute upon the elections to fellowships. In virtue of the powers conferred by 17 and 18 Vict. c. 81, important changes have been effected by the college working in harmony with the commissioners. Both fellows and scholars are now elected without any restrictions as to place of birth. The fellowships are still 20 in number, value rather more than £300 a year. The college is now one of considerable eminence. Two of the fellowships are permanently attached to the two professorships of Latin and Jurisprudence, the professors being admitted honorary fellows of Corpus, and each receiving from its revenues a sum of £600 a year. scholarships are 24 in number, tenable for five years, and of the annual value of £80, with rooms rent free; besides seven exhibitions recently instituted to be competed for annually by the commoners of the college. There are 22 benefices in the gift of this college; and in the year 1881, there were about 280 names on the college books.

The

CORPUS CHRISTI, or BE'NET COLLEGE, Cambridge, was founded by two guilds or fraternities of townspeople-the guild of C. C., who had their prayers at St. Benedict church; and the guild of the Blessed Virgin, who prayed at St. Mary's. These were united in 1352, and a small college erected by them. Archbishop Parker added largely to the endowments of this college, and bequeathed to it his valuable manuscripts, amongst which are the only authentic manuscript copies of the 39 articles of the church of England. Of the 12 fellows, all except 4 must take holy orders. There are 31 scholarships, some of considerable value, given to the students who most distinguish themselves at the annual examinations. Among the eminent men of this college were Hugh Latimer, archbishops Parker and Tennison, Fletcher the dramatist, and Gough the antiquary.

CORPUS CHRISTI FESTIVAL, the most splendid festival of the Roman Catholic church. It was instituted in 1264, in honor of the consecrated host, and with a view to its adoration, by pope Urban IV., who appointed for its celebration the Thursday after the festival of the Trinity, and promised to all the penitent who took part in it indulgence for a period of from 40 to 100 days. The festival is chiefly distinguished by magnificent processions. In France, it is known as the Fête Dieu.

COR PUSCLES, BLOOD. See BLOOD.

CORPUS CULAR ACTION, and CORPUSCULAR PHILOSOPHY. See ATOM.

CORPUS DELIC TI, a criminal law term used in Scotland to signify the body or substance of the charge. Before a conviction can take place the fact libeled must be proved-e.g., before a man can be convicted of murder, it must be clearly made out Chat there was a murder; and it is this fact that is called the corpus delicti. See CRIMI NAL LAW.

CORPUS DOCTRI’NÆ, collections of writings which were intended to have authority in the Protestant churches of Germany. The chief collection was Corpus Philippi cum, containing the Apostolic, the Nicean, and the Athanasian creeds, the Augsburg confession, and Melanchthon's Loci Communes. This, and similar collections were supor seded by the Formula Concordiæ.

CORPUS JURIS. See LAW.

CORPUS JURIS CANONICI. See CANON LAW.

Correggio.

CORRE'A DA SERRA, JosÉ FRANCISCO, 1750-1823; a Portuguese politician and scientist, who was educated and took orders in Rome. With the assistance of the duke of Alafoès, he founded the Portuguese academy of science, in Lisbon, and was made perpetual secretary with the privilege of publishing its transactions without reference to censorship. He soon came in conflict with the church, through the inquisition, and fled to France, and afterwards went to England, where he became secretary to the Portuguese legation. In 1813, he came to New York; and in 1816, he was made Portuguese minister at Washington; in 1820, he was called home and made a member of the financial council, with a seat in the cortes. He ranked high as a botanist.

CORRECTION, HOUSE OF, a prison for the reformation of petty offenders. See PRISON, REFORMATORY.

CORRECTION OF THE PRESS. This is one of the most important of the many operations that every piece of printed matter must undergo before it is put into the hands of

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'To rule the nations with imperial swoy, to impose terms of peace, to spare the humbled, and to rcush the proud, resigning itto others to describe the courses of the heavens, and ] explain the rising stars; this, to use the words of the poet of the Æneid in the apostrophe of Anchises to Fabius in the Shades, was regarded as the proper province of a Roman. The genius of the people was-evenmore adverse to the cultivation of the physical sciences than that, the European Greeks, and seen we have that the latter left experimental philosophy chiefly in the hands of the Asian and African colonists, The elegant litera- O ture and metaphysical speculations " of Athens, her histories, dramas, epics, and orations, had a numerous host of admirers in Italy, but a feeling of indifference was displayed to the practical science of Alexandria. [This 13 New line repugnance of the Roman mind at home to mathematics and physics, extending from the Atlantic to the IndianOcean, from Northern Britain "C to the cataracts of the Nile, annihi lated in a measure all pure sciences in the conquered districts where they had had been pursued, and prohibited attention to them in the mother country.

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1. A wrong letter. A line is drawn through the wrong letter, and the proper one written in the margin. After every mark of correction a line/should be drawn, to prevent its being confounded with any other in the same line. 2. A word or letter to be transposed. Where letters only are to be transposed, it is better to strike them out, and write them in their proper sequence in the margin, like a correction. 3. A space wanted. This mark is also used when the spacing is insufficient. 4. A space. or quadrat sticking up. 5. Alteration of type. One line is drawn under the word for italics, two for SMALL CAPITALS, three for CAPITALS. 6. Correction or insertion of stops (points). 7. A word struck out, and afterwards approved of (Lat. stet, let it stand). 8. A turned letter. 9. An omission. 10. A letter of a wrong fount. 11. A word or letter to be deleted. 12. Alteration of type. 13. A new paragraph. This should be avoided as much as possible, as it causes great trouble and expense. 14. Insertion of a sentence. 15. A space to be removed or diminished. 16. A wrong word. This is struck out, and the proper one writ ten in the margin, 17. When letters or lines do not stand even. 18. Mark for a hyphen or rule. 19. No new paragraph. This is also troublesome and expensive. 20. The manner in which the apostrophe, inverted commas, the star, and other ref. erences, and superior letters and figures, are marked.

the reading public; and in every considerable printing establishment, it forms a special department executed by one or more functionaries, technically called “readers." The

Correggio.

immediate object of a corrector of the press, or "reader," is to observe and mark every error and oversight of the compositor, with a view to make the printed sheet a perfect copy of the author's manuscript. This is on the supposition that the manuscript itself is quite correct, which is seldom the case; and therefore the duty of a good reader extends to seeing that there are no inconsistencies in orthography, punctuation, abbreviations, etc., and in many cases to the verification of quotations, dates, and proper names. The duty of securing consistency in spelling and punctuation is especially important in the case of works on which several writers are employed, such as newspapers and cyclopædias. The corrector has also to direct his attention to the numbering of the pages; to the arrangement of chapters, paragraphs, and notes; to running titles, etc. It is part of his business to observe the mechanical defects of the work-defective types, turned letters, inequalities of spacing between words, sentences, and lines, crooked lines, and to secure symmetry in verses, tables, mathematical operations, and such like. In almost all cases, two proofs are taken, and in difficult works, such as those in foreign languages, tables, etc., even more. Lastly follows the revision, in which little more is done than seeing that the compositor has made all the corrections marked on the last proof. It is usual for the writer or author to reserve the correction of the second proof for himself.

In printing regular volumes, one sheet is usually corrected at a time; but where extensive alterations, omissions, or additions are likely to be made by writer or editor, it is more convenient to take the proofs in long slips, before division into pages. The corrections to be made are marked on the margin; and for this purpose an established set of signs or short-hand is used, understood by all printers, and which it is often useful to know. The specimen of a proof on the preceding page exhibits the application of most of these signs.

The thankless and monotonous business of a corrector or reader is more difficult than the uninitiated would believe. It requires extensive and varied knowledge, accurate acquaintance with the art of typography, and above all, a peculiar sharpness of eye, which, without losing the sense and connection of the whole, takes in at the same time each separate word and letter. After the invention of printing, the C. of the P. was executed by the publisher himself, or at least was intrusted to men of ability and learning, and often men of name. Robert Stephen (1526–59), and Plantin (1555-89), had recourse to publicity, hung out the successive sheets of their publications, and promised a reward to any one who would point out a typographical error. Some editions of particular works are held in high estimation from the care with which the press had been corrected. Among the most famous are those that issued from the press of Aldus Manutius in Venice, of which we may mention the works of Petrarch (1514), corrected by Pietro Bembo; Aristotle (1551-53, 6 vols.), corrected by the famous Greek scholar, J. B. Camotius; Lactantius (1515), and Suetonius (1516), corrected by J. B. Egnatius; Plato (1513), Athenæus (1514), and Gregory Nazianzene (1516), corrected by Marcus Massurus. The first edition of Homer was printed by Nerlius in Florence (1484, 2 vols.), corrected by Demetr. Chalkondylas. Robert Stephen of Paris himself corrected the numerous works that issued from his press; and Erasmus had a great name as a corrector.

CORREG GIO, a t. of northern Italy, province of Reggio nell' Emilia, midway on the railway between Parma and Modena; pop. 2,700. It is very handsome, regularly built, and has a castle, a cathedral, and a theater. It was a barony of the lords of Correggio, who were great patrons of letters. It is the birthplace of the painter Antonio Allegri, surnamed Correggio; and of the engraver Jesi, etc.

CORREG GIO, ANTONIO ALLEGRI, a celebrated Italian painter, called C. from the place of his birth, a small town near Modena, now called Reggio. He was born in the year 1493-94, and his father, a tradesman of some property, had him carefully educated, and instructed in the rudiments of art, by an uncle, Lorenzo Allegri, a painter of small merit. How much he owed to his teacher is uncertain. He was the first among the moderns who displayed that grace and general beauty and softness of effect, the combined excellences of design and color with taste and expression, for which he is still unrivaled. His chiar-oscuro is perfect. Almost before he had seen the great masters, he became a master in a style all his own; and was the founder, or rather his imitators for him, of what is called by some the Lombard, by others the Parma school of painting. On first beholding, at Bologna, Raphael's glorious picture of St. Cecilia, he is said to have exclaimed: "Anch'io sono pittore" (I, too, am a painter). But this story is doubted. There was long a tradition that C. lived in indigence, unaided but by his own genius; and it is remarkable that Vasari, who lived at the same time, in his Lives of the Painters, records only vague rumors regarding C.'s life; and that Annibale Caracci, fifty years after his death, writes: "I rage and weep to think of the fate of this poor Antonio: so great a man-if, indeed, he were not rather an angel in the flesh." This belief, so prevalent in his own day, now refuted by recent researches, proves how retired and simple must have been his life. That he was in high estimation in his later days, is proved by his signature being found affixed to the deed of marriage of the lord of Correggio, celebrated in 1533. C died the following year, Mar. 5, 1534, in his 41st year, and is buried in the Franciscan convent of Correggio.

At the age of 18, C. painted an altar-piece, the "Madonna di San Francesco," now

in the Dresden gallery, which is rich in pictures by C.; the most famous of which are the "Notte (Night), lighted only by the celestial splendor beaming from the head of the infant Saviour-Vasari calls it "quite wonderful"-and the famous " Magdalen," one of the most admired pictures in the world. For the cupola of the church San Giovanni at Parma, he painted an "Ascension" in fresco, and over the high-altar a Coronation of the Virgin," now only known through copies and engravings. He also decorated elaborately in fresco the cathedral there, for which he received 1000 ducats, worth about £3,500. In the Louvre are two pictures—the “Marriage of St. Catharine," and the "Antiope;" in the Florence gallery, three-one the "Madonna on her knees adoring the Infant;" in the Naples gallery, three-one a lovely Madonna, called, from its oriental character, La Zingarella" (the Gypsy), said to be a likeness of C.'s wife; at Vienna, two; at Berlin, three; at Parma, five-the most celebrated is the "St. Jerome;" and in the British national gallery, a Madonna, known as the "Vierge au Panier," the "Education of Cupid," and the famous "Ecce Homo," purchased by the British government for £11,500. See adjoining illus., figs. 1, 2.

CORREGʻIDOR is the name given in Spain to the principal magistrate of a town. He is appointed by the king. The C. is also a Portuguese functionary, but, unlike his Spanish brother, does not possess the double power of governing and administering justice, but only the latter.

CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL FORCES. See FORCE.

CORREZE, a department of France, formed out of part of the old province of Limousin, and taking its name from an affluent of the Vezère, the Corrèze, which traverses the department from n.e. to s. w. C. extends between lat. 44° 55′ and 45° 40′ n., and long. 1° 13′ and 2° 22' e.; its total area is nearly 2,300 sq.m., and its pop:, in 1881, 311,478. The chief rivers of C. are the Dordogne, the Vezère, and the Corrèze. The surface of the department is mountainous, especially in the n. and e., where it is broken in upon by offsets from the Auvergne mountains, which, in some parts, attain a height of 4,000 ft. above the sea. The lower slopes are clad with forests, but the district is in general sterile. In the s. and s. w., however, the soil yields wheat, oats, barley, rye, maize, etc. Wine is also produced, but of poor quality. The rural population are poor, badly housed and fed; their food consisting, to a great extent, of chestnuts, which are very abundant. Minerals, particularly coal, iron, lead, alabaster, and granite of various colors, are found in considerable quantities. The depart ment is divided into the three arrondissements of Tulle, Brive, and Ussel. Tulle is the chief town.

COR RIB, LOUGH, a lake, the third in size in Ireland, in the n. of Galway. It is of very irregular shape, 27 m. long from n.w. to s.e., and 1 to 6 broad, with an area of 68 sq. miles. It is between 28 and 31 ft. above the sea-level. From its s. end, 4 m. n. of Galway, it discharges its surplus waters by Galway river into Galway bay. It receives the waters of Lough Mask, at its n. end, through the Pigeon Hole and other caves, as well as those of the Clare and other smaller rivers. On its sides are metamorphic rocks, carboniferous limestone, and marble. Near it are many monumental heaps and so-called Druid circles. It contains many islets, and to the w. are mountains 3,000 ft. high.

CORRIDOR is a gallery or passage running (It. correre, Sp. correr, to run) or leading to several rooms, each of which has a door opening into it. Spacious corridors are necessary in all public buildings, such as hospitals, prisons, etc.

CORRIE, DANIEL, 1777-1837; a native of England, who was appointed archdeacon of Calcutta in 1823, and bishop of Madras in 1835. He was a laborer in missions with Buchanan, Martyn, Heber, and Turner. He translated prayers, homilies, and other religious works into Hindustanee, and made an ancient history in English for schools in India.

CORRÏEN'TÉS (in English, currents) is a name of various application in Spanish America. Besides indicating several capes in Cuba, Mexico, and New Granada, it is more conspicuously connected with one of the states of the Argentine Confederation and with the capital of the same. 1. C., the city, stands in lat. 27° 27' s., and long. 58° 46′ w., near the confluence of the Parana and the Paraguay. It takes its name from the rapids, which are said to be as decidedly a turning-point in the climate of the country as in the navigation of the river. Pop. 11,000. 2. C., the province, lies between Entre Rios on the s., and the republic of Paraguay on the n., having the Parana on the n. and west. Lat. 27° to 30 s., and long. 57° to 59° west. Area about 60,000 sq.m.; pop. '82, 204,000. The north is undulating and fertile; and the south, besides being generally swampy, is partly covered by lake Thara. The products are maize, cotton, sugar, indigo, tobacco, and a species of silk.

CORRIEVREK IN, or CORRYBRECH'TAN, or gulf of Brechan, a whirlpool or dangerous passage a mile broad, off the w. coast of Argyleshire, in the strait between Scarba and Jura isles. It is occasioned by the meeting of tides (often running 12 or 14 m. an hour) from the n. and w., in the narrow passage into the sound of Jura, round a pyramidal rock, which rises with rapid slope from a considerable depth to some fathoms from the surface. This rock forces the water in various directions. In stormy weather,